A Training report on

“STUDY OF 220KV/132KV SUBSTATIONS”

Prepared by

Praveen Kr Verma

National Institute Of Technology Raipur

For Vocational training of second year B.Tech programme.

Carried out at

CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRANSMISSION

CORPORATION LIMITED
Under the Guidance of

Er J.L. SAHU (AE, 220KV S/S BHILAI)

Er D.M. SAHU (AE, 132KV S/S BHILAI)

1
 Acknowledgement

This work carries with it the kind support, inspiration and guidance by various
people at various levels, to whom I am grateful and sincerely indebted. This
project bears on imprint of various people. I sincerely thank to my project guide
for guidance and encouragement in carrying out this project work entitled:

“STUDY OF 220KV/132KV SUBSTATIONS”

His keen interest in the discussions has benefited me to understand the

importance of both practical and theoretical knowledge in substation.

I am also thankful to all the respected individuals who were directly or

indirectly involved in the successful completion of my technical project.

2
 CERTIFICATE FROM THE COMPANY/ ORGANISATION

This is to certify that Praveen kr Verma pursuing B.Tech from National Institute
of Technology Raipur has successfully completed the project report in our
organisation on the topic titled:

“STUDY OF 220KV/132KV SUBSTATION”

from 15th May to 29th May 2019. During his project tenure in the company
/organisation, we found him hard working, sincere and diligent person and his
behaviour and conduct was good. We wish him all the best for his future
endeavours.

Signature

Er J.L. SAHU (AE, 220KV S/S BHILAI)

Signature

Er D.M. SAHU (AE, 132KV S/S BHILAI)

This project work as mentioned above is hereby being recommended and

forwarded for examination and evaluation.

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 PREFACE

Training is an integral part of our BTECH. 4 Year Course in Electrical

Engineering and each and every student has to undergo the training for 15 days
in a company. This record is concerned about our practical training during the
summer vacation after second year we have taken our practical training at
CSPTCL Bhilai.

During this training, we got to learn many new things about the operation of
E.H.V Substations and the electrical instruments and devices installed at various
E.H.V Substations. This training proved to be a milestone in our knowledge of
presnt operating conditions at E.H.V Substation every day and every moment
was an experience in itself , an experience which theoretical study cannot
provide.

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 CANDIDATES DECLARATION

I am a student of BTECH. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING of NIT RAIPUR,

hereby declare that the training report entitled is an original work and date
provided in the study is authentic to the best of my knowledge.

Signature of the Candidate

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 CONTENT

1. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER companies

2. 220/132 kV Substation
3. 132/33 kV substation
4. Substation layout
5. Substations
6. Battery in Substation
7. Transformers
8. PLCC
9. Isolators
10. Insulators
11. Capacitor bank
12. Protection of substation
13. Air break switch
14. Conclusion
15. Bibliography

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 CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER COMPANIES

Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board was formed in accordance with the

Section 5 of the Electricity Supply Act 1948 as per the Notification published in
the gazette of the Government of Chhattisgarh dated 15 November 2000.
Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) became functional w.e.f.
01.12.2000. Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board has been reorganized into five
companies in accordance with the provisions contained in the Section 131-134
of Electricity Act 2003 by the Govt. of Chhattisgarh these are :-

1. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER HOLDING COMPANY LTD.

2. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER GENERATION COMPANY LTD.
3. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRANSMISSION COMPANY
LTD.
4. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPANY
LTD.
5. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRADING COMPANY LTD.

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 220/132 kV BHILAI Substation
 In this substation there are four 220kV input supply coming from
Khedamara I, Khedamara II, PGCIL,SILTARA. Here 220 kV is step
downed to 132kV which is then send to various 132kV feeders namely
I.C 1, I.C 2, Raipur, Simga,Rasmada,Pulgaon, ACC,Chakarbhata. Power
transformer of 60 MVA each are used, which gives the capacity of the
substation as 120 MVA.
 This substation joins the transmission system to the secondary
distribution system and plays a vital role in supplying electricity to our
city.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

