Challenges of Sustainable Manufacturing for Indian Organization: A

Study

Lakhan1, Ravinder Kumar1, Pratyaksh Tyagi1, Lincon Nagar1

Devdutt Gaur1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India - 201303
Lsharma.edu@gmail.com

Abstract. Sustainable Manufacturing had gained prominent importance in modern time all over the globe.
Modern manufacturing is shifting from use of tradition practices and natural resources to sustainable practices
and alternate green energy sources. Use of traditional practices and natural resources generate lot of wastes
and pollution in environment. However, the implementation & adaption of sustainable manufacturing practices
is a challenging task for Indian organizations. Most of Indian manufacturing organizations are not able to
overcome challenges of sustainable manufacturing and adopt its practices. In this paper authors have reviewed
different research papers and identified challenges of sustainable manufacturing. By strategic planning
challenges can be overcome and implementation of sustainable manufacturing in Indian manufacturing
organizations can feasible. To analyses the practical challenges and feasibility of sustainable manufacturing
adoption at ground level authors have done a case study in Indian organization manufacturing electric goods.

Keywords: Sustainable manufacturing, Challenges, Practices, Manufacturing, Indian.

1 Introduction

Due to unsuitable practices, Indian manufacturing industries since long has been one of the main contributors to
waste and pollution. In this paper authors have identified the challenges in the path of sustainable manufacturing.
Green manufacturing means ability to sustain, less wastage or carbon-less manufacturing. Production processes
and products need to be green & sustainable so that they can be recycled, re-manufactured and reused when it
reaches the end of their lifespan. Closed loop production model and manufacturing technologies are also used for
eliminating the use of energy and water waste and to recycle physical waste.
In current globalized trend, the association between academic & industry professionals will be very important
when it comes to identifying the solutions to green issues. In this paper, the challenges of sustainable
manufacturing are identified by intense review of different research papers.

2 Literature Review
Paper 1: Sustainable manufacturing practices seek to optimize production efficiency while
minimizing environmental impact and maintaining social equity. Research has shown that
companies that adopt sustainable practices are able to achieve increased product quality,
increased market-share and increased profits. In this work, we examine some of the challenges
that companies face and the tools they can use to overcome them as they embark upon this
journey.

Paper 2: It is a fact that there is a great deal of knowledge gap in the existing supply chain
management literature, especially on sustainable practices followed by emerging-markets
manufacturing industries. Therefore, this paper aims to study sustainable supply chain practices
and its implementation in Indian manufacturing firms through a case-based research. Using
triple bottom line approach of sustainability, it is found that majority of firms considered in
this study practice or addressed the following issues: Social responsibility, concept of R’s,
minimization of ecological foot print, elimination of waste in packaging, green initiatives,
reduction of GHG, reduction of emissions.

Paper 3: Sustainable manufacturing is becoming crucial for businesses more than ever before.
In this context, The key determinants of sustainable Product Design and manufacturing
(SPDM) has been examined in the form of Environmental, Economical and Social factors in
the Indian manufacturing organisations which provides the basis of SPDM for Indian
manufacturing firms. This paper identified the various types of key determinants of Sustainable
Product Design and Manufacturing (SPDM) by the survey methodology.

Paper 4: Modern manufacturing system, typically in Indian MSME’s consumes a large amount
of resources, generates waste and pollutes the environment. Some of Raw material and energy
is consumed to make the product and maximum amount of resources are wasted. “What we are
producing today should be manufactured by sustainable manufacturing process. It should not
impact our future generation.” The current proposed work is based on development of
sustainable manufacturing model for Indian manufacturing MSME’s and proposed a
framework for improving the performance to make them more sustainable. However,
developing and maintaining a focus on sustainable manufacturing is new and difficult
challenge for Indian MSME’s. Industries are predominantly of Micro, small and medium
enterprises, having little experiences in environmental issues as most of business is family
owned business and being run by single owners. In this paper we have identified problems
managers experience when trying to make their organizations more sustainable.

Paper 5: sustainability related issues maintain a strong mutual relationship with manufacturing,
as the main aspect of the modern lifestyle. this paper proposes a new structure where not only
do the three major pillars of sustainability have interlink connections, but also two more
enablers are introduced to be added to the previous ones to develop the existing frameworks.

