Reading in Philippine History
Chapter 1: Arrival of Malay people in the
Philippines
2300 BC - 3000 BC
Brought a more advanced culture characteristics of
the first Malays social and political organization
Migration is only theory
Sawa- agricultural farming
Balangay (Barangay) – boat
Ancient People in the Philippines
 10 Datus from Borneo
 Ibaloi Mummies
 The famous rice terraces in Banue
1st Theory is the Migration theory
 Benguet
 Panay
Chinese and Tibetan Links to first wave of settlers
to the Philippines
 The ancestors of modern Laotians, Thais and
possibly Burmese, Cambodians, Filipino and
Indonesians from southern China
 The early people are believed to have migrated
from South China through Taiwan and into
Luzon and then followed the Cagayan River
Valley
 Artifacts
 Domesticated animals
 The express train hypothesis
 DNA
Chinese culture displaces the indigenous culture
 Chinese a technological advantage
 Chinese influenced language
 Development in the early period
Ancient Trade with China
 Phil Greco
 Fujian provinces
Islam Introduced to the Philippines
 15th century
 Muslim immigrants
 Philippine Muslims
 The “Moro Wars”
Philippine before the Spanish
 Powerful Majapahit kingdom in East Java
 Major cultural and trade crossroads
 Writing system
 First Europeans to arrive in the region
 Spice trade
Magellan is a Portuguese
Spaniards did it for the Gold, God and Glory
Chapter 2: Spiritual beliefs of the early Filipinos
 The Philippines did not have any thriving and
powerful kingdom.
 The archipelago was decentralized by the
Spanish colonization, and was divided into
localized settlements called barangay.
 Barangay came from the word balangay, an
Austronesian sea-going vessel.
 The spiritual life in the barangay was led by the
local spiritual leader called babaylan in Visayas
and catalonan in Luzon.
 The position was usually obtained by a female.
 The babaylan led the barangay in all rituals.
 The deities of Philippine mythology are the gods
and goddesses worshiped by Filipinos before the
Christianization of the natives.
 Visayans called them diwata while the Tagalogs
used anito
 These deities were manifested by the forces of
nature
Excerpt from Relation of the Worship of the
Tagalogs, Their Gods, and Their Burials and
Superstitions by Fray Juan de Plasencia
 Fray Juan de Plasencia is one of the first
Franciscan missionaries in the Philippines.
 He was responsible for the foundation of various
towns in Luzon and the conversion of their
inhabitants to Catholicism.
 He was also the author of Doctrina Christiana
 Plasencia denied himself of luxuries and was
known to be the defender
 Plasencia was also instrumental in the
resettlement of the natives as he suggested the
reduccion policy in the synod.
 It is true that they have the name simbahan,
which means a temple or place of adoration.
They worship many gods and goddesses:
1. bathala, supreme being
2. Idayanale, god of agriculture
3. Sidarapa, god of death
4. Agni, god of fire
5. Balangaw, god of rainbow
6. Mandarangan, god of war
7. Lalahon, god of harvest
8. Siginarugan, god of hell.
Also believe in sacred animals and trees.
Superstitious Beliefs
 Believe in Aswang, Dwende, Kapre, Tikbalang,
Patyanak/Tiyanak.
 They also believe in magical power of amulet
and charms such as anting-anting, kulam and
gayuma or love potion.
Burials
 Manunggul Jar is an example of a secondary
burial wherein the bones of the corpse are
placed inside.
 It is one of the most important archaeological
artifacts in the Philippines.
Excerpt from Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
by Antonio de Morga
 Events in the Philippine Islands
 Published in 1609 in Mexico
 The book covers the political, economic, social,
and cultural life of the Filipinos and Spaniards
from 1493 to 1603
 Morga talks about the “ignorance” and
“stubbornness” of the non-Christian Filipinos
 One of the most important works on the early
history of the Spanish colonization of the
Philippines.
 In matters of religion, the natives proceeded
more barbarously and with greater blindness
tan in all the rest.
 For besides being pagans, without any
knowledge of the true God, they strove to
discover him by way of reason.
 There were no temples throughout those
islands.
 They have no priests or religious to attend to
religious affairs, except certain old men and
women called catalonas.
 The catalonas uttered prayers and performed
other ceremonies to the idols.
Excerpt from Relacion de las Islas Filipinas
by Miguel de Loarca
 Miguel de Loarca observed the native cultural
traditions before they were fully acculturated to
Christianity.