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 132/33 kV BHILAI Substation
 Four incoming feeders of 132kV namely IC-1,IC-2,IC-3,IC-4.
 132kV vacuum circuit breaker is used manufactured by BHEL.
 Power Transformer 132/33kV is used to step down the voltage.
 It has supply to four 33kV feeders namely Traction-I, Traction-II,
Ruabandha,Dhamtari,33kV Substation Bhilai.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

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 Components of a Substation

 Power Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Voltage Transformer
 Insulator
 Earthing system
 Isolation Switches
 Circuit breakers
 Surge arrestor
 Switchgear
 Relay

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 SUBSTATIONS

A substation is a part of electrical generation , transmission and distribution

system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating
station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at
different voltage levels. Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical
utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer.
Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote
supervision and control. A substation may include transformers to change
voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution
voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.

Substations are classified by two broad categories:-

1. According to the service requirement:

 Transformer substation
 Switch substation
 Power factor correction substation
 Frequency change substation
 Converting substation
 Industrial substation
 Collector Substation
 Convertor Substation
 Switching Substation

2. According to the constructional features:

 Indoor substation
 Outdoor substation
 Underground substation
 Pole mounted substation

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 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main

component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed
served transformer substations may be classified into:

a) STEP UP SUBSTATION
The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in
transmission of electric power. These are generally located in the power
houses and are of outdoor type.

b) PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the
voltage level to 33KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid
substation is generally of outdoor type.

c) SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV.
The 11KV lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary
substations are also of outdoor type.

d) DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step
down to 400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The
voltage between any two phases is 400V & between any phase and
neutral it is 230V.

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 Substation Characteristics-

1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage
does not necessarily result in loss of supply.
2. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the
transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after
isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
3. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of
the substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty
circuit breaker.
4. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of
the circuit.
5. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator
allows circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.
6. CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN
An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements-
a) Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time
currents.
b) Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces
comprise self-weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment,
short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
c) Should be corona free at rated voltage.
d) Should have the minimum number of joints.
e) Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
f) Should be economical.

The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or

aluminums. Steel may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity
and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been
utilized, and these include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded
Conductors, and Tubular Conductors

Overhead Line Terminations-

Two methods are used to terminate overhead line termination-
 Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings
 Tensioning conductors to ground winches.

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The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the
substation. The following clearances should be observed:

VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 11kV 6.1m

11kV - 20kV 6.4m

20kV - 30kV 6.7m

greater than 30kV 7.0m

Clearance in accordance with voltage value

STANDARD SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR LINES OF VARIOUS

VOLTAGES

The following sizes have now been standardized by CEA for transmission lines
of different voltages:-
1. For 440 KV Lines
Twin 'Moose' ACSR having 7-Strands of steel of dia 3.53 mm and 54-
Strands of Aluminum of dia 3.53 mm.

2. For 220 KV Lines

'Zebra' ACSR having 7-strand of steel of dia 3.18 mm and 54-Strands of
Aluminum of dia 3.18 mm.

3. For 132 KV Lines

'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands
of Aluminum of dia 3.00 mm.

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 Battery in Substation

Introduction-

Energy storage has been the most challenging and complex issue of the industry
whether it is the electric utilities or for industrial applications. The new and
evolving applications are seen in the areas of electric and electric hybrids
vehicles, electric utility storage, portable electronics and storage of electrical
energy produced by renewables like solar or wind generators.

Energy storage can balance the fluctuations in supply and meet the ever
growing demand of electricity. Battery can be used for frequency control,
stability and energy management.

Advantages of battery storage system in substation-

 Energy storage can bring about a reduction in operating cost or capital
expenditures when used as a generation resource in utility sector.
 Energy storage can increase the existing transmission and distribution
equipment and eliminate the need for expensive equipments.

Hence, the whole battery system is the heart of any substation without
which the control panel cannot work also the relays and the complete
protection of the transmission system fails if battery stops working.

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 Transformers
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating
current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage
into high voltage & high voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on
the principle of static induction principle.

When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called
step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. Power Transformer
It is used for the transmission purpose at heavy load, high voltage greater
than 33 KV & 100% efficiency. It also having a big in size as compare to
distribution transformer, it used in generating station and Transmission
substation at high insulation level. They can be of two types: Single
Phase Transformers and Multi Phase Transformers.