Paper 6:

Paper 7: Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (RMS) and its characteristics of scalability,

convertibility, diagnosability, customization, modularity and integrability have emerged as a
basis for living factories for next generation manufacturing that can significantly enhance the
system sustainability by quickly adjusting system configuration and production processes to
meet the market needs, and maintain the system values for

Paper 8: Today, most enterprises are undergoing a digitization process with the fourth industrial
revolution, named industry 4.0. The focus of the digital transformation lies mainly on
production, therefore the terms such as “Factory of the Future” or “Smart Factory” are used
similar with this concept. However, there are many reasons for considering the impact of
digitalization in logistics and the importance of supply chain for industry 4.0. The key promises
of this concept are enabling real-time full-transparency from suppliersto customers, small lot
sizes, multiple product variants, connected processes and decentralized, autonomous
management. These benefits cannot be achieved by production alone, but only along the entire
supply chain.zx

Paper 9: This paper aims at identifying and prioritizing barriers to GM implementation. A fuzzy
TOPSIS multi-criteria decision model has been developed to prioritize these barriers from
environmental, social and economic perspectives. The study concluded that lack of
awareness/information, technological risk and weak legislation are three most important
barriers to GM. The prioritization of the barriers from different perspectives is expected to help
the decision/policy makers in government and industry to mitigate these barriers in an effective
manner.

Paper 10: This paper illuminates the factors influencing companies to implement
sustainability practices. It validates an integrative model of the effects that external
influences, foundational organization enablers, decision drivers, and inhibitors had on
both sustainability implementation and organizational performance.

Paper 11:

Paper 12: Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has received growing attention in the last
few years. Most of the automobile industries are setting up their own manufacturing plants in
competitive Indian market. Due to public awareness, economic, environmental or legislative
reasons, the requirement of GSCM has increased. Eleven numbers of relevant barriers have
been identified from literature and subsequent discussions with experts from academia and
industry.

Paper 13: For evaluation, the robustness of this ecosystem, not only economic sustainability of
players but also the environmental and social impacts of their strategies should be considered.
Moreover, this assessment should involve market forces, the impact of government policies
and society needs as well as technology market. In this study, we introduced a framework for
modelling robustness of the business ecosystem of automobile recycling players considering
the response to dynamical effects, stability and learning outcomes.

Paper 14:

Paper 15: In the recent past, environmental issues have gained momentum because of rapid
economic and industrial growth of highly populated developing/emerging nations which are
posing serious environmental and social problems not only in their own countries but also to
the world. A growing number of organizations have begun or are willing to work towards
implementing Green Manufacturing (GM) in these nations. But the adoption of GM is a
challenge for the organizations in these nations as motivating factors (drivers) are not facilitated
and inhibiting factors (barriers) are not mitigated, which pose a heavy burden. This paper aims
to statistically analyze the drivers and barriers to GM implementation for developed and
emerging nations so that the organizations can strategically focus on these factors to reach to a
higher level of competitiveness. This study will help decision makers in manufacturing
organizations and in policy of both nations to strategically leverage the collaborative efforts by
effective implementation of GM.

Paper 16: Nowadays, the manufacturing industry is faced with the challenge to adhere to
stringent environmental regulations due to the scarcity of natural resources, global warming
and waste management issues. Increasing environmental concerns and awareness are the
driving force which pushes manufacturers all over the world to adopt green manufacturing
practices. However, the drivers and barriers of implementing green manufacturing practices in
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) differ from those for large enterprises since SMEs lack
the data, resources, technical expertise and experience required to implement green initiatives.
The environmental performance of SMEs is mostly driven by the intention of company owners.
Since SMEs play a crucial role in a nation’s economic growth, it is imperative to identify the
drivers and barriers which will motivate and hinder the implementation of green manufacturing
practices in SMEs, which forms the main motivation of our work. In this paper, we report
preliminary findings on the drivers and barriers faced by SMEs in implementing green
manufacturing practices, specifically in Malaysia. We use the Delphi survey method to explore,
identify and verify the drivers and barriers of green manufacturing practices by obtaining
consensus from a panel of experts. The experts are required to answer questionnaires in three
rounds. The results of this study will offer insight to SMEs who intend to transform their
manufacturing practices from conventional to green ones. We believe that our study will assist
the manufacturing industry in prioritizing the key factors which will influence the adoption of
green manufacturing practices.

