g

1. The specific volume of steam at atmospheric pressure and 212° F is (d) p   L

gC
26.80 ft3/lb. Find (A) its density and (B) its specific weight.
1000 kg
   m3  62.4278 lb
kg ft 3
1 1 m 3
A.     0.03731 lbf 16.0185
 26.80 ft
3
ft 3 lb 3
lb ft
g g
B.     32.1740 ft 2 
 gC gC

p  62.4278 lb 3 
ft  32.1740 lbft s  33, 8985 ft



 32.2 ft sec   32.2
1 lbf sec 2
= 0.03731 lb  lbf s2 
ft 3 2 
lbft 
 2116.21 lbf 2
ft
2. If the density of mercury is 13,600 kg/m 3, find (A) its density in lb/ft3
and (B) its specific weight in N/m3. 2116.21 lbf
 (e) p  ft 2  14.6959 lbf
144 in
2 in2
A . Using the appropriate conversion factors ft 2
ρ = (13,600 kg/m3)(0.4535924 kg/lb)-1(0.3048 m/ft)3
5. The difference in height of the water legs in the open manometer
or (13,600 kg/m3)[16.01846 (kg/m3)/(lb/ft3)]-1
shown in the figure A is 20 in. (dimension in y), find the absolute
= 849.0 lb/ft3 pressure at point A in psia. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lbf/cu.
ft.

 
9.81 m 2

B.
g
 
gC m
 13,600 kg 3
1.0 kg m
s


Starting from point A, and writing an equation of equilibrium through
N  s2
the manometer:
  133.4 kN 3
m
pA  p  gas leg  p  water leg  p(atm)  0
.
3. A pressure gauge connected to a turbine inlet reads 400 psi. A p  gas leg is a negligible numerical quantity
vacuum gauge connected in the exhaust trunk of the same turbine 20
reads 28.0 in. Hg. The barometer reads 30.1 in. Hg. Find: (A) the p  water leg    L;   62.4 lbf ; L  20 in.  ft
ft 3 12
absolute pressure at the turbine inlet, psia, and (B) the absolute
lbf 20
pressure in the turbine exhaust trunk, in. Hg abs. p  62.4 x ft  104 lbf 2
ft 3 12 ft
 104
p   0.72 lbf 2 ( psi )
(a) 1 in. Hg = 14.7/29.92 = 0.491 psi 144 in
30.1 in. Hg = 30.1 x 0.491 = 14.8 psi p(atm)  14.7 psi (assumed since atmospheric pressure
p = 14.8 + 400 = 414.8 psia is not specifically given)
p A  p  water leg  p(atm)  0.72  14.7  15.42 psia
(b) p(gauge) = 28.0 in. Hg
p(atm) = 30.1 in. Hg
p(abs) =p(atm) – p(vac) 6. In the differential manometer shown in the figure B, points A and B are
p(abs) = 30.1 – 28.0 = 2.1 in. Hg abs at the same height. The mercury used as a manometric fluid stands 9
inches higher in the B leg than in the A leg (y = 9 in.). Find the
difference in pressure between points A and B in psf. Specific weight
4. In the barometer shown in figure C, the mercury level in the vertical of mercury is 849 lbf per cu. ft.
tube is exactly 760 mm above the mercury level in the reservoir (y =
760 mm). The following data also apply: “water” and “mercury” can be 
considered to be incompressible fluids having densities of 1000 kg/m3 Writing the equilibrium equation starting from point A,
and 13,595.1 kg/m3, respectively. The standard local acceleration of
pA   (y in. water )    y in. Hg   pB  0
gravity is equal to 9.80665 m/s2 or 32.1740 ft/s2. Find the barometric
pressure in: pA  pB   (y in. Hg)    y in. water 
(a) in. Hg
9
(b) ft H2O p water    L  62.4   46.8 lbf 2
(c) pascals, Pa(N/m2) 12 ft
(d) lbf/ft2 9
p  Hg    L  849   636.8 lbf 2
(e) psi (lbf/in2) 12 ft
pA  pB  636.8  46.8  590 lbf
ft 2
1.
7. In the figure, what is the difference in potential energy per pound mass
of fluid at B and at A?