 He was the first Spaniard to conduct the
colony’s earliest census.
 In his Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1582), he
documented the customs and traditions of early
Filipinos.
 Loarca’s Relacion is a layman’s point of view of
the affairs of the natives in the early colonial
era.
 Relacion talks about the beliefs of the people
from Panay or the so-called Pintados.
 The people of the coast, who are called the
Yligueynes, believe that heaven and earth had
no beginning.
 There were two gods, one called Captan and the
other Maguayen.
 The natives of these islands have neither time
time nor place set apart for the offering of
prayers and sacrifices to their gods.
 These sacrifices are called baylanes, and the
priestesses, or the men who perform this office
are also called baylanes.
Excerpt from Relacion de las Islas Filipinas
by Pedro Chirino
 One of the most well-known and devoted Jesuit
missionaries of the early colonial period.
 Pedro Chirino is a founder of various towns and
parishes across the archipelago; as well as his
crucial role in recording the ancient Tagalog
script baybayin to Latin alphabet.
 He was responsible for the elevationof the Jesuit
mission in the Philippines
 Chirino’s Relacion, focusing on the spiritual
transformation of the colony
 Thousands and thousands of years ago, there
was a time when the space occupied by the
universe
 The moon, sun, and the earth were conspicuous
by their absence
 Only the vast expanse of water and the sky
above it could be seen
 The kingdom of the sky was under the rule of
the great god Languit, while the water the
sovereignty of the god Tubigan
 Languit daughter called Dagat, the sea who
became the wife of Paros, the wind
 Dagat and Paros has four children, three of
whom were boys named Daga, Aldao, Bulan
and one girl named Bitoon
Chapter 3: Early Philippine Society and Culture
Excerpt from “LABOR EVANGELICA” : of the
government and Political customs of these people
By Francisco Colin, S.J
 Francisco Colin (1592-1660), one of the most
prominent Jesuit missionary and historian of the
early colonial period.
 Colin discusses the customs and traditions of the
Philippines, southeast Asia
 He also studied the local languages to
understanding of early Filipino culture and
society
 Colin discussed their physical appearance,
clothing, marriage, eating pattern, song and
dance.
 There were no king or rulers worthy of mention
through this archipelago but there were many
chiefs who dominated other less power.
 Barangay is used to be their form of government
 It may compose of about 30-100 families, and is
ruled by either datu, or maginoo
LAWS
 Their laws and policy which were not very
barbarous for barbarians consisted wholly of
traditions and customs.
 Written laws are made by the datu together
with the council of the elders as his advisers.
 Unwritten laws are spoken laws that is passed
by of course the word of mouth, and may be
passed through generations.
THERE ARE 3 KIND AND CLASSES OF PEOPLE
1. Chief known as “datu” in visayans and
“maginoo” in tagalogs
 The chief of the whole barangay is the
wealthiest person in the community.
 The datu have many power
Datu was the political ruler of the barangay. As the 2. TUMARANPOC
main warrior., he was responsible for the safety of
 They live in their own houses and there are
the barangay. Datu acted as judge of the barangay.
obligated to go to work for their master one day
In determining the guilt or innocence of a violator,
out of four day having three days for
the datu was assisted by the elders of the
themselves, if they fail to work for their master,
barangay.
the give master each year ten chichubites of rice
2. Commoners or the freemen also known as each chichubite being equal to one fanega
“Maharlika” in tagalogs and “Timauas” in  The value of tumaranpoques are same in ayuey
visayans
3. TOMATABANS
 They can own their own land and don’t have any
 These people hold in most respect.
pay regular tribute
 These work in the house of the master only
 Formed majority of the people in the barangay
when there is some banquet or revel. On such
3. Slaves or also knows as “Oripuen” by the occasions they bring small gift and share in the
visayans and “alipin” in tagalog drinking.
 During their lifetime, these slaves are bound to
 Slavery may be due to the following:
work there for five days in a month or if they do
 Captured by the enemies in war
not work, they annually give the master five
 Those who cannot pay their debt
chicubites of rice
 Punishment of the crime committed
 When slave dies, the property left by the slave is
EXCERPT From relacion de las islas pilipinas share with his children by the master
by Miguel de loarca
Excerpt form Cronicas
 Miguel De Loarca was one of the first by Juan Francisco de san Antonio
conquistadores to arrive in the Philippines
 Juan Francisco De San Antonio is a missionary of
 He was a loyal Spanish Military Officer, Loarca
the Franciscan order and coming from the order
also became one of the earliest encomenderous
of zealous and influential missionaries.
in the country when Miguel Lopez De Legazpi
granted him lands in panay Island  The chiefs and wealthy people were allowed to
 Loarca studied the visayan custom, traditions have some slaves as concubines.
and languages.
