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ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Lecture Module Part 1 PDF
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Lecture Module Part 1 PDF
LECTURE MODULE 1 elements are inverted as column elements and the column
elements as row elements, that is, the first row is
This module covers the following topic(s): transposed as first column and the first column as first row,
the second row and column as second column or row,
1. Matrix respectively, and so on. The transpose of matrix A is then
written as AT.
e.g.
MATRIX
Transpose the matrix:
Matrix (pl. Matrices) – a set of numbers arranged in
1 2 3
arrays of rows and columns. The values or variables in a
matrix are the elements or entities. Matrices are defined
B= 0 -8 5
by the number of m rows and n columns and denoted as m
x n matrix.
4 7 -2
An element of matrix is defined to be:
Answer(s):
aij where: i – element of mth row
j – element of nth column 1 0 4
a11 a12 a13 BT = 2 -8 7
A= a21 a22 a23 3 5 2 .
a31 a32 a33
SPECIAL MATRICES
The example above is a 3 x 3 matrix in which there are 3
rows and 3 columns. a11 is an element of first row and first Upper and Lower Triangular Matrices
column of the matrix A as denoted by 11.
Upper triangular matrix is a matrix in which has non-zero
e.g. entities above the main diagonal. Lower triangular
Given the 3 x 2 matrix, what is the value of the element: matrix has non-zero entities below the main diagonal.
1. a12
2. a23 e.g.
Upper triangular matrix:
3. a32
2 1 4 1 2 3
M=
-1 -4 3 0 5 6 3 x 3 matrix
Answer(s): 0 0 8
Main diagonal
1. a12 = 1
Lower triangular matrix:
2. a23 = 3
3. a22 = -4 . 1 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
Vector matrix – matrix which comprises of only a row or a 4 x 4 matrix
column. 3 4 8 0
Row vector: A=[ 2 1 4] 6 7 9 1
Main diagonal
-1
Column vector: B = -4
1
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0 9 6 12 18 .
A= -7 4 -1
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
5 6 2
Scalar Multiplication
And
The product of a scalar entity c (a given number) and a
9 1 2 given matrix A of m x n elements is obtained by multiplying
the scalar entity to each of the elements of mat A.
B= 3 3 5
e.g.
-7 -2 -8
Determine the product of the matrix and the multiplier 6.
Answer:
Answer(s):
9 10 8
0 9 6
A+B = -4 7 4
cA = 6 x -7 4 -1
-2 4 -6 .
5 6 2
4 5 6
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1. c (A + B) = cA + cB
2. (c + k) A = cA + kA
3. c (kA) = (ck) A
4. 1A = A
5. 0A = 0
6. (cA)T = c(AT)
Note: c, k are scalar.
Multiplication of Matrices
The product C = AB (in order of AB) of an m x n mat A and an p x q mat B is defined if and only if m = q, that is, the number
of m rows of mat A is equal to the number of q columns of mat B, is defined as m x q mat C.
where i = 1, …, m
k = 1, …, q
then C = AB is
e.g.
Find the product of two matrices given:
2 3 5 6 7 1
A= 8 5 1 B= 0 -1 -7
1 -2 -9 -1 4 2
5 9
F= -7 9 6 2
-1(3)+4(4)+7(5) (-1)(7)+4(8)+7(9)
BTAT =
1-1. Determine the elements:
3(3)+(-7)(4)+8(5) 3(7)+(-7)(8)+8(9)
a. Mat A: a23, a33, a32
48 88
T T b. Mat B: a23, a22
BA =
c. (Mat D)T: a42, a21, a32
21 37 .
d. (Mat H)T: a22
-1 4 2
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1. Determinants D= 2 1 3
2. Inverse of a matrix
7 -2 1
Answer(s):
DETERMINANT
4 -6 1 4 -6
Determinant – a number that denotes the value of a
matrix. It is a special number that is particularly associated
D= 2 1 3 2 1
with a square matrix, that is, an m x n matrix with m = n.
7 -2 1 7 -2
Determinant of the second order (2nd Order
Determinant) – a determinant associated with two rows and
Det D = [4(1)(1) + (-6)(3)(7) + 1(2)(-2)]
two columns.
