Final Project22

ANALYZING READERSHIP BEHAVIOR OF NEWSPAPER
“A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TIMES

OF INDIA”.
By
SUBHASISH KUNDU
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE OF DURGAPUR
DURGAPUR-12
(WEST BENGAL)
2010
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ANALYZING READERSHIP BEHAVIOR OF NEWSPAPER “A STUDY
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TIMES OF INDIA”.
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE MASTER DEGREE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
UNDER WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, KOLKATA
BY
NAME: SUBHASISH KUNDU
ROLL NO: 09167009062
REGISTRATION NO: 091670710085
SPECIALIZATION: MARKETING
SUPERVISED BY
Dr. BIBHAS CHANDRA
(H.O.D. OF MBA, MID, DURGAPUR)
&
Mr. DEBASISH SAHA

(MARKETING MANAGER)
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE OF DURGAPUR
DURGAPUR-12
(WEST BENGAL)
2010
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project entitled “Analyzing readership
behavior of newspaper “A study with special reference to The
Times of India”. Submitted by Mr.Subhasish kundu (Roll No.
09167009062) to the Management Institute of Durgapur, West
Bengal, India, for the award of the degree of Master of Business
Administration in West Bengal University of Technology, is a bona fide
work carried out by his under my supervision and guidance.
I am satisfied with the contents of his Project Report and I do mention
that he has undertaken the project work systematically, meticulously
and having thorough grasped over the subject concerned.
In my opinion, the project report has fulfilled all the requirements as
per the Course Curriculum. To the best of my knowledge, the results
embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for award of any degree or diploma.
……………………………....
Dr. Bhibhas Chandra
Place: Durgapur
Date:
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DECLERATION
I here by declare that this project title “Analyzing readership

behavior of newspaper “A study with special reference to The
Times of India” is submitted for the partial fulfillment of the course
MBA (Master of Business Administration), under W.B.U.T. This is an
original piece of work done by me under the guidance of Dr. Bibhas
Chandra (Faculty of MID, Durgapur ) & Mr. Debashish saha (Marketing
Manager, The Times of India), and it has not been submitted for the
award of any other degree elsewhere in full or part.
DATE: ………………………
PLACE: SIGNATURE
(Subhasish kundu)
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PREFACE: -
Newspaper is the most important things in our daily life. In India there
are different kinds of newspaper like The Times of India, The
Telegraph, The Statesman, & Hindustan Times. The Times of India is
the highest selling newspaper in India. In India there is 60% circulation,
highest in the world.
Today the customer perception is totally changed. Now –a-days

readers can get different kinds of news like movies & entertainment
news, life style news, regional news, employment news & get different
kinds of advertisement. But before that they can’t get this all types of
news.
Through this project I have tried to measure the readership behavior of

times of India.
 To find out which newspaper the customer mostly preferred.
 To also find out that which news they mostly preferred.
 Attitude towards The Times of India newspaper.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude, to my project

guide Mr.Debasish saha, marketing Manager of The Times of India
Group, for this meticulous guidance, valuable advice, worthwhile
discussion, ideas and important suggestion.
I take the privilege to express my esteem and profound sense of

gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) N.C.Ghosh, Director, Management Institute of
Durgapur, without his valuable guidance the completion of this project
would have been an immensely difficult task. I am also thankful to the
Principal Dr. Anup Kr. Ghosh, the Head of the Department Dr. Bibhas
Chandra, the training and placement officer Mr. T.K Sinha, faculty
members of this Institute of their valuable guidance and support at
every step of this project.
Constructive criticism and co-operation help me for developing the

project, hence I convey my due regards to my guide Dr. Bibhas
Chandra, for whom this project become feasible and successful.
I whole heartedly express my thankfulness, deep gratitude to all the

members of The Times of India Group for their kind co-operation,
timely help, important suggestions, and contribution for achieving
success for this project.
Although I have expressed my gratitude to every person, who helped

me in reaching at the stage but there might be few who had been left
out, who helped me a lot, I would like to thank all of them.
Name: Subhasish kundu.

MID, Rajbandh, Durgapur
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INTRODUCTION
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1.1 INTRODUCTION:-
Newspapers have been the most important tool in shaping the growth
and development of any society in the modern world. More than
anything, they have been bridging the communication gap between
people in a society. The newspaper industry in every country stands
out as a potential platform for exchange of thoughts and opinions. One
of the most crucial tasks of the newspaper industry is its contribution
towards the economic and industrial development of a country through
reflection of people’s voice.
The newspaper industry of any country spreads knowledge and

awareness among the people by making itself as a medium for a wide
area of topics such as regional, national and international, politics,
sports, social issues, entertainment, advertising and marketing and so
on.
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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:-
The aim of the research is to study the newspaper readership behavior

towards The Times of India newspaper.
1. To find out the readership behavior in respect of this newspaper
2. The objectives of the study newspaper readership behavior of the
times of India in respect of following factor
 regional news
 political news
 sports news
 entertainment news
 national & international news
 health news
 business news
 travel news
3. The objectives is also get the consumer opinion in respect of the

following section and characteristics of the times of India
 price
 coverage
 language
 Quality
 Advertisement
4. To convince the customer to buy the Times of India newspaper

and also buy the magazine.
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1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY:-
This study covers not only industry profile but also company profile,
research design and methodology used for research, description of
Research, methodological assumption and limitations. It covers the
data sources, primary as well as secondary, sampling procedure
detailed analysis and interpretation of data, methods used in data
analysis.
1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:-

Though the study aims to achieve the objective on full earnest and
accuracy, it has certain limitations. Some of the limitations of this
study may be summarized as follows:
 TIME CONSTRANT: Since the time given for carrying out the
survey is only 2 months, extensive work would not be possible.
 GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIER: The survey is limited to the

geographical limit of Kolkata city. So more number of
respondents could not be met.
 RESPONDENT REFUSAL OF BIAS: The responses given by the

respondents may not be relied upon completely.
 SAMPLE LIMITATIONS: The numbers of respondents were just