 The focus of this excerpt is the Visayas marriage
 This excerpt from Relacion’s ninth chapter
custom. Not just the marriage rituals and
would talk about the “laws of slaves” in the
ceremonies of the visayans, but also their Dowry
visayas.
System.
Laws of Slavery
DOWRY
There are 3 classes of slave
 A gift turned over by the groom to the bride’s
1. AYUEY parents for all practical purpose in exchange for
the bride.
 These slaves work three day for the master and
one day for themselves.  Dowry can range from carabao, piece of lands,
 Women ayueys are like their husband work in jewelries, cash, brass gongs etc.
the houses of the master.
 If the ayuey die, the masters take away their
property
FIVE KINDS OF DOWRY
1. Bigay-caya - consist of land, gold or dependents.
Any valuable article will do in the absence of
these.
2. Panghimuyat – certain amount of the money
given to the bride to be’s parents as a payment
for the mother’s efforts in rearing the girl to the
womanhood.
3. Pasoso - bride given to the wet-nurse who fed
the bride during her infancy with milk from her
own breast.
4. Himaraw - sum of money to be given to the
parents as a reimbursement for the amount
spent in feeding the girl during her infancy.
5. Sambon – a dowry given to the girl’s relatives.
EXCERPT FROM THE “BOXER CODEX”
BY CHARLES R. BOXER
 The excerpt focus on the tattooing and clothing
Tradition of the visayans
 Manuscript was then translated by the National
Artist Carlos Quirino and scholars Ma. Luisa
Garcia and Mauro Garcia.
 Charles R. Boxer prominently acquired by the
British scholar.
BRIEF HISTORY ON FILIPINO TATTOO TRADITIONS
When the Spaniards first arrived in the
visayan islands in 1521, the labeled the natives of
this region as “pintados”, as most of their entire
bodies were covered in tattoos leaving only their
hands and feet bare. They do this with iron or brass
rods, the points of which are heated on a fire.
 The women paint only the hands very elegantly
 To the men, these painting serve as clothing
CLOTHING
 They have type of clothing, which consists of the
cotton blankets that they used it into morning
wear.
 Their head some very fine multi colored head
scarfs.
 The garments and dresses of bisayan women
consist of some blankets with diverse colored
stripes made of cotton and other are made from
a plant.
Excerpt from sucesos de las islas
by Antonio de morga
 Antonio de morga’s massive sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas 1609 was one of the most important
account of the Philippines in the early colonial
period
 Some of annotations focused on the early
Filipino warring traditions advancement in
weaponry, native boatbuilding tradition etc.
 One of the famous of Rizal’s annotation was
regarding the eating of bagoong or fish paste by
the Filipinos.
 the excerpt will discuss an old age delicacy. Also,
it will discuss a seemingly irrevelant and
outdated parcel of our gastronomic culture; the
nganga or betel chew.
 The practice of betel chewing used to be
prevalent throughout the Philippines from the
mountains in the North to the Muslim
communities in the South
 Buyo is made from a tree, whose leaf is shaped
like of the mulberry.
 After having been chewed the bonga for a
considerable time it is spit out, when it no
longer has any juice.
 Chiefs take wherever they leave their houses,
for show entertainment, their boxes of buyos.
And whenever they may stop, they make and
use their buyo
Chapter 4: The Philippines Becomes a Spanish
Colony
 During 15th and 16th centuries, Europe saw an
age of exploration and expansion brought by
various factors.
 First, there was the economic motive of finding
a direct access to the profitable Oriental Trade
of luxury goods such as; silk and spices
 Second, scientific and technological progress
specifically in shipbuilding, cartography and
navigational instruments.
 Third, the quest to explore unknown distant
lands also involved the religious mission of
spreading the Christian faith.
 Spain and Portugal maintained the anti- Muslim
attitude emanating from recent Reconquista of
the Iberian Peninsula against the Muslim Moros.
 Portugal and Spain initially led the navigational
race to the east.
 Portuguese sailors explored the coast of Africa
continent and in 1498, Vasco da Gama
successfully reached India.
 Malacca, an important Southeast Asian entrepôt
was captured in 1511.
 Meanwhile, Christopher Columbus, an Italian
sailor was able to convince the Spanish crown
that he can reach East thru West route.