- [7(1)(1) + (-2)(3)(4) + 1(2)(-6)]
a11 a12
Det D = [4 + (-126) + (-4)] – [7 + (-24) + (-12)]
D= = a11a22 – a21a12
= [-126] – [-29]
a21 a22
= -97 .
In determinants, two vertical bars are used while in matrices
are brackets, braces, or parentheses.
Minors and cofactors
e.g.
Each of the terms of the mth row or nth column, known as
Given the matrix, find the determinant.
minor, is multiplied to the elements obtained by deleting the
row and column associated with the element, known as
2 4
cofactors.
A=
3 5
a11 a12 a13
Answer(s):
A= a21 a22 a23
det A = 2(5) – 3(4) = -2. .
a31 a32 a33
rd
Determinant of the third order (3 order determinant) –
Finding the determinant using the minor of first row.
determinant associated with three rows and three columns.
a22 a23 a21 a23
In finding the determinants of 3rd order, two common
det A = a11 - a12
operations are performed, standard and by minors and
a32 a33 a31 a33
cofactors.
a21 a22
Standard operations
+ a13
a31 a32
In this operation, the first and second columns are repeated
after the third column then evaluated as follows:
det A = a11 (a22a33 – a32a23) – a12 (a21a33 – a31a23)
+ a13 (a21a32 – a31a22)
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12
+ - +
A= a21 a22 a23 a21 a22
The signs associated with each element are: - + -
+ - +
a31 a32 a33 a31 a32
Thus, the operations are shown as + - +.
det A = (a11a22a33 + a12a23a31 + a13a21a32)
- (a31a22a13 + a32a23a11 + a33a21a12)
5
e.g.
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Finding the determinant of nth order using minors of rows For determinants using the minors of first column, same
and columns. principle as the first row. For other rows and columns, same
principle is also applied. Provided that the resulting
USING MINORS OF A ROW OR A COLUMN determinants of all minors of different rows and
columns are the same.
In finding the determinant using the minor of a row or a
column, the following equations will govern: e.g.
D=∑ (−1)i+j aij Mij for row Find the determinant using the (a) minors of first row, (b)
minors of fourth column.
D=∑ (−1)i+j aij Mij for column
-1 9 4 2 for (a)
Where:
7 6 4 1
aij – elements of row or column used as minor
L=
Mij – the sub-determinants formed after deleting
-8 0 3 5
the row and the column associated with aij.
6 -2 9 8
6
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For (b)
7 6 1 Answer(s):
6 -2 8 -1 9 4 2
7 6 4 7 6 4 1
L=
+ (-1)1+4 (2) -8 0 3 -8 0 3 5
6 -2 9 6 -2 9 8
-8 0 3 Det L = 217 .
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-1 9 4 2 4 -6 1
7 6 4 1 D= 2 1 3
L=
-8 0 3 5 7 -2 1
9 2 -8 3 4 2 7
Det L = - (-1)1+2+1+4+2+2+2+4
6 1 6 9 DT = -6 1 -2
9 2 7 4 1 3 1
+ (-1)1+2+1+4+3+2+3+4
0 5 6 9 Next, form an adjoint matrix. Adjoint matrix is a matrix
formed by the minors of elements of rows and columns.
9 2 7 4
- (-1)1+2+1+4+4+2+4+4 +[1(1) - 3(-2)] -[-6(1) - 1(-2)] +[-6(3) – 1(1)]
-2 8 -8 3
Adj DT = -[2(1) – 3(7)] +[4(1) – 1(7)] -[4(3) – 1(2)]
6 1 -1 4
- (-1)2+2+2+4+3+2+3+4 +[2(-2) – 1(7)] -[4(-2) – (-6)(7)] +[4(1)– (-6)(2)]
0 5 6 9
+7 -(-4) +(-19)
6 1 -1 4
+ (-1)2+2+2+4+4+2+4+4 Adj DT = -(-19) +(-3) -10
-2 8 -8 3
+(-11) -34 +16
0 5 -1 4
- (-1)3+2+3+4+4+2+4+4 Then, the inverse of mat D is
-2 8 7 4
D-1 = (1/det D) (Adj DT)
Det L = -[-3(-90)] + [45(90)] - [76(53)] - [30(-33)]
+ [50(29)] - [10(-32)] -7/97 -4/97 19/97
Find the inverse of D (same set of elements used in formed from a larger or main matrix), whose determinant is
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1 0 -2 -1 1 2
(c) 2 2 2 = 0, C= 3 -1 1
4 3 1 -1 3 4
1 1
= -2.
