Assignment: 7 (Solutions)

Total: 50

Note: The numerical value marked in red colour is correct answer while the answers within
the numerical range of value given in the blue colour are considered as correct answer.

Diameters of suction and delivery pipes connected to a water pump are 150 mm and 125 mm
respectively. The head loss in the suction and delivery pipes is 3 and 5 times the dynamic head
in the pipes respectively. The flow rate handled by this pump is 0.025 m3/s. The elevation of the
pump with respect to a sump open to atmosphere is 6 m. You may consider atmospheric pressure
to be 1 bar and vapour pressure at ambient temperature as 3000 Pa. Assume density of water as
1000 kg/m3.

1. The total loss in the piping system is...... (m). (3)

2. The NPSH available is...... (m). (3)

Answer

Given:

3V2p,s 5V2p,d
ds = 150 mm = 0.15 m; dd = 125 mm = 0.125 m; hs,loss = ; hd,loss = ;
2g 2g
𝑉̇ = 0.025 m3/s; 𝐻𝑖 = 6 𝑚; 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1 bar = 1 × 105 Pa; 𝑃𝑣 = 3000 Pa; ρ = 1000 kg/m3.

𝑉̇ 4×0.025
𝑉𝑝,𝑠 = = = 1.415 𝑚/𝑠
(𝜋/4)𝑑𝑠2 𝜋×0.152

𝑉̇ 4×0.025
𝑉𝑝,𝑑 = 2 = = 2.037 m/s
(𝜋/4)𝑑𝑑 𝜋×0.1252

3V2p,s 3×1.4152
hs,loss = = = 0.306 m
2g 2×9.81

5V2p,d 3×2.0372
hd,loss = = = 1.057 m
2g 2×9.81

Total loss in the piping system = hs,loss + hd,loss

 = 0.306 + 1.057 = 1.363 m (1.0 m – 1.5 m)
Pa Pv
NPSHa = − Hi − hs,loss −
ρg ρg
1×105 3000
= 1000×9.81 − 6 − 0.306 − 1000×9.81

= 3.582 m (3.3 m – 3.8 m)

A pump raises water by a vertical distance of 35 m when the flow rate is 0.05 m3/s. The suction
and delivery pipes are each of 150 mm diameters and have lengths of 15 m and 20 m
respectively with a Darcy friction factor of 0.02. There is no other loss in the suction pipe. But in
case of delivery pipe, other loss is 3 times the velocity head in the pipes. The elevation of the
pump with respect to a sump open to atmosphere is 6.4 m. You may consider atmospheric
pressure to be 1 bar and vapour pressure at ambient temperature as 3000 Pa. Assume density of
water as 1000 kg/m3.

3. The total loss in the piping system is...... (m). (3)

4. The NPSH available is...... (m). (3)

Answer

Given:

H = 35 m; 𝑉̇ = 0.05 m3/s; ds = dd = 150 mm = 0.15 m; ls = 15 m; ld = 20 m;

3𝑉 2
4f = F = 0.02; hd,other losses = ; ρ = 1000 kg/m3; 𝐻𝑖 = 6.4 𝑚; 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1 bar = 1 × 105 Pa;
2g
𝑃𝑣 = 3000 Pa; l = ls + ld = 35 m

𝑉̇ 4×0.05
V= = = 2.83 m/s
(𝜋/4)𝑑𝑠2 𝜋×0.152

𝑙 𝑉2 3𝑉 2
Total loss in piping system = F +
𝑑 2g 2g

35 2.832 3×2.832
= 0.02× × + = 3.13 m (3 m – 3.3 m)
0.15 2×9.81 2×9.81
Head pump needs to develop, 𝐻𝑝 = 𝐻𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 + 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

= 35 + 3.13 = 38.13 m
Pa Pv
NPSHa = − Hi − hs,loss −
ρg ρg
𝑙𝑠 𝑉 2 15 2.832
hs,loss = F = 0.02× × = 0.816 m
𝑑 2g 0.15 2×9.81

Pa Pv
NPSHa = − Hi − hs,loss −
ρg ρg
1×105 3000
= 1000×9.81 − 6.4 − 0.816 − 1000×9.81

= 2.672 m (2.5 m – 3.0 m)

Consider a centrifugal pump with the following specifications: V = 0.1m3/s, specific work W =
200 m2/s2, Suction line height from the supply surface to impeller eye is 4.5m. Atmospheric
pressure is 10 m water, vapour pressure is 2.0 m water, and Suction line head loss is 0.5m water.
Thoma cavitation factor and the specific speed for pumps are related through σP = 12.2 X 10-4
(Nq)4/3.
5. Critical cavitation number …….. (3)