 Spain was able to build a vast empire over
American continent.
 In 1519, a Portuguese sailor named Ferdinand
Magellan would try to fulfill Columbu’s promise.
 Two years later, he anchors into the Philippine
shore, thus, the beginning of Spanish presence
and influenced on the archipelago.
 The Philippines was part of the Spanish empire
for more than three centuries.
 The island was named Las Phelipinas by Spanish
voyagers.
 The population was organized into pueblos or
towns; pagan practices were suppressed and
Catholic Christianity was introduced.
Excerpts from First Voyage Around the World by
Antonio Pigafetta
 Ferdinand Magellan was defected to Spain after
his services to Portuguese crown were not
properly recognized.
 He persuades King Charles V to furnish him with
men and ships for an expedition which he
successfully accomplished.
 This would pave the way for Spanish institution
into East Asia (China) and the Pacific
Archipelago.
 Magellan’s famous expedition was named “First
Voyage Around the World” by an Italian author
named Antonio Pagafetta, who took part in the
said expedition.
 Magellan’s expedition was composed of fleet of
five ships and around 250 men who were mostly
Castillans.
 They started off from San Lucar, Spain navigated
through a strait located at the tip of the South
American continent and crossed the vast
expanse of the Pacific Ocean.
 On March 16, 1521, after almost two years in
the sea, they saw the island of Samar in the
eastern part of the Philippines.
 They named newly discovered territory as
“Archipelago de San Lazaro”
 Magellan also met some local chiefs with whom
he had a good relationship.
 Afterwards, on Easter Sunday, the first mass in
the Philippine history was held in a small island
called “Limasawa”
 The expedition proceeded to the port of Cebu
where he met Raja Humabon.
 Magellan, however gets embroiled in a conflict
between the two chiefs of Mactan, Zula and
Lapu-Lapu, which was eventually followed by a
battle.
 After Magellan’s demise, the remaining
members tried to go back to Spain, the used
little ship Victoria commanded by Sebastian del
Cano.
 The 18 Survivors arrived in Seville in 1522,
completing the first continuous
circumnavigation of the world.
 Several expeditions were sent by Spain in the
next four decades to claim Moluccas and each
one of them made a stop in the Philippines.
 One expedition led by Ruy de Villalobos gave the
island the name Las Phelipinas in honor to
Spanish crown prince Philip II
o King Philip II ruled the Spanish Empire from
1556 to 1598.
o He ruled territories from Madrid, the
imperial capital, to the other side of the
globe in Manila, the colonial capital of the
Philippines which was named in his honor.
Excerpt from "Instruction to Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi from the Royal Audiencia of New Spain"
 King Philip II decided to relinquish his claims to
the Moluccas to Portugal and colonize the
Philippines instead.
 An expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was
organized in Mexico.
 It set sail on November 20,1564 from the port of
Navidad with instructions handed by the Royal
Audiencia of Mexico.
 These instructions are significant because they
express the intentions of the Spaniards and
allows us to know the procedures and
precautions followed by the Spanish voyagers.
Instructions given to Miguel Lopez De Legazpi
1. You shall dispatch two ships, for the
discovery of the Western Islands.
2. You shall stipulate that bring some spice
and they shall return to Nueva Espanya, so
that it may be known whether the return
voyage is assured.
3. Must not delay in trading and bartering.
4. You shall enter other islands next to them,
as for instance, the Filipinas and others and
which are reported to contain spice.
5. You shall discover and examine their ports
and learn their wealth, the nature and
mode of life of the natives, the trade and
barter among them and with what nations,
the value and price of spices among them
and what other things may be
advantageous.
6. You shall labor diligently to make and
establish friendship and peace with the
natives.
7. You must show to them their majesty's
affection and love for them, giving them a
present and treating them well.
8. And if, in your judgment, the land is so rich
and of such quality that you should colonize
therein, you shall establish a colony in that
part.
Excerpt from "Instruction to Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi from the Royal Audiencia of New Spain"
 The expedition reached Samar on February
14,1565.
 Legazpi and his crew went around the Visayas
Islands in central region of the archipelago and
were met by the natives.
 In the island of Bohol, Legazpi performed the
blood compact with chief Sikatuna which
signified a friendly relationship.
 Legazpi arrived in the island of Cebu on April 27,
1565. And established his settlement.
 One of his men, discovered a wooden image of
the holy child called "Nombre de Jesus".