20 couldn’t represent the entire population.
In order to know the company profile, a comprehensive plan has

been framed which is discussed in detail in the following chapter.
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COMPANY PROFILE
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2. COMPANY PROFILE:-
The Times of India (TOI) is a popular English language broadsheet

Newspaper in India. It was founded on November 3, 1838 as The
Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce, during the British raj.
Published every Saturday and Wednesday, The Bombay Times and
Journal of Commerce were launched as a bi-weekly edition. Now it has
the largest circulation among all English-language newspapers in the
world, across all formats (broadsheet, tabloid, compact, Berliner and
online). In 2008, the newspaper reported that (with a circulation of
over 3.14 million) it was certified by the Audit Bureau of Circulations as
the world's largest selling English-language daily newspaper. According
to the Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2010, The Times of India is the
most widely read English newspaper in India with a readership of 13.4
million. This ranks the Times of India as the top English newspaper in
India by readership. The Times of India is published by the media
group Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. This company, along with its other
group companies, known as The Times Group, also publishes The
Economic Times, Mumbai Mirror,Pune Mirror, the Navbharat Times (a
Hindi-language daily broadsheet), the Maharashtra Times (a Marathi-
language daily broadsheet.)This is 170 years old & reputed newspaper
industry.
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The Times of India Group is the largest media services conglomerate in
India. It is headed by brothers Samir and Vineet Jain. It reaches out
from:
*11 publishing centers

* 15 printing centers
* 55 sales offices
* Over 7000 employees
* 5 dailies including two of the largest in the country
* 2 lead magazines
* 29 niche magazines
* Reaching 2468 cities and towns
* 32 Radio Stations
* 2 Television News Channels
* 1 Television Life Style Channel
* Turnover in excess of USD 700 million
Key Statistics about The Times of India
Headquarters Delhi Area, India

Industry Newspaper
Type Privately Held
Status Operating
Company Size 7,000 employees
Founded 1838
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2.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TIMES
1838: The first edition appears on November 3, 1838, known as The

Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce. The newspaper is published
twice a week under editor J.E.Brennan. It is basically a city paper
reflecting the interest of Bombay’s business community.
1846: The newspaper changes hands and Dr.George Buist is

appointed editor.
1850: Shareholders decide to increase the share capital and the paper
is converted into a daily.
1859: Bombay Standard and Chronicle of Western India merges into
Bombay Telegraph and Courier to form Bombay times and Standard.
1861: Editor Robert Knight amalgamates The Bombay Times &

Standard and Bombay Telegraph & Courier to form The Times of India
and gives it a national character.
1890: Editor Henry Curwen buys The Times of India in partnership with
Charles Kane.
1892: Following the death of Henry Curwen, T.J.Bennett becomes the

editor and enters into a partnership with F.M.Coleman to form a joint
stock company – Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. (BCCL).
1946: For the first time, the paper transfers to Indian ownership. Ram
Krishna Dalmia buys out Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd for Rs.2 crores.
Partly, the takeover is funded by illegal money transfer from other
companies, and Ram Krishna was imprisoned after the matter was
raised in parliament by Feroze Gandhi in 1955.
1948: Sahu Jain Group becomes the owners of the company after
Dalmia sells the firm to recover 2.5 crores he needs to pay back to an
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insurance company. Santi Prasad Jain, son-in-low of Ram Krishna
Dalmia, becomes the first chairman of the group
1950: Delhi edition is launched with K.Gopalswami as the first Indian

editor.
1960: Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain joins BCCL.
1961: The Economic Times is launched.
1984: Samir Jain and Vineet Jain join BCCL.
1991: BBC features The Times of India among the world’s six great
newspapers.
1996: The Times of India crosses 1 million marks in circulation.
. 1999: India times web portal launched; BCCL enters music retailing
business with Planet M.
2000: The Times of India crosses the 2 million mark in circulation
2001: Radio Mirchi – Nationwide private FM Broadcasting; 360
Degrees – Event Management Arm launched.
2002: Times Outdoor – Outdoor Advertising & Billboard Marketing.
2004: Launch of the Jobs portal Times Jobs. Television Business

launched with the launch of a lifestyle and entertainment
channel called zOOm.
2005: Launch of a matrimonial website Timeshare.
2008: Launch of SimplyMarryZine.com. Acquisition of virgin radio (now

known as absolute radio) in UK.
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2009: Launch of ET Now – A business news channel.
2.2 The Times group product profile
News Magazines Radio TV Portals

paper Station Channel
The Times World Radio Times timesjob.com
of India
Wide- Mirchi -Now SimplyMarryZine.
The
media Absolute ZOOM com
Economics
Film fare -Radio ET Now MagicBricks.com
-Times
Film fare Times Indiatimes.com
Maharashtr
Award -Music SimplyMarry.com
a -Times
Femina
Navbharat
Famina
-Times
Miss India
Mumbai
Top Gear
mirror
India
Bangalore -
Hello
Mirror
BBC Good
Ahmadabad
Home
-Mirror
Product profile
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In order to know the theoretical framework, a comprehensive plan
has been framed which is discussed in detail in the following
chapter.
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THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
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3.1 OVERVIEW OF COMPETITORS:-
Indian English newspaper industry is concentrated mainly in five major
players The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Telegraph
and The Statesman. The Times of India is capture the largest market
share in the country.
Including this five there are another top five

newspapers available in the market like, Deccan chronicle, The
economic times, Mid day, The new India express, Mumbai Mirror.
But the main competitors are:-
1>The Telegraph
2> Hindustan Times
3>The statesman
4>The Hindu
The
Telegra
ph
The
Hindusta Competito Statesm
n Times rs an
The
Hindu
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3.1.1 The Telegraph
The Telegraph is the largest circulated English daily in Eastern India.

