II.

Indeterminate Structural Analysis

A.The Force Method (Method of Consistent
Deformation)
B. The Three-moment Equation
C. Moment Distribution Method
D.Slope-deflection Method (Displacement
Method)
B.1. Indeterminate
Structures
B.2. The Force Method
A. Single Degree Indeterminacy
B. Multiple Degrees Indeterminacy
Notations for Deformations
Load\Defor’n Deflection Rotation
Format: Real Load
∆ Ꝋ
Unit Load
δ δ'

∆XY Unit Couple

Naming:
α

Location
α'

∆ – Symbol for Deformation δBVBV Orientation

X – Type of Deformation The vertical deflection at B due to a
Y – Load causing Deformation vertical unit load at B.
B.2.1. The Force Method:
Beam Deflection
Procedures for Analysis
1. Determinacy (3+C = R)
2. Select redundant support and remove corresponding restraint (Basic
Determinate Beam)
3. Draw basic determinate beam under:
A. Real loadings (Basis for Positive Deformation)
B. Individual Redundant
4. Construct Conditions of Geometry Equations (Number of redundants =
Number of Geometry Equations)
5. Solve for the unknown deformations in the Condition of geometry
equation. (Use any method i.e. Double Integration, Area-Moment,
Conjugate, and Virtual)
6. Solve for the unknown redundant using the values of the deformation
7. Solve for the remaining support reactions and other requirements
 Existing Support Remove Restraint Resulting Support

Roller Vertical Restraint (∆V=0) Free end

Roller
Vertical Restraint (∆V=0)
Hinge
Roller
Horizontal Restraint (∆H=0)

Hinge
Rotational Restraint (Ꝋ=0)

Rotational and Horizontal

Roller
Fixed End Restraints (Ꝋ=0 and ∆H=0)
Rotational, Horizontal, and
Vertical Restraints (Ꝋ=0, Free end
∆H=0, and ∆V=0)
Problem 1
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam shown using force method.
Problem 2
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam shown using force method.
Problem 3
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam shown using force method.
B.2.2. The Force Method:
Frame Deflection
Procedures for Analysis
1. Determinacy (3M+R = 3J+C)
2. Select redundant support and remove corresponding restraint (Basic
Determinate Frame)
3. Draw basic determinate frame under:
A. Real loadings (Basis for Positive Deformation)
B. Individual Redundant
4. Construct Conditions of Geometry Equations (Number of redundants =
Number of Geometry Equations)
5. Solve for the unknown deformations in the Condition of geometry
equation. (Virtual Work Method)
6. Solve for the unknown redundant using the values of the deformation
7. Solve for the remaining support reactions and other requirements
 Existing Support Remove Restraint Resulting Support

Roller Vertical Restraint (∆V=0) Free end

Roller
Vertical Restraint (∆V=0)
Hinge
Roller
Horizontal Restraint (∆H=0)

Hinge
Rotational Restraint (Ꝋ=0)

Rotational and Horizontal

Roller
Fixed End Restraints (Ꝋ=0 and ∆H=0)
Rotational, Horizontal, and
Vertical Restraints (Ꝋ=0, Free end
∆H=0, and ∆V=0)
Problem 4
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the frame shown using force method.
Problem 5
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the frame shown using force method.
B.2.3. The Force Method:
Truss Deflection
 Case II: Internally Indeterminate
Case I: Externally Indeterminate Truss Truss

Case III: Externally and Internally

Indeterminate Truss
Procedures for Analysis
1. Determinacy (M+R = 2J)
2. Select redundant support and remove corresponding restraint (Basic
Determinate Truss)
3. Draw basic determinate truss under:
A. Real loadings (Basis for Positive Deformation)
B. Individual Redundant
4. Construct Conditions of Geometry Equations (Number of redundants =
Number of Geometry Equations)
5. Solve for the unknown deformations in the Condition of geometry
equation. (Virtual Work Method)
6. Solve for the unknown redundant using the values of the deformation
7. Solve for the remaining support reactions and other requirements
 Existing Support Remove Restraint Resulting Support

Roller Vertical Restraint (∆V=0) Free end

Roller
Vertical Restraint (∆V=0)
Hinge
Roller
Horizontal Restraint (∆H=0)

Hinge
Rotational Restraint (Ꝋ=0)

Rotational and Horizontal

Roller
Fixed End Restraints (Ꝋ=0 and ∆H=0)
Rotational, Horizontal, and
Vertical Restraints (Ꝋ=0, Free end
∆H=0, and ∆V=0)
Problem 6
Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss
shown using force method.
Problem 7
Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss
shown using force method.
Problem 3
Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss
shown using force method.
References
1. Understanding Structural Analysis (Philippine
Edition) by Aslam Kassimali (2011)
2. Structural Analysis by Hibbeler, R. (2012)
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