 He transferred camp to the island of Panay. And
sent Martin de Goiti to explore the northern
region of Luzon.
Excerpt from "Relation of the Conquest of the
Island of Luzon"
 Martin de Goiti found the port and town of
Maynilad located along the Pasig River.
 Spaniards negotiated with peace to the natives
of Maynilad led by Muslim chief Raja Soliman
 but hostilities came and the town was sacked by
the Spaniards with the help of their Visayan
allies.
 Legazpi transferred to Maynilad in 1571 and
made it the capital of the new colony.
 They also encountered several Chinese traders
to transfer to Manila.
 Manila eventually develop into a city within
walls or Intramuros.
 It received the title "Muy Insigne y Siempre Lial
Ciudad" (Eminent and Ever Loyal City) from
Spain.
Chapter 5: Introduction of Colonial Institutions
 In 1571, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and his force
decided to sail to Manila.
 He held the title adelantado.
 On May 18, 1571, after negotiations with Raja
Matanda and Lakandula, the adelantado
conquered Manila.
 On June 21, 1574, Manila was given the title La
insigne y siempre leal ciudad.
 300-year Spanish rule of the Philippines.
 Unify the Philippines under one faith and under
one colonial government, with Manila as its
center.
 Certain colonial institutions were set up in the
Philippines.
 In 1582, the Synod of Manila was established
under the Dominican Fr. Domingo de Salazar,
the first bishop of Manila.
 A plan was presented by the Franciscan Fr. Juan
de Plasencia to the Synod of Manila and this
was called reduccion.
 Spaniards attempted to tame the reluctant
Filipinos through Christian indoctrination in a
quite novel settlement pattern using the plaza
complex.
 Reduccion was civilizing device to make the
Filipinos law-biding citizens of Spanish crown.
 As soon as Legazpi started colonizing the
Philippines in 1565, the encomienda system was
established.
 Spanish – encomendar, meaning “to entrust”.
 The ecomienda abolished little by little.
 It was replaced by the alcadia, an institution
with more political functions than economic.
 Tributes were imposed to the natives through
Royal Decrees.
 The payment of annual tribute was seen as a
form of vassalage to the King of Spain.
 19th century the payment of tribute was
replaced by the cedula personal.
 Polo y Servicios which referred to drafting
laborers who were either Filipino or Chinese
male mestizos aged 16 to 60 years.
 They were obligated to give a 40-day personal
service to community projects.
Philippine Villages Reduced by the Spaniards
 The year 1582 was a landmark period because
the Synod of Manila was called to convene in
order to assess the Spanish methods
evangelization.
 A “civilizing tool” called reduccion was also
introduced and approved by the Synod.
 The word reduccion comes from the word
reducir, meaning “to resettle.”
 Native population was resettled in new
settlements where a church was constructed
and natives were within the hearing distance of
the church bells.
List of the villages resettled by the Spaniards
 Village of Cataguram
 Village and river of Tulaque
 Village and river of Massi
 Village of Gatara
 Village of Linga
 Village of Gadu
 Village of Taban
Encomiendas Assigned
by Legazpi
 Encomiendas were set up as soon as Spaniards
started colonizing the Philippines.
 The encomenderos were tasked to defend their
encomendias and maintain peace and order.
 The Synod of Manila provided guidelines to the
encomenderos pertinent to their obligations
toward the Indios in particular and encomienda
in general.
Memorial of Bishop Domingo Salazar on the
Abuses Comitted by the Spaniards
 Fray Salazar.
 He wrote a letter to the king of Spain in order to
expose the different abuses committed by the
Spanish officials in the Philippines in the process
of pacifying the islands.
 There was a great abundance of provisions, such
as produced in the country; namely, rice, beans,
fowls, swine, deer, buffaloes, fish, cocoanuts,
bananas and some other fruits, wine, and honey.
 Of these a large quantity could be bought from
the natives with very little money.
 Although among of them there was gold, yet it
was most unusual to barter eatables for rice.
 Until the Spaniards introduced the use of
money, from which no little harm has come to
the country.
 Wine and rice are measured by the ganta.
Order Issued by the Governor for Collection of the
Tributes
 Royal decrees also instructed the government
officials in the Philippines to collect personal tax
or tributo from the indios.
 The tribute was used in order to defray
government expenses.
 It was also said that the King of Spain had
invested a lot of money into the voyages and
colonization of the Philippines.
 It was proper for the indios to repay.
 Tributes may be paid in cash or in kind.