Established on 7th July, 1982. The Telegraph in its short life span of 26
years has become the largest circulated English daily in the eastern
region published from Calcutta. The Telegraph is one of the few
newspapers launched in post independent India. The paper has
registered a great victory by being the only newspaper in post
independent India to enhance its market share by pulling the
readership away from the Statesman, the paper that English
dominated the market at the point of time.
The Daily Telegraph prints and publishes a daily newspaper that

provides sports, current affairs, weather, and global news. The
company is based in London, United Kingdom. The Daily Telegraph
operates as a subsidiary of Telegraph Group Limited.
The Telegraph carries different supplements each week day. Its include
knowhow, telekids, Etc, weekend, the telegraph job, propett, graphiti,
etc.
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3.1.2 Hindustan Times
HT Media found its beginning in 1924 when its flagship newspaper,
Hindustan Times was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi. HT Media (BSE,
NSE) has today grown to become one of India's largest media
companies.
Produced by an editorial team known for its quality, innovation and

integrity, Hindustan Times (English) and Hindustan (Hindi), have a
combined daily circulation of 2.25 million copies and a readership base
of 12.4 million readers to their credit. HT Media operates 19 printing
facilities across India with an installed capacity of 1.5 million copies per
hour.
Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2008, revealed that HT has a

readership of (6.6 million) placing them as the second most-widely
read English Newspaper in India after Times of India. It has a wide
reach in northern India (barring Southern India), with simultaneous
editions from New Delhi, Mumbai, Luck now, Patna, Ranch and Kolkata.
It is also printed from Bhopal and Chandigarh.
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3.1.3The Statesman:-
The Statesman is an Indian English-language broadsheet daily
newspaper founded in 1875 and published simultaneously in Kolkata,
New Delhi, Siliguri and Bhubaneswar. The Statesman is owned by The
Statesman Ltd., its headquarters at Statesman House, Chowringhee
Square, Calcutta and its national editorial offices in Statesman House,
Connaught Place, New Delhi. It is a member of the Asia News Network
. The Statesman (average weekday circulation is approximately

180,000 and the Sunday Statesman has a circulation of 230,000). This
ranks the Statesman as one of the leading English newspapers in West
Bengal, India.
It was incorporated and directly descended from two newspapers: The

Englishman and The Friend of India both published from Kolkata. The
Englishman was started in 1811. An Englishman named Robert Knight
founded the new newspaper with a name of The Statesman and New
Friend of India on 15 January 1875. Soon after, the name was
shortened to the present The Statesman. During the British era, it was
British run and managed, but after independence, control passed to
Indians.
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3.1.4 The Hindu
The first issue of The Hindu was published on September 20, 1878, by
a group of six young men, led by G. Subramania Aiyer, a radical social
reformer and school teacher from Thiruvaiyyar near Thanjavur. Aiyer,
then 23, along with his 21-year-old fellow-tutor and friend at
Pachaiyappa's College, M. Veeraraghavachariar of Chingleput, and four
law students, T.T. Rangachariar, P.V. Rangachariar, D. Kesava Rao
Pantulu and N. Subba Rao Pantulu were members of the Triplicane
Literary Society. The British-controlled English language local
newspapers had been campaigning against the appointment of the
first Indian, T. Muthuswami Iyer, to the Bench of the Madras High Court
in 1878. "
The Hindu is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. With a

circulation of 1.45 million The Hindu is the second-largest circulated
daily English newspaper in India after Times of India, and slightly
ahead of The Economic Times. According to the Indian Readership
Survey (IRS) 2008 The Hindu is the third most-widely read English
newspaper in India (after Times of India and Hindustan Times) with a
readership of 5.2 million.
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3.2 Newspaper Distribution:-
Responsibility for getting the newspaper from the press to the reader
falls to the distribution division. Large newspapers publish two,
three or even four editions, all of which must be ready to leave the
newspaper plant at a certain time. The first edition, sometimes
called the bulldog edition, goes to the outer limits of the
newspaper's circulation area. This may be several countries or even
an entire state. Later editions contain progressively fresher news
and go to smaller areas. The final edition, which goes to press
after midnight, contains the latest news but covers the smallest
geographical area, usually a city.
Newspaper distribution in Kolkata is similar to the other smaller cities

we have visited. Kolkata is the capital of the West Bengal with a
population of around 15.97 million.
There are 7-Bengali’s dailies in Kolkata followed by six in English, Five

Hindi newspapers and also48 Bengali magazine (weekly) published.
To cover a population of 50, 48,936 around 5 lakhs (500,000)
newspapers are distributed everyday by combined vendor and
hawker strength of 4000.
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We can represent the distribution channel
through following diagram.
Input from Editorial (Raw Materials)
Printing Press
Transportation through privet

and public carrier
Agents
Readers
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SELING PATTERN:-
3.4.3 Subscription:-
This is another method which is followed by the newspaper industries
to increase the volume of their respective newspapers. Basically it’s a
short time process in which some special subscriptions are offered to
the readers by any particular newspaper so that it can change its
competitor’s customers to its own customers. In this process every
newspaper industry chooses some persons who only dealt with the
subscription matter. These people go to different areas and meet the
local hawkers there.
From the local hawkers they take the leads. They receive the
household address of those who are the usual readers of their
competitor’s newspapers and visit them and try to convince them to
subscribe their newspaper. This method is followed to increase the
future of the newspaper.
3.4.4 Institutional selling:-

This part of selling generally targets the area like Airlines, Hotels,
Clubs, Hospitals, Corporate and Institutes. It is done by corporate tie up
through the top level managers. Large volumes of newspapers are
delivered to the above areas at a discounted rate. The supply chain in
this process follows the following mechanism:
Newspaper from Printing Press
Carried through company’s personal van or public carrier
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To the respective areas (such as to the airport, hospitals, hotels,
educational institutes etc.)
DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
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4.1DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESIS:-
Thousands of people live at Kolkata. They belong from different
culture, society and community. Their language, life-style, test and
preference, needs etc. are different from each other. Their requirement
of newspaper and news is also different. Some people prefer to read
regional dailies, few persons like to read English dailies, some of them
like to read business dailies. Liking of newspaper and news is also
differ according to their profession. For example — businessmen are
prefer more business news, students are like to read more education &
career news, women are like life-style news etc. There are so many
English dailies are available at Kolkata, like The Times of India, The
Telegraph, Statesman, Hindustan Times etc. Regional dailies like
Ananda Bazar patrika, Bartaman, pratidin etc. are also available. On
the basis of above observation we developed the hypothesis.
4.2There is a need to study the preference for the
different Competitive brands available at the
Kolkata market.
4.3 Regional news:-
Regional news is very important as an aspect of a newspaper.
Through the regional news an individual can aware what is happening
to his/her surrounding. Regional news related games like football,
tennis. This is available top of the paper. It also helps to sell the
newspaper. At the time of market survey I have experienced that
people are too much interested about the regional news. So regional
news has its effect on a newspaper and helps it to be sold by fulfilling
the demand of the people. For this purpose every newspaper covers
the regional news. On the basis of the above observation we developed
the hypothesis that —
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H1: Coverage of regional news creates an impact on
readership Behavior.
4.4 Sports news:-