 
g
A. L = y = 7 60 mm = 0.76 m = 76 cm P.E.  Z ft lbf
gC lb
L = 76 cm/(2.54 cm/in) = 29.9213 in. Hg
g
P.E.B  ZB  30 ft lbf
B. ρ1 = 1000 kg/m3 (water) gC lb
ρ2 = 13,595.1 kg/m3 (mercury) g
P.E.A  Z A  10 ft lbf
g g gC lb
p  1L1  2L2
gC gC P.E.B  P.E.A  30  10
  13,595.1   1 in.   1 ft   20 ft lbf
L1  2 L2  
1  76 cm   2.54 cm   12 in  lb
 1000    
 33.8985 ft H2O 8. Steam is flowing in a pipe at a velocity of 100 ft per sec. What is the
associated kinetic energy per pound of steam flowing?
g
C. p   L 
gC
V2 ft lbf
 9.80665 m  K.E 
 s2  0.76 m  2gC lb

 13,595.1 kg/m3 
kg 
m 
 1.0  gC  32.2 lbft ; V  100 ft
 N  s2  lbf sec2 sec
 101,325 N 2  101.325 kPa 100
2

m K.E.   155.3 ft lbf

  32.2
2 lb
 14. Find the temperature, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and
9. The work delivered by a turbine is 400 Btu per lb of steam supplied entropy of saturated saturated steam at a pressure of 1 in. Hg
when the steam flow is 20,000 lb per hour. Find: absolute.
(a) the specific work in ft·lbf/lb
(b) the power delivered in hp 
(c) the power delivered in kW Saturated steam p = 1 in. Hg abs = 0.491 psia

Entering Table 2, an interpolation between 0.48 and 0.50 psia
wk12
(a)  400 Btu
J lb is indicated.
wk12  400  778  311,200 ft lbf t = 78.32 + (11/20)(79.56 – 78.32) = 79.00° F
lb

20,000 lb
(b) M  20,000 lb 
hr 60 min Interpolation could be continued in Table 2 in the same manner for the
remaining quantities. But there is a convenient shortcut thanks to the
1 hp  2545 Btu  33,000 ft lbf
hr min saturation temperature turning out to be a whole number. Simply enter
 Table 1 with 79° F. Then:
Wk 
wk12 υg = 652.7 ft3/lb
M   20,000  400  8  106 Btu
J J hr ug = 1036.7 Btu/lb
6 hg = 1096.0 Btu/lb
8  10
  3143 hp sg = 2.0384 Btu/lb·°R
2545
or
15. Find the temperature, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and

Wk 
20,000 entropy of saturated steam at 850 psia.
 M wk12   311,200  103.73  106 ft lbf
J 60 min
6 
103.73  10
  3143 hp
33,000 Saturated steam 850 psia
Using Table 2 and interpolating between 840 and 860 psia:
(c) 1 kW  3413 Btu  1.341hp t = 524.01 + ½ (526.76 – 524.01) = 525.39° F
hr

W k  8  10 Btu 6
 3143 hp υg = 0.540 – ½ (0.5400 – 0.5264) = 0.5332 ft3/lb
hr

8  106 
3143 or υg = ½(0.540 + 0.5264) = 0.5332 ft3/lb
Wk   2344 kW or W k   2344 kW
3413 1.341 ug = 1114.1 – (0.5/2) =1113.9 Btu/lb
hg = 1198.0 – 0.3 = 1197.7 Btu/lb
10. In a certain non-flow process, the internal energy decreases 20 or hg = 1197.4 + 0.3 = 1197.7 Btu/lb
Btu/lb, and 77,800 ft·lbf/lb of work is done on the substance. Find the sg = 1.4106 – ½(1.4106 – 1.4080) = 1.4093 Btu/lb·°R
heat added or abstracted.