6. the suitable speed so as to avoid cavitation is ………. (rpm) (3)

Answer

Given:

Patm P
𝑉̇ = 0.1 m3/s; W = 200 m2/s2; Hstatic = 4.5 m; ( ) = 10 m; v = 2 m; HS,loss = 0.5 m;
ρg ρg

σP = 12.2 X 10-4 (Nq)4/3

W 200
Head, H = = = 20.4 m
g 9.81

NPSHa
σ=
H
 Patm Pv
NPSHa = - Hstatic - HS,loss -
ρg ρg

= 10 – 4.5 – 0.5 – 2 = 3 m
NPSHa 3
𝜎𝑐 = = = 0.147 (0.13 – 0.16)
H 20.4

Limiting condition of operation, 𝜎𝑐 = σ

For non-cavitating performance, 𝜎𝑐 < σ

Thus the limiting speed of pump is calculated as,

𝜎𝑐 = σ = 0.147

σP = 12.2 X 10-4 (Nq)4/3

4/3
N√V̇
0.147 = 12.2 X 10 ( -4
)
H3/4

N√V̇
= 36.368
H3/4

N√0.1
= 36.368
20.4 3/4

N = 1104 rpm (1070 rpm – 1130 rpm)

Consider a Francis Turbine running at 125 rpm and producing 12 MW under a head of 24.5m.
Atmospheric pressure is 10m of water. Take vapour pressure as 0.20 m water. Thoma cavitation
factor and the specific speed for turbines are related through σT = 0.319 X 10-5 (Ns)2. Estimate

7. Critical cavitation number …….. (3)

8. the maximum height of a straight draft tube ……. (m) (3)

Answer

Given:
Pv
N = 125 rpm; P = 12 MW; H = 24.5 m; = 0.2 m;
ρg

σT = 0.319 X 10-5 (Ns)2

1 hp = 735.5 W

12 × 106 W = 16315.43 hp

N√P 125√16315.43
Ns = = = 292.92 rpm
H5/4 24.55/4

𝜎𝑐 = 0.319 X 10-5 (Ns)2

= 0.319 X 10-5(292.92)2

= 0.274 (0.18 – 0.3)

For non-cavitating performance, 𝜎𝑐 < σ

Thus the limiting condition is,

𝜎𝑐 = σ = 0.274
NPSHa
σ=
H

Patm Pv
NPSHa = - Hstatic -
ρg ρg

= 10 - 0.2 - Hstatic
NPSHa
σ=
H

10 − 0.2 − Hstatic
0.274 =
24.5

Hstatic = 3.09 m (2.8 m – 5.0 m)

It is proposed to build a three- stage centrifugal pump to handle 60 l/s (litres per second) of water
at a speed of 900 rpm and under a manometric head of 70 m. The vanes are to be radial at inlet
and are to be curved backward at exit at an angle 45o. Assuming a hydraulic efficiency of 84 %
and mechanical efficiency of 75 % and considering that vane thickness accounts for 8 % of
circumferential area. The velocity of flow may be assumed constant at 3 m/s. Determine

9. external diameter of each impeller …….. (m) (3)

10. external width of each impeller ……… (m) (2)

11. input power …….. (kW) (3)

Answer

Given:

𝑉̇ = 60 l/s = 60 × 10−3 m3/s; N = 900 rpm; H = 70 m; H/impeller or H/stage = 70/3 = 23.33 m

𝜂ℎ = 84% = 0.84; 𝜂𝑚 = 75% = 0.75; 𝐶𝑚 = 3 m/s (constant); β2b = 450

Vane blockage area = 8 % of circumferential area

𝑉̇ = 𝜋𝐷1 𝑏1 (0.92) 𝐶1𝑚

𝑊1
= 𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2 (0.92)𝐶2𝑚
𝐶1𝑚
= 60 × 10−3 m3/s 𝛽1𝑏

πd2 N 𝑈1
u2 =
60

πd2 ×900
=
60

u2 = 15πd2
𝐶2 𝑊2
c2m 3 𝐶2𝑚
tan ( β2b ) = =
u2 − c2u 15πd2 − c2u 𝛽2𝑏
3
tan (45) = 𝑈2
15πd2 − c2u 𝐶2𝑢

C2u = 15πd2 − 3

g H/stage
ηh =
u2 C2u

9.81 ×23.33
0.84 =
15πd2 × (15πd2 −3)

47.1242 d22 − 141.37 d2 − 272.46 = 0

d2 = 0.384, -0.312

d2 = 0.384 m (0.3 m – 0.5 m)