Sports news is very important as an aspect of a newspaper. Sports
news like football, cricket, and tennis are popular game in our country.
When the world cup or some tournaments goes on, we see most of the
persons are watching and at the moment each and every company are
telecasting their advertisements. This is show that how Indian people
like the sports news. When the People are very much interested to
know sports news or news related to sportsmen/sportswomen. Above
all the competitors of the Times of India like Telegraph, Statesman,
and Hindustan Times etc. are offering the sports news through their
daily. They have a separate page for the sports news. On the basis of
the above observation we developed the hypothesis that —
H2: Coverage of Sports news creates an impact on
readership
behavior.
4.5 Political News:-

Political news is very important as an aspect of a newspaper. Through
the political news a politicians can get different states news what
happen in the states, what is the present position of the country.
Above all the competitors of the Times of India like Telegraph,
Statesman, and Hindustan Times etc. are offering the sports news
through their daily. They have a separate page for the sports news. On
the basis of the above observation we developed the hypothesis that
—
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H3: Coverage of political news creates an impact on
readership
behavior.
4.6 Business news:-

Business news helps a person to know about the present market
scenario, corporate deals, and economical condition of a country.
There are so many persons who are always interest to know which new
products (like mobile phones, cars, bike etc.) launch in the market,
what new feathers are included with it. Business news provides various
information about the different policies, schemes, interest rates on
investment plans. This is provided a clear view of share market, how
the prices of the shares go ups and down, which companies share is in
boom. Therefore every newspaper emphasis on business news. On the
basis of the above observation we developed the hypothesis that —
H4: Coverage of business news creates an impact on
readership
behavior.
4.7 Health news:-
Now-a-days people are very much concerned about their fitness. They
are always tried to keep himself / herself fit and fine. Health news is
helpful for all segments. People are worried for few diseases (like AIDS,
Swine-flue, bird- flue etc.), because they could not get proper
information about these diseases. As a result they misguide by the
others and take wrong decision. Through this news people are get
proper information about different diseases, and also get various ways
to protect himself or herself which reduced misjudgment of the
disease. And it also increase sales volume of newspaper. For this
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reason coverage of health news plays an important role on newspaper
readership behavior. On the above observation we have developed the
hypothesis that—
H5: Coverage of Health news creates an impact on

readership
behavior.
4.8 Life style news:-

Life style news is very important as an aspect of a newspaper. Now- a-
day’s everybody wants to change their style. Through this news
everybody can get information about different types of design, fashion,
and style. For this, it also increases the volume of sales. For this reason
coverage of health news plays an important role on newspaper
hypothesis that—
H6: Coverage of Lifestyle news creates an impact on

readership
behavior.
4.9 Employment news:-

Employment news is very important as an aspect of a newspaper.
Basically employment news is preferred by the younger people, and
also who is the fresher’s. There is also a special page for employment
news. This helps to increase sale volume of newspaper. Above all the
competitors of the Times of India like Telegraph, Statesman, and
Hindustan Times etc. are offering the employment news. For this
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reason coverage of employment news plays an important role on
newspaper readership behavior. On the above observation we have
developed the hypothesis that—
H7: Coverage of employment news creates an impact

on readership
behavior.
4.10 Travel news:-

Travel news is very important as an aspect of a newspaper. Travel
news basically like by the everybody. Who like to do long tour or long
journey they can get their information through the newspaper. . Above
all the competitors of the Times of India like Telegraph, Statesman,
and Hindustan Times etc. are offering the travel news. For this reason
coverage of travel news plays an important role on newspaper
hypothesis that—
H8: Coverage of travel news creates an impact on

readership
behavior.
4.11 National & International News:-

The world of today is changing fast. India is no exception. Now market
is globalize, everyone want to know what is happening, not only within
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the nation but also in the world most importantly in political grounds.
Issues
like election news, stipulation between countries, terrorism, global
warming, natural disaster etc., always creates queries in people’s
mind. As a result they are very much excited to get the news. Above all
the competitors of the Times of India like Telegraph, Statesman, and
Hindustan Times etc. are offering the employment news. For this
reason coverage of employment news plays an important role on
newspaper readership behavior. On the above observation we have
developed the hypothesis that—
H9: Coverage of National & International News
creates an impact on readership behavior.
4.12 H10: Coverage of Movies& Entertainment News

creates an impact on readership behavior.
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H11: BRAND INFLUENCES THE PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE
PRICE.
QUALITY.
H13: BRAND INFLUENCES THE PERCEPTION TOWARDS
COVERAGE.
LANGUAGE
REGIONAL NEWS.
SPORTS NEWS.
POLITICAL NEWS.
BUSINESS NEWS.
HEALTH NEWS
.
H20: BRAND INFLUENCES THE PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE LIFE
STYLE NEWS.
In order to know the Research methodology, a comprehensive plan

has been framed which is discussed in detail in the following
chapter.
Page | 35
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Page | 36
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
5.1 TITLE JUSTIFICATION
The study deals mainly with studying the readership behavior of

newspaper to The Times of India. And also know what types of news
readers are preferred. And also know why most of the people like The
Times of India newspaper than other newspaper’.
5.2. STUDY DESIGN:-
The present project work is a descriptive & also statistical research

design, it helps to explore in a more refined way.
5.3. THE MARKETING RESEARCH PROCESS:-
As marketing research is a systemic and formalized process, it follows
a certain sequence of research action. The marketing process
has the following steps:
➢ Formulating the problems