 16. The pressure and temperature of steam in a line are determined to
be 65 psia and 298° F. Since these data are inconclusive, a sample of
u2  u1     20 Btu ;wk12     77,800 ft lbf this steam is passed through a separating calorimeter and 0.5 lb of
lb lb
water is collected in 5 minutes. From orifice data the rate of flow of the
wk12
u1  q12  u2  dry vapor is found to be 0.4 lb/min.
J Find (A) the quality, (B) the specific volume, (C) the entropy, (D) the
wk12 enthalpy and (E) the internal energy of the steam in the line.
q12  u2  u1 
J
77,800 
 20      120 Btu  abstracted 
778 lb
mass of dry vapor MDV MDV
( A) x   
mass of mixture MM MDV  MH2O
11. In another non-flow process involving 2 kg of working substance MH2O  0.5 lb
there is no heat transferred, but the internal energy increases 5000 MDV  0.4 lb  5 min  2.0 lb
joules. Find the work done on or by the substance, J/kg. min
2.0
x   0.8  80%
 2.0  0.5
(B) m  1  x   1  0.8  0.2
  mf  xhg
q12  0; U2  U1  5000 J; M  2 kg Extracting values for 298F from Table 1 or for 65 psia
5000 from Table 2 :
u2  u1   2500 J
2 kg   0.2  0.017  0.8  6.657  5.329 ft
3

lb
wk12  q12  u2  u1      2500 J (on) (c) s  sg  ms g  1.6380  0.2  1.2035  1.3973 Btu
kg lbR
(d) h  hg  mh g  1179.6  0.2  911.9  997.2 Btu
12. At a pressure of 100 psia and 400° F, the specific volume of steam is lb
4.934 ft3/lb, and the specific enthalpy is 1227.5 Btu/lb. Find the internal (e) u  ug  mu g  1099.5  0.2  832.1  933.1 Btu
lb
energy at the given state, Btu/lb.
17. Steam at 210 psia and 386° F has an enthalpy of 1173 Btu/lb as

determined by a throttling calorimeter.
3
p  100psia;   4.934 ft ; h  1227.5 Btu Find (A) the quality and (B) the specific volume of this steam.
lb lb
p p 
hu ; u h
J J
p  210 psia; t  386F ; h  1173 Btu
100  144  4.934 lb
u  1227.5   1136.2 Btu From Table 1 for t  386 F :
778 lb
p  210.06 psia; hg  1200.0 Btu
lb
13. Find the pressure, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and From Table 2 for p  210 psia :
entropy of saturated water at 300° F. t  385.97 F ; hg  1200.0 Btu
lb
hg  h
 (a) h  hg  mh g ; m
h g
From Table 1 for 300° F:
Using either table, h g  839.9 and h g  1200.0
p = 66.98 psia
1200.0  1173
υf =0.017448 ft3/lb Then, m  0.032
839.9
uf =269.52 Btu/lb x  1  m  1.000  0.032  0.968  96.8%
hf =269.73 Btu/lb (b)   g  m g    
sf =0.43720 Btu/lb·°R
 For Table 1 for 386 F :
g  2.183;   0.018443
3
  2.183  0.032(2.183  0.018)  2.114 ft
lb
From Table 2 for 210 psia :
g  2.184; f  0.018443
3
  2.184  0.032(2.184  0.018)  2.115 ft
lb

18. Find (a) the superheat and (b) the enthalpy of steam at 900 psia and
535° F.


p = 900 psia; t = 535° F
(a) S.H. = t – tsat = 535 – 532.12 =2.88° F
(b) h = 1193.6 for 900 psia and 530° F 
h = 1204.8 for 900 psia and 540° F p1 = 600 psia; p2 = 1 psia
t1 =740° F; s1 = s2
Then, for t = 535° F
h = 1193.6 + ½(1204.8 – 1193.6) = 1199.2 Btu/lb
From Table 3:
For points that fall midway between tabulated values, as h1 = 1373.7
frequently occurs, calculation is simplified by adding the two s1 = s2 = 1.6067
appropriate entries and dividing by 2, as follows:
h = (1193.6 + 1204.8)/2 = 1199.2 Btu/lb From the Mollier Chart entering with s2 and p2:
2. h2 = 897
h1 – h2 = 1374 – 897 = 477 Btu/lb
19. For steam at 600 psia and 850° F, find (a) the superheat, (b) the
specific volume, (c) the internal energy, (d) the enthalpy and (e) the
entropy.
23. Steam initially at 10 psia and a quality of 90% drops to a pressure of
 2.5 psia in a non-flow reversible constant volume process. Show the
process on p-v and T-s coordinates and find:
p = 600 psia ; t = 850° F (a) the final quality
(a) tsat = 486.33 (b) the heat transferred, Btu/lb
S.H. = t – tsat =850 – 486.33 = 363.67° F
(b) At 840° F, υ = 1.2353 and at 860° F, υ = 1.2577
At 850° F, υ = (1,2353 + 1.2577)/2 = 1.2465 ft3/lb
(c) u = (1292.7 + 1301.2)/2 = 1297.0 Btu/lb
(d) h = (1429.8 + 1440.9)/2 = 1435.4 Btu/lb
(e) s = (1.6517 + 1.6601)/2 = 1.6559 Btu/lb·°R