= 384 mm
𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2 (0.92)𝐶2𝑚 = 60 × 10−3 m3/s

𝜋 × 0.384 × 𝑏2 × (0.92)× 3 = 60 × 10−3

𝑏2 = 0.018 m (0.01 m – 0.03 m)

=18 mm
𝑚̇ (u2 C2u )
ηm =
(P/stage)

P 𝑚̇ (u2 C2u )
( )=
stage ηm

𝜌 𝑉 (u2 ̇ C2u ) 1000×60 × 10−3 ×18.1×15.1

= =
ηm 0.75

= 21864.8 W = 21.864 kW
P
Total Power = (stage) × No. of stages = 21.864 × 3

= 65.6 kW (63 kW – 67 kW)

A Kaplan turbine designed for 15 MW at 240 rpm has a specific speed of 300 rpm. The impeller
blades are such that the water leaves the turbine axially. The impeller tip diameter to hub
diameter ratio is 3 and the flow velocity ratio is 0.7, the hydraulic efficiency is 0.92 and overall
efficiency is 0.85. Estimate

12. flow rate ……. (m3/s) (3)

13. impeller tip diameter …… (m) (3)

14. impeller specific work ……..( m2/ s2) (3)

Answer

Given:
dt
P = 15 MW = 15 × 106 W; N = 240 rpm; Specific speed, nq = 300 rpm; = 3; flow velocity
dh
ratio = 0.7, 𝜂ℎ = 92% = 0.92; 𝜂𝑜 = 85% = 0.85
 P
𝜂𝑜 = ̇
ρVgH

15 × 106
0.85 =
1000×V̇ ×9.81×H

N√P
nq = 300 rpm =
H5/4

240√15 × 103
= 300
H5/4

H =39.17 m

15 × 106
0.85 =
1000×V̇ ×9.81×H

15 × 106
0.85 =
1000×V̇ ×9.81×39.17

V̇ = 45.93 m3/s (43 m3/s – 48 m3/s)

Cm
Flow velocity ratio = = 0.7
√2gH

Cm = 0.7×√2gH

= 0.7×√2 × 9.81 × 39.17

= 19.41 m/s
π
V̇ = 4 (d2t − d2h )Cm = 45.93 m3/s

π d2h
d2t (1 − )Cm = 45.93
4 d2t

π 1
d2t (1 − 9 ) × 19.41 = 45.93
4

dt = 1.84 m (1.6 m – 2.0 m)

dh = 1.84/3 = 0.613 m
Wbl
ηh =
gH

Wbl = ηh gH = 0.92×9.81×39.17
 = 353.52 m2 /s 2 (340 m2 /s 2 – 370 m2 /s2 )

A Francis turbine has an outer diameter of 1.4 m and reduces at 430 rpm. Water enters the runner
tangentially with a flow velocity of 9.5 m/s and leaves the runner with zero exit whirl with an
absolute velocity 7 m/s. The difference between the sum of the static and potential heads at
entrance to the runner and at the exit from the runner is 62 m. If the turbine develops 12250 kW
and has a flow rate of 12 m3/s of water when the net head is 115 m,

15. the absolute velocity of the water at the entry of runner is …….. (m/s) (3)

16. the angle of inlet guide vanes …….(o) (3)

17. the entry angle of the runner blades ……..(o) (3)

Answer

Given:

d2 = 1.4 m; N = 430 rpm; C2m = 9.5 m/s; C1u = 0; C1 = 7 m/s; P =12250 kW; V̇ = 12 m3/s;

H = 15 m
πd2 N π×1.4×430
u2 = = = 31.52 m/s
60 60

Wbl = U2 C2u - U1 C1u

= U2 C2u

P = 𝑚̇Wbl

𝑚̇ = ρV̇ = 1000 × 12 = 12000 kg/s

P = 𝑚̇Wbl

12250×103 = 12000 × U2 C2u

𝐶2
3
12250×10 = 12000 × 31.52 × C2u 𝛽2𝑏 𝑊2 𝐶2𝑚

C2u = 32.39 m/s

𝑈2
C2m 𝐶2𝑢
tan (α2 ) =
C2u

9.5
=
32.39
α2 = 16.350 (150 − 180 )

2 2
𝐶2 = √C2u + C2m

𝐶2 = √32.392 + 9.52 = 33.75 m/s (30 m/s – 36 m/s)

C2m 9.5
tan (180-β2b ) = = = 84.770
C2u − u2 32.39− 31.52

β2b = 180 – 84.77 = 95.230 (900 − 1000 )