Paper 17: Sustainability, industrial ecology, eco-efficiency, and green chemistry are guiding
the development of the next generation of materials, products, and processes. Biodegradable
plastics and bio-based polymer products based on annually renewable agricultural and biomass
feedstock can form the basis for a portfolio of sustainable, eco-efficient products that can
compete and capture markets
currentlydominatedbyproductsbasedexclusivelyonpetroleumfeedstock.Natural/Biofibercompo
sites (Bio-Composites) are emerging as a viable alternative to glass fiber reinforced composites
especially in automotive and building product applications. The combination of biofibers such
as kenaf, hemp, flax, jute, henequen, pineapple leaf fiber, and sisal with polymer matrices from
both nonrenewable and renewable resources to produce composite materials that are
competitive with synthetic composites requires special attention, i.e., biofiber–matrix interface
and novel processing. Natural fiber–reinforced polypropylene composites have attained
commercial attraction in automotive industries. Natural fiber—polypropylene or natural
fiber—polyester composites are not sufficiently eco-friendly because of the petroleum-based
source and the nonbiodegradable nature of the polymer matrix. Using natural fibers with
polymers based on renewable resources will allow many environmental issues to be solved. By
embedding biofibers with renewable resource–based biopolymers such as cellulosic plastics;
polylactides; starch plastics; polyhydroxyalkanoates (bacterial polyesters); and soy-based
plastics, the so-called green bio-composites are continuously being developed.

Paper 18: The field of engineering is changing rapidly as the growing global population puts
added demands on the earth’s resources: engineering decisions must now account for
limitations in materials and energy as well as the need to reduce discharges of wastes. This
means educators must revise courses and curricula so engineering graduates are prepared for
the new challenges as practicing engineers. The Centre for Sustainable Engineering has been
established to help faculty members accommodate such changes through workshops and new
educational materials, including a free access website with peer-reviewed materials.
Paper 19: There has been a significant growth in research and applications of product recovery
and recycling over the last two decades, in particular with the view of recent product take-back
legislation which has extended the responsibility of manufacturers to include the recovery and
safe disposal of their products. However, at present, the global scale of product recovery
applications is significantly disproportional to the total manufacturing output. Hence, to
achieve the idealistic goal of ‘zero landfill’, there is a need to significantly improve and extend
both the scale of product recovery activities and the range of manufacturing applications in
which such activities have yet to be implemented. This paper examines a range of barriers,
drivers and challenges in research and development for the next generation of product recovery
initiatives. A range of existing applications and case studies undertaken for the UK market has
been used to analyse issues related to: the need for improvement and expansion of current
legislation on producer responsibility; product take-back and reverse logistic models for
collection of used products; knowledge-based approaches for end-of-life considerations during
the design phase; improved technologies and increased automation in pre- and post-
fragmentation recycling processes and most importantly, the requirement for sustainable
business models for establishing value recovery chains which can be based on the provision of
services rather than products. The paper concludes by summarising the results of this analysis
to bridge the gap between existing and future sustainable solutions for product recovery.

Paper 20:

Paper 21: In contrast to prevalent models of CSR that are content based, we propose a process
model of organizational sense-making that explains how managers think, discuss and act with
respect to their key stakeholders and the world at large. A set of cognitive, linguistic, and
conative dimensions are proposed to identify such an intrinsic orientation that guides CSR-
related activities. Recognizing patterns of interrelationships among these dimensions might
lead to a better understanding of a firm’s CSR impact, as well as generate a rich research agenda
that links key organizational features to CSR character.
Paper 22: In ten years, more than half the world’s population will be living in cities. The United
Ž. Nations UN has stated that this will threaten cities with social conflict, environmental
degradation and the collapse of basic services. The economic, social, and environmental
planning practices of societies embodying ‘urban sustainability’ have been proposed as
antidotes to these negative urban trends. ‘Urban sustainability’ is a doctrine with diverse
origins. The author believes that the alternative models of cultural development in Curitiba,
Brazil, Kerala, India, and Nayarit, Mexico embody the integration and interlinkage of
economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Curitiba has become a more livable city by
building an efficient intra-urban bus system, expanding urban green space, and meeting the
basic needs of the urban poor. Kerala has attained social harmony by emphasizing equitable
resource distribution rather than consumption, by restraining reproduction, and by attacking
divisions of race, caste, religion, and gender. Nayarit has sought to balance development with
the environment by framing a nature-friendly development plan that protects natural systems
from urban development and that involves the public in the development process. A detailed
examination of these alternative cultural development models reveals a myriad of possible
means by which economic, social, and environmental sustainability might be advanced in
practice. The author concludes that while these examples from the developing world cannot be
directly translated to cities in the developed world, they do indicate in a general sense the
imaginative policies that any society must foster if it is to achieve ‘urban sustainability’.