➢ Developing objectives of the research
➢ Designing an effective research plan
➢ Data collection techniques
➢ Evaluating the data and preparing a research report.
5.4 Data Source:-

Any marketing research requires data collection to arrive at the
solution of the problem.
Data can be broadly classified into two categories: –
1. Primary Data
2. Secondary Data
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Primary data: - It can be defined as the data which are collected at
first hand either by the researcher or by someone else especially for
the purpose of the study. It is important as it helps us in arriving at the
accurate solution to the problem of marketing research.
Secondary data: - Any data which have been gathered earlier for
some other purpose are secondary data in the hands of the marketing
researcher. When sufficient secondary data are available, considerable
time and money may be saved. It helps us in better understanding of
the problem. Secondary data have been collected from different
website and from organization’s annual report for the present study.
5.5. TECHNIQUES OF DATA COLLECTION:-
PERSON-ADMINISTERED: In this method interviewer reads questions

and face-to-face interact to the respondent and record his or her
answers.
Face-to-face: Involves trained interviewers visiting people to collect

questionnaire data. It is a good approach for ensuring a high response
rate to a sample survey or census, and trained interviewers gather
better quality data. However, there are some disadvantages to this
approach. Respondents may not always be available for interviews and
the travel costs of the interviewer could be high.
Advantages:
 Conducted in the privacy of the home, which facilitates

interviewer-respondent rapport
 Can see “body language”
Disadvantages:
• Cost per interview can be high
• Interviewers must travel to respondent’s home
• Longer time needed
Page | 38
5.6 LOCATION:-
The study is located inside the Kolkata as I have collected some

secondary data from the organization
5.7 PROBLEM FACED DURING DATA COLLECTION:-
The problem which I have faced while collecting data are mentioned
below:--
It was very difficult for me to get the relevant data from the
organization
1. As secondary data has been used in my project, it looks much

time for searching the relevant data from internet and from
different sources.
2. We faced lack of co-operation during the data collection.
5.8 STATISTICAL TOOLS:-
I have collected information as perception on behavior aspect for

hypothesis testing, so I developed a questionnaire. I use z statistics
and ANOVA (one way) I use bar diagram.
5.9 STRUCTURE OF QUESTIONNAIRE:-

To collect the data regarding readership behavior one questionnaires
of 3 pages has been developed. The questionnaire consists of 6
questions. In first part of the questioner is related to the demography
profile of the respondent such as name, address, contact number and
profession. And in the second part of the questionnaires introduced the
questions related to the readership behavior.
Page | 39
In order to know the Data analysis & interpretation, a
comprehensive plan has been framed which is discussed in detail in
the following chapter.
DATA ANALYSIS
&
INTERPRETATION
Page | 40
6.1 Period of reading different newspaper.
INFERENCE:- The above table indicates that 13% respondent
Time period No. of percentages

respondent
Less than 6 months 4 13%
6 months to 1 year 7 24%
1 year to 2 years 5 17%
2 years to 3 years 6 19%
3 years or more 8 27%
read the newspaper less than 6 months, 24% read the newspaper 6
months to 1 year, 17% read the newspaper 1 year to 2 years,19% read
the newspaper 2 years to 3 years and 27% respondent read the
Page | 41
newspaper 3years or more.
Newspaperreadby the readers
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
lessthan 6 6 months to 1 1 year to 2 2 years to 3 3 years or more
months year years years
6.2 Newspaper obtain by the customer.
Place No. of percentage

respondent
Deliver to my home 23 77%
Purchase from store 7 23%
Page | 42
INFERENCE: - The above table indicates that 77%
respondents obtain their newspaper delivered by home and 23%
respondent purchase the newspaper from store.
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Deliver to my Purchase from
home store
6.3 Different kinds of newspaper read by the

readers in Kolkata.
Newspapers No. Of readers Percentage (%)

The times of India 13 43%
The telegraph 8 27%
The statesman 5 17%
Hindustan times 4 13%
Page | 43
INFERENCE: - The above table indicates that most of the
widely read newspaper is The Times of India (43%) followed by The
Telegraph (27%), The Statesman read by the readers is 17%, and
Hindustan Times read by the readers is 13%.
Differentkindsof thenewspaper read by

thereaders
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
The Times of
India The Telegraph
The Statesman
Hindustan
Times
6.4 H1: Regional news creates impact on

readership behavior
To test this hypothesis, question no.2 was developed on a 5 point
rating scale. The population mean for testing was considered as “3”
which indicates that customers are uncertain about the importance
of the regional news as a major factor which creates an impact on
readership behavior. The Z-test (one tail) was performed at 95%
confidence level to test the significance of the sample mean.
HO: µ > 3 (regional news is preferred by the

readership behavior)
Page | 44
H1: µ < 3 (regional news is not preferred by the
readership
behavior)
Z OBSERVED = (Sample mean – Population mean)/Stander Error of
Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (3.10 – 3)/0.18 = 0.55
At, 95 % confident level—

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Z OBSERVED > Z CRITICAL (So, we accept the null hypothesis)
Inference: Regional news is preferred by the readers this

statement is statistically significant at 5% level of
significant.
6.5 H2: Sports news creates impact on

readership behavior
of the sports news as a major factor which creates an impact on
HO: µ > 3 (sports news is preferred by the

Page | 45
H1: µ < 3 (sports news is not preferred by the
readership
behavior)
Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (4.30 – 3)/0.12 = 10.83

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Z OBSERVED < Z CRITICAL (So, we accept the null hypothesis)
Inference: Sports news is preferred by the readers this

significant.
Page | 46
6.6 H3: Political news creates impact on
readership behavior
of the political news as a major factor which creates an impact on
HO: µ > 3 (political news is preferred by the

readership
behavior)
H1: µ < 3 (political news is not preferred by the
readership
behavior)

Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (3.26 – 3)/0.19 = 1.36

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Inference: political news is preferred by the readers this

significant.
Page | 47
Page | 48
6.7 H4: Business news creates impact on
readership behavior
which indicates that customers are uncertain about the importance of
the business news as a major factor which creates an impact on
HO: µ > 3 (Business news is preferred by the
readership
behavior)
H1: µ < 3 (Business news is not preferred by the
readership
behavior) Z OBSERVED = (Sample mean – Population

mean)/Stander Error of
Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (2.90 – 3)/0.21 = -0.47

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Z OBSERVED > Z CRITICAL (So, we reject the null hypothesis)
Inference: Business news is not preferred by the readers this

significant.
Page | 49
Page | 50
6.8 H5: Health news creates impact on
readership behavior
of the health news as a major factor which creates an impact on
HO: µ > 3 (Health news is preferred by the

readership
behavior)
H1: µ < 3 (Health news is not preferred by the
readership
behavior)

Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (4.30 – 3)/0.11 = 11.81

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Inference: Health news is preferred by the readers this statement

is statistically significant at 5% level of significant.
Page | 51
6.9 H6: Lifestyle news creates impact on readership
behavior
of the life style news as a major factor which creates an impact on
HO: µ > 3 (Lifestyle news is preferred by the

readership
behavior)
H1: µ < 3 (Lifestyle news is not preferred by the
readership
behavior)
Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (3.44 – 3)/0.19 = 2.31

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Inference: Lifestyle news is preferred by the readers this

significant.
Page | 52
6.10 H7: Employment news creates impact on
readership behavior
of the employment news as a major factor which creates an impact
on readership behavior. The Z-test (one tail) was performed at 95%
HO: µ > 3 (Employment news is preferred by the

readership
behavior)
H1: µ < 3 (Employment news is not preferred by the
readership
behavior)
Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (3.50 – 3)/0.22 = 2.27

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Inference: Employment news is preferred by the readers this

statement is statistically significant at 5% level of significant.
Page | 53
6.11 H8: Travel news creates impact on readership
behavior
of the Travel news as a major factor which creates an impact on
HO: µ > 3 (Travel news is preferred by the

H1: µ < 3 (Travel news is not preferred by the
readership
behavior)

Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (4.30 – 3)/0.13 = 10.00

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Inference: Travel news is preferred by the readers this

significant.
Page | 54
6.12 H9: National & international news creates impact
on readership behavior
of the National and international news as a major factor which
creates an impact on readership behavior. The Z-test (one tail) was
performed at 95% confidence level to test the significance of the
sample mean.
HO: µ > 3 (National & international news is preferred

by the readership behavior)
H1: µ < 3 (National & international news is not
preferred by the Readership behavior)

Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (3.30 – 3)/0.16 = 1.87

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Inference: National and international news is preferred by

the readers this statement is statistically significant at
5% level of significant.
Page | 55
6.13 H10: Movies & entertainment news creates
impact on readership behavior
of the Movies & entertainment news as a major factor which creates
an impact on readership behavior. The Z-test (one tail) was
performed at 95% confidence level to test the significance of the
sample mean.
HO: µ > 3 (Movies & entertainment news is preferred

by the
reader
ship behavior)
H1: µ < 3 (Movies & entertainment news is not
preferred by the
readership
behavior)

Sample mean
Z OBSERVED = (3.80 – 3)/0.16 = 5.00

Z CRITICAL ] = 0.05 = -1.65
Page | 56
Inference: Movies & entertainment news is preferred by the

readers this statement is statistically significant at 5%
level of significant.
Page | 57
SUMMARY TABLE (Z test)
HO H1 TEST Z Z HYPOTHESIS FINAL

STASTISTI
CACULATE TABULE STATUS OUTCOME
CS
(NULL (ALTERNATIVE APPLIED D VALUE D VALUE
HYPOTHESIS) HYPOTHESIS)
(5%)
Regional Regional Regional
news is news is news is
Accepted
Z( one 0.55 -1.65
liked by not liked liked by the
tail test)
the by the readers
readers readers
Sports Sports Sports
Z( one 10.83 -1.65 Accepted
tail test)
the by the readers
readers readers
Political Political Political
tail test)
the by the readers
readers readers
Business Business Business
news is news is news is not
Z( one -0.47 -1.65 Rejected
tail test)
the by the readers
readers readers
Health Health Health
tail test)
the by the readers
readers readers
Page | 58
HO H1 TEST Z Z HYPOTHESIS FINAL
STASTISTICS
CACULATE STATUS OUTCOME
APPLIED (5%)
(NULL HYPOTHESIS) (ALTERNATIVE D VALUE TABULED
HYPOTHESIS) VALUE
Lifestyle Lifestyle Lifestyle news

news is news is not is liked by the
Z( one tail 2.31 -1.65 Accepted
liked by the liked by the readers
test)
readers readers
Employme Employment Employment

nt news is news is not news is liked
liked by the liked by the by the readers
test)
readers readers
Travel Travel news Travel news is

news is is not liked liked by the
Z( one tail 10 -1.65 Accepted
liked by the by the readers
test)
readers readers
National & National & National &

internation international international
al news is news is not news is liked
test)
readers readers
Movies & Movies & Movies &
entertainme entertainmen entertainment
Z( one tail 5 -1.65 Accepted
nt news is t news is not news is liked
test)
readers readers
Page | 59
6.13.1 H11: BRAND INFLUENCES THE PERCEPTION
TOWARDS THE PRICE.
rating scale. The ‘Anova’ (one way) was performed at 5% level to test
the relationship between perceptions towards the price.
HO: The perceptions on price dimension remain same
across the brand.
H1: The perception on price dimension varies across
the brand.
The variance of sum of square (SS) along with the Degree of Freedom
(DF) are shown in the table below –
Source of SS DF Mean F value
square Observe Critical
variance
d at 5%
Between the 190 4 190/4
column = 47.5 47.5/0.75 2.43
Within the 109. 145 109.86/1
= 63.33
column (Error) 86 45 =
0.75
FOBSERVED > FCRITICAL (So, we rejected the null hypothesis)
Inference: Since, the observed value of F (63.33) is higher than