20. In a steam propulsion plant, feed water leaves the feed heater and
enters the main feed pump at 270° F and a gauge pressure of 35 psi.
Find for the water: (a) the specific volume, (b) the internal energy, (c)
the enthalpy and (d) the entropy.

 (a) p1  10 psia; x1  0.9; m1  0.1
p = 35 + 14.7 = 49.7 psia; t = 270° F 1  2
(a) υƒ = 0.017170 ft3/lb 1  x1g  m1 
(b) uƒ = 238.82 Btu/lb
From Table 2 :
(c) hƒ = 238.95 Btu/lb
(d) sƒ = 0.39597 Btu/lb·°R 1   0.9  38.42   0.1  0.02   34.58
p2  2.5 psia; 2  1  34.58
21. Water from the feed pump in the earlier example enters the boiler at 146.40  135.79
1200 psia and 275° F. Find the enthalpy of the feed water. g   141.10 (interpolating)
2
3.
   0.016267 (by eye)

2    34.58  0.02
p = 1200 psia; t = 275° F x2    0.245  24.5%
g    141.10  0.02
Compressed liquid ----- Use Table 4
wk12
(b) u1  q12  u2  Equation Non-flow
At 1000 psia: J
wk12 2
t = 250° F; h = 220.61   pd  0 since 1  2
t = 300° F; h = 271.46 J 1

t = 275° F; h = (220.61 + 271.46)/2 = 246.04 Then q12  u2  u1

p1  10 psia; m1  0.1
At 1500 psia: u1  ug  m1u g  1072.2  0.1  911.0  981.1
t = 250° F; h = 221.65
t = 300° F; h = 272.39
t = 275° F; h = (221.65 + 272.39)/2 = 247.02 p2  2.5psia; x2  0.245
At 1200 psia: 100.81  103.85
u   102.33
t = 275° F; h =264.04 + (2/5)(247.02 – 2
246.04) 953.1  951.0
4. u   952.05
h = 246.04 + 0.39 = 246.43 Btu/lb 2
u2  u  x2 u g
 102.33  (0.245  952.05)  335.6
22. Steam is admitted to a turbine at 600 psia and 740° F, and exhausts
q12  u2  u1  335.6  981.1     645.5 Btu (abstracted)
to a condenser at a pressure of 1 psia. Assuming the process to be lb
isentropic, sketch the process on T-s and h-s coordinates and find the
drop in enthalpy, Btu/lb.
24. Four pounds of steam initially dry and saturated expand
isentropically in a non-flow process from an initial pressure of 275 psia
to a final pressure of 125 psia. Show the process on p-v and T-s
coordinates and find:
A. the final quality
B. the work done, Btu



(a) p1  275 psia  saturated vapor ; s1  s2

From Table 2
s1  1.5192  s2 ; u1  1117.5
p2  125psia
sg  s2 1.5853  1.5192
m2    0.061
s g 1.0893
x2  1  m2  1  0.061  0.939  93.9%
wk12
(b) u1  q12  u2 
J
2
q12  
1
Tds  0 sin ce s1  s2
wk12
Then  u1  u2
J
u2  ug  m2 u g
 1108.8  0.061  793.3   1060.4
wk12
 1117.5  1060.4  57.1 Btu (by )
J lb
M  4lb
Wk12 wk12
M  4  57.1  228.4 Btu (by)
J J