2 0
EXERCISES
a11 a12 … b1
CRAMER’S RULE
Dxn = a21 a22 … b2
Determinants are used in solving system of linear equations.
⁞ ⁞ ⁞
Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752), a Swiss mathematician, has
am1 am2 bn
introduced such method in solving engineering problems
such as eigenvalues, vector algebra, differential equations,
To find the values of x1, x2, …, xn:
and other variables.
x1 = Dx1 / D
Cramer’s rule can be applied only for square matrix and the
determinant of unknown variables is non-zero.
x2 = Dx2 / D
CRAMER’S RULE FOR LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
xn = Dxn / D
Given equations
e.g.
Given the equations below, determine the values of
(a) a11x1 + a12x2 +…+ a1nxn = b1
unknown variables.
(b) a21x1 + a22x2 +…+ a2nxn = b2
3x + 6y - z = 33
… … …
-7x – 4y + 6z = 6
(c) am1x1 + am2x2 +…+amnxn = bn 2x – 2y + 2z = 16
Rewrite the equations into matrix form wherein the variables Answer(s):
of x1, x2, …, xn are elements and, b1, b2, …, bn are separate
column vectors. 3 6 -1 33
⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞
for x:
am1 am2 amn bn
33 6 -1
Solve for the determinant D of all elements of unknown
variables. 6 -4 6 Dx = 584
b1 a12 … a1n 3 33 -1
⁞ ⁞ ⁞ 2 16 2
bn am2 amn
10
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3 6 33 (73/15) z = 219/5
z = 9.
-7 -4 6 Dz = 1314
Substitute the value of z to any equation in matrix (a) to get
2 -2 16
y = 5.
x = Dx / D = 584 / 146 = 4 x = 4. .
y = Dy / D = 730 / 146 = 5
EXERCISES
z = Dz / D = 1314 / 146 = 9. .
Determine the unknown values for the given sets of
equations. Use (a) Cramer’s Rule and (b) Gauss Elimination.
GAUSS ELIMINATION
3-1. Given the equations obtained from equilibrium of
Another method of solving linear equations is the Gauss forces:
Elimination in which the all but one variable are set to zero
by applying back-substitution. Σ FX = 0; FB – 0.50 FC – 0.333 FD = 0
Σ FY = 0; – 0.71 FC + 0.667 FD = 0
e.g. Σ FZ = 0; -981 + 0.50 FC + 0.6 FD = 0
Using the example for Cramer’s Rule, determine the values
of x, y, and z by Gauss Elimination. 3-2. Solve the following:
3x + 6y - z = 33 10B + 4C – 2D = -4
-7x – 4y + 6z = 6 -3A + 17B + C + 2D = 2
2x – 2y + 2z = 16 A+ B + C =6
8A – 34B + 16C – 10Z = 4
Answer(s):
3 6 1 33 (-7/3) (2/3)
References:
-7 -4 6 6 - Kreyszig, Erwin. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. 9th edition.
- Riley, K. F., et.al. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering.
2nd edition.
2 -2 2 16
Set all of the first column elements of second row and third
row to zero. Divide -7 to 3 to get the multiplier (-7/3), then
multiply the quotient to 3 and subtract -7 eliminate -7. Then,
multiply -7/3 to 6 and subtract -4. Do this procedure to
other elements including vector columns of known variables.
Same procedure is also applied for third row. The resulting
matrix will be:
Matrix (a)
0 6 -8/3 6
Matrix (b)
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0 73/15 219/5
1. Power Series
POWER SERIES
( − ) = + ( − ) + ( − ) +⋯
(a) 1/(1-x) =∑ = 1 + + +⋯
(b) ex =∑ ( / !) = 1 + + ( /2!) + ⋯
∑ [( )
(c) cos x = ( )!
= 1 − + + +⋯
! !
∑ [( )
(d) sin x =
( )!
= − + +⋯
! !
y” + p(x)y’ + q(x)y = 0
p(x)
12
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