the 5% tabulated value (2.43) corresponding to d.f (4,145), we rejected
the null hypothesis and conclude that the Relationship between
perception towards the price is varies at 5% level.
Page | 60
TOWARDS THE QUALITY.
the relationship between perceptions towards the quality.
HO: The perceptions on quality dimension remain
same across the brand.
H1: The perception on quality dimension varies across
the brand.
variance
d at 5%
column = 57 57/0.49 2.43
Within the 71.1 145 71.10/1
= 116.32
0.49

perception towards the quality is varies at 5% level.
Page | 61
TOWARDS THE COVERAGE.
the relationship between perceptions towards the coverage.
HO: The perceptions on coverage dimension remain
H1: The perception on coverage dimension varies
across the brand.
variance
d at 5%
column = 51.5 51.5/0.68 2.43
Within the 100 145 100/145
= 79.73
column (Error) = 0.68

perception towards the coverage is varies at 5% level.
Page | 62
TOWARDS THE LANGUAGE.
the relationship between perceptions towards the language.
HO: The perceptions on language dimension remain
H1: The perception on language dimension varies
across the brand.
variance
d at 5%
column = 55.75 55.75/0.3 2.43
Within the 54.2 145 54.26/1
7
= 150
0.37
Inference: Since, the observed value of F (150) is higher than the

5% tabulated value (2.43) corresponding to d.f (4,145), we rejected the
null hypothesis and conclude that the Relationship between perception
towards the language is varies at 5% level.
Page | 63
6.13.5 H15: BRAND INFLUENCES THE PERCEPTIONS
TOWARDS THE REGIONAL NEWS.
the relationship between perceptions towards the regional news.
HO: The perceptions on regional news dimension
remain same across the brand.
H1: The perception on regional news dimension varies
across the brand.
variance
d at 5%
column = 42 42/0.83 2.43
Within the 121 145 121/145
= 50
Inference: Since, the observed value of F (50) is higher than the

5% tabulated value (2.43) corresponding to d.f (4,145), we rejected the
null hypothesis and conclude that the Relationship between perception
towards the regional news is varies at 5% level.
Page | 64
TOWARDS THE SPORTS NEWS.
the relationship between perceptions towards the sports news.
HO: The perceptions on sports news dimension remain
H1: The perception on sports news dimension varies
across the brand.
variance
d at 5%
column = 43 43/0.88 2.43
Within the 128 145 128/145
= 48.86

perception towards the sports news is varies at 5% level.
Page | 65
TOWARDS THE POLITICAL NEWS.
the relationship between perceptions towards the political news.
HO: The perceptions on political news dimension
H1: The perception on political news dimension varies
across the brand.
squar Observ Critica
variance
e
ed l at
5%
column = 41.50 41.50/0.8 2.43
Within the 128 145 128/145
8
= 47.15

perception towards the political news is varies at 5% level.
Page | 66
TOWARDS THE BUSINESS NEWS.
the relationship between perceptions towards the business news.
HO: The perceptions on business news dimension

H1: The perception on business news dimension varies
across the brand.
variance
e
ed l at
5%
column = 59.75 59.75/0.4 2.43
Within the 62.6 145 62.61/1
3
= 138.95
0.43

perception towards the business news is varies at 5% level.
Page | 67
TOWARDS THE HEALTH NEWS.
the relationship between perceptions towards the health news.
HO: The perceptions on health news dimension remain
H1: The perception on health news dimension varies
across the brand.
variance
e
ed l at
5%
column = 58 58/0.44 2.43
Within the 65.1 145 65.11/1
= 131.81
0.44

perception towards the health news is varies at 5% level.
Page | 68
TOWARDS THE LIFESTYLE NEWS.
the relationship between perceptions towards the lifestyle news.
HO: The perceptions on lifestyle news dimension

H1: The perception on lifestyle news dimension varies
across the brand.
variance
e
ed l at
5%
column = 44.5 44.5/0.77 2.43
Within the 113 145 113/145
= 57.79

perception towards the lifestyle news is varies at 5% level.
In order to know the Recommendation & conclusion, a

comprehensive plan has been framed which is discussed in detail in
the following chapter.
Page | 69
SUMMARY TABLE (ANOVA)
HO H1 TEST F F HYPOTHESI
HO H1 STASTISTIC
TEST CACULATED TABULE S STATUS
(NULL (ALTERNATIVE S APPLIED
(NULL (ALTERNATIVE STASTISTIC
(5%) With VALUE D VALUE
HYPOTHESIS) HYPOTHESIS) F
SDEGREE
APPLIEDOF F
HYPOTHESIS) HYPOTHESIS) FREEDOM TABULE HYPOTHESI
(5%) With
(4,145) CACULATED
D S STATUS
Sports Sports news DEGREE OF VALUE 2.43
VALUE
news perception ANOVA
FREEDOM
48.86 Rejected
perception varies (4,145)
Price Price
same across the
perception perception
across the brand
same varies across ANOVA 63.33 2.43
brand Rejected
across the the
Political brand
Political 2.43 Rejected
brand
news news ANOVA
47.15
Quality Quality
same varies
same varies across 116.32 2.43 Rejected
across the across the ANOVA
across the the brand
brand brand
brand
Business Business 2.43
Coverage Coverage ANOVA
news news
138.95 Rejected
same varies across 79.73 2.43 Rejected
same varies ANOVA
across the across the
brand
brand brand
Language Language
Health Health news 2.43 Rejected
perception perception ANOVA
news perception
131.81
same varies across 150 2.43 Rejected
perception varies ANOVA
same across the
brand
across the brand
Regional Regional
brand
news news
Lifestyle Lifestyle 2.43 Rejected
news news
57.79
same varies across 50 2.43 Rejected
same varies
brand
across the across the
brand brand
Page | 70
RECOMMENDATION
&
CONCLUSION
Page | 71
7.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
 The Times of India need to pay more attention on Regional News;

Business news, Employment news.
 The Times of India needs to pay more attention on
supplementary page.
 The Times of India needs to pay more attention to the quality of
the newspaper.
7.2 CONCLUSION
The impact study on the newspaper readership towards The Times of