Decree Regulating Services of Filipinos
 The Spanish colonial government also instituted
polo y servicios.
 It involved drafting Chinese of Filipino male
mestizos from 16 to 60 years old to render free
and personal service to community projects.
 There had been exemptions to the polo y
servicios, namely:
1. The native-ruling elite and their sons;
2. Those able to pay the falla;
3. Persons with disabilities.
Chapter 6: Early Filipino Revolts
 Causes of Filipino revolts against Spaniards are
the imposition of the Catholic faith, forced labor
or polo, and the usurpation of lands.
 Father Pedro Murillo Velarde who wrote
Historia de la de Provincia Pilipinas de la
Campañia de Jesus: segunda parte in 1749.
 Father Casimiro Diaz who wrote Conquista de
Las Islas Filipinas in 1890.
Excerpt of an Account of the Bancao Revolt
(1621-1622)
 Bancao Revolt was a religious uprising against
Spanish Colonial.
 Bancao, the datu of Carigara, in the present day
Carigara province of Leyte.
 Bancao welcomed Miguel Lopez de Legaspi as
his guest, he arrived in the Philippines in 1565.
 In his old age, discarded Christianity and
returned to the pagan ways of his father.
 Pagali, was a native priest, he persuaded the
people of Limasawa and Leyte to rise against
spaniards.
 Father Melchor de Vera went to Cebu to report
the insurrection.
 The Spanish and Filipino colonial troops in forty
ships sent by Governor-General Alonso Fajardo
de Entenza.
 The rebellion suppressed by Juan de Alcarazo,
the alcalde-mayor of Cebu.
 The Bancao Revolt was the first recorder
uprising against foreign colonization.
 The Revolt also spread throughout the Leyte,
and the alcalde mayor Juan de Alcarazo of Cebu
quelled the movement.
Excerpt of an Account of the Sumuroy Revolt
(1649-1650)
 The Sumuroy Revolt, named after Agustin
Sumuroy, a waray.
 The Sumuroy Revolt spread to Zamboanga,
Northern Mindanao, Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin,
Albay, Camarines.
 On Tuesday, June 1, 1649, Father Miguel Ponce
Barberan was killed by Sumuroy by hurling the
lance at him, killing the priest instantly.
 A native of Palapag, Sumuroy encourage the
people to revolt.
 He learned forced labor or Polo that visayan
men would be sent to Cavite and work in the
shipyard to build galleons. The visayan men
hated this order because they don’t want to
leave their home and families.
 Governorner Don Diego Fajardo, carpenters
from Manila were drafted and additional
carpenters and laborers from each province
were demanded.
 One of the captains of the fleet was Juan de
Ulloa. He commanded Lutao soldiers along with
his sargento-mayor Francisco Macombo.
There were 3 main personalities in the said
uprising:
1. Don Juan Ponce, the leader of the group
2. Don Pedro Caamug, the second leader
 Later as a token of obediene, his head was
presented by his men, without anyone asking
for it.
 Their revolt due to the land grabbing by
Spaniards who took over their ancestral lands.
 Filipino landowners in Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite
and Laguna revolted against Spanish.
 Lian and Nasugbu – the first spark of revolt.
 Don Pedro Enriquez an auditor of the same
Audencia, made a report with sworn statements
of his proceedings.
 Father Fray Miguel Vivas as their procurator-
general at this court.
 Father Pedro Alta Mirano who acts in that
capacity for the Society of Jesus for it’s
provinces of the Indias.
 Marques de Regalia a minister of the said
council and tribunal of the Indias and exclusive
judge of rents, settlement of land titles and
collection of fines and condemnations.
 Don Juan Monroy who was the court clerk of the
Audencia.
 After some battles, the leaders were shot and
exiled. Others were pardoned after they
surrendered.

3. Agustin Sumuroy, the third leader
 During the height of the insurrection Don Juan
Ponce went hiding in Cebu and stayed with
Father Ignacio Alcina, a Jesuit and historian.
 Don Pedro Caamug killed Father Vicente
Damian.
 King Philip IV ordered the priest to return the
stolen land to the Filipinos.
 The priest was successfully able to appeal the
return of lands back to the natives which
resulted in no land being returned to native
landowners.

 July 2,1650, Francisco Macombo lead the assault

on the fortification of Palapag Mesa, which
eventually ended the Sumuroy rebellion.

 The victorious Don Gines – de Rojas ascended

the hill with his whole army, and destroyed the
insurgent quarters by setting fire to them.