Paper 23:

Paper 24: Sustainability manufacturing practices like lean and green manufacturing seek to
optimize production efficiency while minimizing environmental impact and maintaining social
equity. It is also well knowing fact that company that adopt sustainable practices are able to
achieve better quality, improved productivity and profitable growth. Among these lean is an
important practice that leads us towards sustainability initiatives by eliminating waste at all
levels in system and using the resources efficiently. In this paper an integrated lean
sustainability development model has been proposed to integrate supplier, organization and
customer.

Paper 25: This paper shows a model to conduct an empirical study in Malaysian automotive
industry in order to improve their sustainable performance. The problems of sustainability are
becoming a global concern by many manufacturing companies especially in automotive
industry. The sustainability research in this study targets the measures and studies at the three
basic elemental levels involved; environmental, economic and social. The presented review
categorizes the literature into three main research areas; sustainable manufacturing practices,
sustaining lean improvements, and sustainable performance. Also, the text attempts to draw
the link between these research themes, expose any relationship and inter-relationships, and
discuss the physics behind some of the sustainability models presented to analyze the
automotive sustainability.
Paper 26: This paper shows a relationship between sustaining lean improvements and
sustainable performance is at the roots of environmental sustainability, economic sustainability
and corporate social responsibility (CSR) sustainability via proposed model to carry out an
empirical research in Malaysian automotive industry. For this decade, automotive
manufacturing companies are dealing with the sustainability problems in input materials,
manufacturing processes, and waste disposal, among others. Hence, this paper attempts to gain
a picture of the current theme of emphasis on sustaining lean improvements indicators among
the automotive manufacturing companies in Malaysia and also on sustainable performance. In
brief, more extensive research and collaboration is needed to increase understanding of
sustaining lean improvements in manufacturing area and applications of sustainable.

Paper 27: Sustainability recognizes the interdependence of ecological, social, and economic
systems – the three pillars of sustainability. The definition of corporate social responsibility
(CSR) often advocates ethical behavior with respect to these systems. As more corporations
commit to sustainability and CSR policies, there is increasing pressure to consider social
impacts throughout the supply chain. This paper reviews metrics, indicators, and frameworks
of social impacts and initiatives relative to their ability to evaluate the social sustainability of
supply chains. Then, the relationship between business decision-making and social
sustainability is explored with attention initially focused on directly impacting national level
measures. A general strategy for considering measures of social sustainability is proposed, and
a variety of indicators of CSR are described. Several of these indicators are then employed in
an example to demonstrate how they may be applied to supply chain decision-making.

Paper 28: Sustainable manufacturing requires simultaneous consideration of economic,

environmental, and social implications associated with the production and delivery of goods.
Fundamentally, sustainable manufacturing relies on descriptive metrics, advanced
decisionmaking, and public policy for implementation, evaluation, and feedback. In this paper,
recent research into concepts, methods, and tools for sustainable manufacturing is explored. At
the manufacturing process level, engineering research has addressed issues related to planning,
development, analysis, and improvement of processes. At a manufacturing systems level,
engineering research has addressed challenges relating to facility operation, production
planning and scheduling, and supply chain design. Though economically vital, manufacturing
processes and systems have retained the negative image of being inefficient, polluting, and
dangerous. Industrial and academic researchers are reimagining manufacturing as a source of
innovation to meet society’s future needs by undertaking strategic activities focused on
sustainable processes and systems. Despite recent developments in decision making and
process- and systems-level research, many challenges and opportunities remain. Several of
these challenges relevant to manufacturing process and system research, development,
implementation, and education are highlighted

Paper 29: Access to clean, affordable and reliable energy has been a cornerstone of the world’s
increasing prosperity and economic growth since the beginning of the industrial revolution.
Our use of energy in the twenty-first century must also be sustainable. Solar and water-based
energy generation, and engineering of microbes to produce biofuels are a few examples of the
alternatives. This Perspective puts these opportunities into a larger context by relating them to
a number of aspects in the transportation and electricity generation sectors. It also provides a
snapshot of the current energy landscape and discusses several research and development
opportunities and pathways that could lead to a prosperous, sustainable and secure energy
future for the world.