India helps to evaluate the performance and standing in the English
daily Newspaper market at Kolkata city.
During the course of my project work, it has been found that “The
Times of India” captures the 1st position in English daily newspaper on
the readership dimension at Kolkata city. The customers are satisfied
with the performance of The Times of India. The components that
create a positive impact on the readership behavior include Regional
new; Business news; National & International news; Sports news;
Health news and . In the study, it has been found that readers
irrespective of occupations they engage in prefer to read regional news
with vigorous attention.
Page | 72
Page | 73
7.3 BIBILOGRAPHY:-
 Philip kotler and Kelvin Keller (2005) ‘marketing management’

(Eleventh Edition).
 Naresh .k. malhotra (2005) marketing research (Fourth Edition).
 Richard I. Levin, David S Rubin(1997). "Statistics for Management",

Prentice Hall of India (Seventh Edition).
 www.google.com.
 www.wikipedia.com.
 www.answers.com.
 www.ask.com.
 www.times of india.com.
 www.indiatimes.com.
 www.scribd.com
Page | 74
Page | 75
1. QUESTIONNAIRE
NAME:-
AGE:-
FAMILY MEMBERS:-
OCCUPATION:-
NEWSPAPER READ:-
WAY OF PURCHASE:-Home delivery/purchase from store.
2. Please tick (√) your likings for the following

attributes.
ATTRIBUTES Extre Very Some Not Not at
mely liking what very all
liking liking liking liking
1. Regional news
2. Sports news
3. Political news
4. Business news
5. Health news
6. Lifestyle news
7. Employment news
8. Travel news
9. National
&international news
10. Movies and
entertainment news
Page | 76
3. Please rate the following parameter. To answer use
5 point rating scale for which 1 means poor and 5
ATTRIBUTES Times The Statesm Hindust Others

of India telegrap an an
h times
a. Coverage
b. Quality
c. price
d. language
1. Regional news
2. Sports news
3. Political news
4. Business news
5. Health news
6. Lifestyle news
7. Employment
news
8. Travel news
9. National
&international
news
means excellent.
Page | 77
THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PERFORMANCE
OF THE TIMES OF INDIA NEWSPAPER.
RATING
NOT AT
NOT VRY SOMEWH VERY EXTREMELY WT.
ALL LIKING AT LIKING LIKING LIKING
TOTAL
MEAN
LIKING
ATTRIBUTES
REGIONAL 3.1
1 7 12 7 3 30
NEWS 0
4.3
SPORTS NEWS 0 1 1 16 12 30
0
POLITICAL 3.2
NEWS 2 5 13 3 7 30
6
BUSINESS 2.9
NEWS 3 9 10 4 4 30
0
4.3
HEALTH NEWS 0 0 3 15 12 30
0
LIFESTYLE 3.4
NEWS 2 4 8 11 5 30
4
EMPLOYMENT 3.5
NEWS 2 7 6 5 10 30
0
TRAVEL NEWS 4.3
0 0 5 10 15 30
0
NATIONAL &
3.3
INTERNATIONA 1 2 17 7 3 30
L NEWS 0
MOVIES & 3.8
0 2 10 11 7 30
ENTERTAINMEN 0
T NEWS
Page | 78

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ANALYZING READERSHIP BEHAVIOR OF NEWSPAPER

“A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TIMES

Mr. DEBASISH SAHA

I here by declare that this project title “Analyzing readership

Today the customer perception is totally changed. Now –a-days

Through this project I have tried to measure the readership behavior of

I express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude, to my project

I take the privilege to express my esteem and profound sense of

Constructive criticism and co-operation help me for developing the

I whole heartedly express my thankfulness, deep gratitude to all the

Although I have expressed my gratitude to every person, who helped

Name: Subhasish kundu.

The newspaper industry of any country spreads knowledge and

The aim of the research is to study the newspaper readership behavior

 national & international news

3. The objectives is also get the consumer opinion in respect of the

4. To convince the customer to buy the Times of India newspaper

1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:-

survey is only 2 months, extensive work would not be possible.

 GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIER: The survey is limited to the

 RESPONDENT REFUSAL OF BIAS: The responses given by the

 SAMPLE LIMITATIONS: The numbers of respondents were just

In order to know the company profile, a comprehensive plan has

The Times of India (TOI) is a popular English language broadsheet

*11 publishing centers

Key Statistics about The Times of India

Headquarters Delhi Area, India

1838: The first edition appears on November 3, 1838, known as The

1846: The newspaper changes hands and Dr.George Buist is

1859: Bombay Standard and Chronicle of Western India merges into

Bombay Telegraph and Courier to form Bombay times and Standard.

1861: Editor Robert Knight amalgamates The Bombay Times &

1892: Following the death of Henry Curwen, T.J.Bennett becomes the

1950: Delhi edition is launched with K.Gopalswami as the first Indian

1960: Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain joins BCCL.

1961: The Economic Times is launched.

1984: Samir Jain and Vineet Jain join BCCL.

1996: The Times of India crosses 1 million marks in circulation.

2000: The Times of India crosses the 2 million mark in circulation

2001: Radio Mirchi – Nationwide private FM Broadcasting; 360

Degrees – Event Management Arm launched.

2002: Times Outdoor – Outdoor Advertising & Billboard Marketing.

2004: Launch of the Jobs portal Times Jobs. Television Business

2005: Launch of a matrimonial website Timeshare.

2008: Launch of SimplyMarryZine.com. Acquisition of virgin radio (now

2.2 The Times group product profile

News Magazines Radio TV Portals

Including this five there are another top five

The Telegraph is the largest circulated English daily in Eastern India.

The Daily Telegraph prints and publishes a daily newspaper that

Produced by an editorial team known for its quality, innovation and

Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2008, revealed that HT has a

. The Statesman (average weekday circulation is approximately

It was incorporated and directly descended from two newspapers: The

The Hindu is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. With a

Newspaper distribution in Kolkata is similar to the other smaller cities

There are 7-Bengali’s dailies in Kolkata followed by six in English, Five

Input from Editorial (Raw Materials)

Transportation through privet

3.4.4 Institutional selling:-

Newspaper from Printing Press

Carried through company’s personal van or public carrier

the hypothesis that —

4.4 Sports news:-