Research by Ram Ji Panday

Wednesday, 11 October 2017
Research Methodology
UNIT – III
SAMPLING
Instructor : Ram Ji Pandey
Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
Ewing Christian College
RAM JI PANDEY 1
What is Research?
The systematic investigation into and study of
materials and sources in order to establish facts
and reach new conclusions is called a research.
What is Purpose of Research?
A psychological research is used to measure,
describe and categorize human behavior
whereas a scientific research is used to develop
the subject which ultimately helps in the
development of the society.
Wednesday, 11 October 2017 RAM JI PANDEY 2
Population VS Sample
First of all, for instance we can think
of our sample as an aquarium and
our population as the ocean.
Our sample is small portion of a
vaster ocean that are attempting to
understand.
Properly distinguishing between
these two concepts will aid you as
you navigate the methodological
details of your dissertation.
Sample: Your Sample is the group of individuals
who actually participate in your study. These are the
individuals who end up interviewing(e.g. in a
qualitative study) or who actually complete your
survey(e.g. in a quantitative study).
Population: The population is the broader group of
people to whom you intend to generalize the results
of your study.

The elements of the sample are known as
sample points or sampling units
 The sample will always be a subset of the
population and the exact population will
depends on the scope of your study.
 People who could have been participant in your
study but did not actually participate are not
considered part of your sample.
 The group of individuals who could possibly
participate is called the sampling frame.

Necessity of Sampling
Sampling is necessary because we usually cannot gather
data from the entire population due to large or
inaccessible population or lack of resources, Even in
relatively small population in data collection may take too
long.
Following are the reasons for sampling:
 To bring the population to a manageable number
 To reduce cost
 To help in minimizing error from the despondence
due to large number in the population
 Sampling helps the researchers to meet up with
the challenge in time.
Difference between Population and Sample
BASIS OF POPULATION SAMPLE
COMPARISION
Meaning Population refers the Sample means a subgroup
collection of all elements of the members of
possessing common population chosen for
characteristics, that participation in the study.
comprises universe.
Includes Each and every unit of Only handful unit of
groups. population.
Characteristics Parameter Statistic
Data Collection Complete enumeration or Sample Survey or sampling
census.
Focus on Identifying the Making inference about

characteristics. population.

Types of Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling:

Types of Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling:
It is also known as interval sampling. It relies on
arranging the study population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular
elements through that ordered list.

Types of Sampling
3. Startified Sampling:
When the population
embraces a number of
distinct categories, the
frame can be organized by
these categories into
separate “starta”. Each
startum is then sampled as
an independent sub-
population, out of which
individual elements can be
selected.
Types of Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling:
Sometimes it is more cost-
effective to select
respondents in groups
(‘clusters’). Sampling is often
clustered by geography , or
by time periods.
Nearly all samples are in
some sense ‘clustered’ in
time.

Types of Population
1. Finite Population
2. Infinite Population
3. Existent Population
4. Hypothetical Population

Types of Population
When the number of elements of the population is
fixed and thus making it possible to enumerate it in
totality, the population is said to be finite.

Types of Population
When the number of units in a population
are uncountable, and so it is impossible to
observe all the items of the universe, then
the population is considered as infinite.

Types of Population
The population which comprises of objects
that exists in reality is called existent
population.

Types of Population
Hypothetical or imaginary population is the
population which exists hypothetically. Such
a population is called hypothetical
population.

Types of Population
Examples:
 Fishes in a certain ocean at a certain time
 International non- retired cricketers in the world.
 All dinosaurs who can fly.
 The plants with diseased leaves in a nursery.
 The Doctors of the country who have a MBBS
degree.
 The cities effected by an earth-quake.
Answer:
1. Infinite & existent Population 2. Finite & existent Population
3. Hypothetical & finite Population 4. Finite & existent Population
5. Finite & existent Population 6. Finite & existent Population
Probability and Certainty
Picture the following:
Three friends are arguing over the likely number of
outcome of a set of 10 coin toss.
Mr. A declares – Quite sensibly, since these coins are
known to be fair, that he expects said coins will be
distributed evenly.
Mr. B declares – More radical in thought, feels that they’ll
come up all heads, but one.
Mr. C declares – There should be at least two head and at
least two tail.
What will happen after the coins are tossed????
The coins are flipped. Nine heads one tails.
Mr. B says, “ You both are wrong, that’s why we toss
the coin”.
Is it pretty silly? Right?
Everyone knows that, cheating aside, coins have
50-50 split between head and tails. This
obviously isn’t to say that every time that 10
coins are flipped, the result is even.
If we flipped 10 coins 10,000 times, we would instead
see a distribution that looked something very similar to
this curve.
This is known as probability
distribution function and
understanding what these
are vital strength of
prediction.
We work in probabilistic terms. This means that when we

tease a single number out of us, it’s going to be our best
guess and will probably wrong. This doesn’t mean that
the prediction curve itself is complete bullocks.
Actually Mr. B doesn’t even understand that Mr. A was
NOT stating with 100% certainty that 5 coins would
come up heads.
He was, after all, perfectly correct even though he was
wrong.

Certainties are rare in science, specially in the social
sciences, but even in physical sciences it is difficult to
know with certainty if one event predicts another.
For example:
 Some people who smoke cigarettes don’t get lung
cancer, but the likelihood of contracting lung cancer
rises tremendously with regular cigarette smoking.
 It is more likely that students who don’t attend class
or read the text won’t pass, but there is some
variability there too.
The measure of such uncertainty is the probability of
that event.
End of Lecture
Questions
RAM JI PANDEY
Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
Ewing Christian College,
Wednesday, October 11, 2017 Allahabad

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Focus on Identifying the Making inference about

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We work in probabilistic terms. This means that when we

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