These are on load tap changing transformer and have star star winding
connection .
Their winding position and configuration is shown below of one of the
power transformer.

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2. Instrument Transformers

These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that points
where standard voltmeters and ammeters cannot be used. They are of two
types:-

a) Current Transformer
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating
electric currents. When current in a circuit is too high to apply
directly to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a
reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit,
which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording
instruments. A current transformer isolates the measuring
instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored
circuit.

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 We are implementing CT at both the 132 kV side and the 33KV
side .We are using CT made by CROMPTON GREAVES
,HEPTACARE POWER INDUSTRIES ,HINDUSTAN
BROWN BOVERI etc.

b) Potential Transformer-

Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers (PT))

are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer, used for
metering and protection in high-voltage circuits or phasor phase
shift isolation. They are designed to present negligible load to the
supply being measured and to have an accurate voltage ratio to
enable accurate metering. A potential transformer may have several
secondary windings on the same core as a primary winding, for use
in different metering or protection circuits. The name plate of one
of the PT used is shown below

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4. On the basis of working
On the above basis, transformers are of two types: Step up
Transformer and Step down Transformer.

5. Distribution Transformers
A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final
voltage transmission in the electrical power distribution system,
stepping down voltage to the level used by customers. We have only 1
distribution transformer in our substation which is of 33kV/400volt.
This is used to give supply to our substation.

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Power Line Carrier Communication
Power-line communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used
simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power
distribution to consumers. By using the existing AC power lines as a medium
to transfer the information, it becomes easy to connect the houses with a high
speed network access point without installing new wirings.This technology has
been in wide use since 1950 and was mainly used by the grid stations to
transmit information at high speed.

PRINCIPLE OF PLCC
Power-line communications systems operate by adding a modulated carrier
signal to the wiring system. All type of information is modulated on carried
wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The modulated HF carrier fed into the
power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out again at the respective
stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more
common but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy
on the high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot
be directly connected to high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling
equipments have therefore to be employed which will permit the injection of
high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute protection of
communication equipments or operating personal from high voltage hazard.

Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:

1. Wave Trap or Line Trap
Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of
connection of coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible
impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap stands electromechanically and
thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On the
basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be following type:
a) All wave
b) Single Frequency
c) Double Frequency’
d) Broad Band
2. Coupling Capacitor
3. Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrestor
4. Coupling of Filter

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 5. H. F. Cable

APPLICATION OF PLCC

PLCC technology can be deployed into different types of applications in order

to provide economic networking solutions. Hence merging with other
technologies it proves useful in different areas. These are few key areas where
PLC communications are utilized:
a. Transmission & Distribution Network: PLCC was first adopted in the
electrical transmission
and distribution system to transmit information at a fast rate.
b. Home control and Automation: PLCC technology is used in home
control and automation. This technology can reduce the resources as well as
efforts for activities like power management, energy conservation, etc.
c. Entertainment: PLCC is used to distribute the multimedia content
throughout the home.
d. Telecommunication: Data transmission for different types of
communications like telephonic communication, audio, video communication
can be made with the use of PLCC technology.
e. Security Systems: In monitoring houses or businesses through
surveillance cameras, PLCC technology is far useful.
f. Automatic Meter Reading – Automatic Meter reading applications use
the PLCC technology to send the data from home meters to Host Central
Station.

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 ISOLATERS
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator
switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for
service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical
distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must have its source
of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation
switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such
as circuit breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. The
disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only
for safety isolation. Disconnector can be operated either manually or
automatically (motorized disconnector).
Unlike load break switches and circuit breakers, disconnectors lack a
mechanism for suppression of electric arc, which occurs when conductors
carrying high currents are electrically interrupted. Thus, they are off-load
devices, intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some
other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt
to open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit. Standards in some countries
for safety may require either local motor isolators or lockable overloads (which
can be padlocked).

In some designs, the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the
isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety.

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 INSULATORS
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow
freely, and therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric current under the
influence of an electric field. The insulator serves two purposes. They support
the conductors (bus bar) and confine the current to the conductors. The most
common used material for the manufacture of insulator is porcelain. There are
several types of insulators and their use in substation will depend upon the
service requirement.
Different types of insulator are:-

 Pin type insulator

The pin type insulator is mounted on a pin on the cross-arm on the pole.
There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator. The conductor passes
through this groove and is tied to the insulator with annealed wire of the
same material as the conductor. Pin type insulators are used for
transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33 kV.
Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too
bulky and hence uneconomical.

 Suspension insulator
For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to use suspension
type insulators shown in Figure. Consist of a number of porcelain discs
connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor
is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the
string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The number of disc units
used depends on the voltage.

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 CAPACITOR BANK

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and
evening which increases the magnetization current. This results in the decreased
power factor. The low power factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power
loads are inductive and therefore take lagging currents. The low power factor is
highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting in additional
losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economic stand point it is important to have power factor as
close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power factor come device
taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of such
device can be capacitor bank. The capacitors draw a leading current and partly
or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of load current.

Main functions of Capacitor Bank are:-

 Supply Reactive Power
 Improve Terminal Voltage
 Improve Power Factor

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 Protection of Substation
LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

A lightning arrestor is a device used in power systems

and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has
a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or
switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the
arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most
cases to earth.

Transformer Protection-

Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed.
Therefore chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the
consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is
quickly disconnected from the system. This provides adequate automatic
protection for transformers against possible faults. Various protection methods
used for transformers are:-

 Buchholz Relay

Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power

transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir
called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device
sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. Depending on
the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing transformer. On a
slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by
decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces
the oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal.
Depending on design, a second float may also serve to detect slow oil leaks. If
an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the
conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the
path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to
isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage.

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Conservator & Breather-

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil
levelgoes either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the
oil level up to predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it
above the level of the top of the tank. Breather is connected to conservator tank
for the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the insulating properties of the
oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through
breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is
checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.

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 Transformer Cooling
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the
removal of heat is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

 Air natural cooling

In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of
surrounding air is used for its cooling. This type of cooling is
satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.
 Air blast cooling
It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to addition
that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and
winding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast.
 Oil natural cooling
Medium and large rating transformers have their winding and core
immersed in oil, which act both as a cooling medium and an insulating
medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil
becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from
the bottom of the cooling tank.
 Oil blast cooling
In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of
transformers immersed in oil.
 Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling
Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank
to a cooling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

 Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external
water heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes
in the heat exchanger.

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 AIR BREAK SWITCH
Air Break Switches are special switches designed isolate a circuit. They are
usually employed in outdoor installations. Special Arcing Horns are provided
to quench the arc which occurs when the current is interrupted. These switches
are usually operated by a handle which is located at the ground level.

Air Break Switches should not be used to interrupt load currents. They are
isolating devices. They can, however, be used to interrupt small currents such as
the exciting current of a transformer or the capacitive charging current.

Air Break Switches can be mounted both horizontally and vertically. These
switches usually have a rugged construction as they are exposed to the
weather. Air Break Switches are usually found in groups of three, one for each
phase. These groups are opened together. Hence, they are also known as gang-
operated switches.

Air Break Switches have been designed upto 135 Kv.

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 CONCLUSION

Now from this report one can conclude that electricity plays an important role in
our life. At the end of the training, I came to know about the various parts of
substations and how they are operated. Also I learnt about how transmission is
done in various parts of Chhattisgarh.

As evident from the report, a substation plays a very important role in the
transmission system. That’s why various protective measures are taken to
protect the substations from various faults and its smooth functioning.
Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company Ltd. takes such steps so
that a uniform and stable supply of electricity can reach in every part of this
state.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Energy efficiency in electrical utilities, Guide book for National certification

examination for energy managers and energy auditors, Bureau of energy
efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
2. General aspect of energy management and energy audit, Guide book for
National certification examination for energy managers and energy auditors,
Bureau of energy efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
3. www.wikepedia.com
4. www.slideshare.com
5. www.electrical-installation.org
6. www.home-energy-metering.com
7. www.enspecpower.com
8. www.allaboutcircuits.com

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