Paper 30: Sustainable Manufacturing (SM) requires strategic attention in today’s competitive
environment owing to dependence of many organizations on natural resources along with
generation of wastes and environmental pollution. The adoption of SM in itself poses huge
challenge for the practitioners since the extant literature does not provide a standard framework
for the implementation of the same. It has thus become the need of the time for the
manufacturers to pursue production activities, which internalizes negative environmental
externalities while maximizing business goals and socio-economic benefits. Typically,
manufacturing processes can broadly be classified into five categories such as such as casting,
forming, powder metallurgy, joining and machining. The study focuses on machining group
wherein; the interdependencies of different sustainable machining parameters are examined in
the context of milling and turning machining processes. In order to ensure competitiveness in
the field of manufacturing, there must be a balance between economic, environmental and
social dimensions. Hence, a complex web of interdependencies is formed in between the
parameters affecting the end result of a metal cutting process form. In this work, a structure on
the network of parameters has been imposed by applying graph-based modularity analysis. The
understanding in form of parameterized relationships between various interacting factors helps
in the application of powerful heuristic tools such as expert systems to be implemented.

Paper 31: Sustainable Manufacturing (SM) has gained significant importance in today’s
competitive environment as many organizations still depend on natural resources and at the
same time generate wastes and environmental pollution. However, the adoption of SM is a
huge challenge for organizations since most of them are not aware on how to utilize the enablers
and mitigate the effect of barriers of SM. This paper tends to present the opinions of various
researchers around the globe and industry professionals on the important enablers and barriers
and analyze them using statistical techniques to highlight the differences in opinions for
strategic implementation of SM.
3 Challenges
The challenges are the hindrances or the problems faced by the industries in the implementation of policies or an
action plan on sustainability. In this paper we have compiled a list of challenges (identified from literature review
and expert discussion) categorised based on environmental, economic and social perspective (as shown in Table
1, Table 2 and Table 3) which are faced by the industries practicing sustainable manufacturing techniques.

Table 1. Environmental Challenges

S.No. Challenges Code Description References

1. Less sustainable awareness. EN1 There is limited access to sustainability concept & [1], [2], [3], [4],
literature. [7], [8], [9]

2. End-to-end engineering. EN2 Less framework in organization. [1], [6]

3. Less service orientation EN3 Less organization support [1], [8],

manufacturing.
4. Lack of standards value or EN4 Shortage of practicable guidelines and parameters. [3], [4], [6], [7],
benchmarks. [9]

5. Less support from higher EN5 Total neglected from concerned higher management in an [3], [4], [5], [6],
management. org. [9], [10], [12],

6. Negative attitudes towards EN6 Total neglected by concerned top position holder in an [3], [7], [11],
sustainability. organization. [14], [15],

7. Implementation & EN7 Difficulties for the sustainable technology’s implementation [4], [12], [13]
operating problems and and operations.
challenges.

8. Weak legislation. EN8 Absence of environmental laws. [5], [10],

9. Low enforcement. EN9 complexity of law. [5], [9], [10]

10. Uncertain future legislation. EN10 Ineffective legislation. [5], [10]

11. Green technology adaption. EN11 Less awareness towards green technology & cost [2], [3], [4], [7],
effectiveness. [8]

12. Technological risk. EN12 Risk of implementing new technology. [5], [9], [10]
Table 2. Economical Challenges

S.No. Challenges Code Description References

1. Less funds to green projects. EC1 Less government interest, neglected methodology [2], [3], [4],
to green funds distribution. [9], [12], [16],
[17]

2. Too high cost. EC2 Initial expenses are high to sustainable [3], [4], [9],
technologies implementation. [12], [14], [18]

3. Uncertain benefits. EC3 Uncertain or insignificant economic advantage [5], [8], [10],
[18]

4. Trade-Offs. EC4 Slow return on investment. [5], [10], [13],

5. Lack of organizational EC5 Concerns related to environment doesn’t have [5], [6], [10],
resources. much enough importance in current market, which [13], [14], [19]
results No financial sources or capital.

6. Neglected approach for EC6 The allocation of capital & funds from banking [2], [5], [11],
judicious funds. system at low interest rates also, financial [14], [19]
institutes is not present.

Table 3. Social Challenges

S.No. Challenges Code Description References

1. Less awareness to local SC1 Less environmental oriented [2], [3], [5], [6],
customers in green product. [10], [12], [14],

[15], [17]

2. Shortage to locally conducted SC2 Absence of practicable guidelines & parameters. [3], [6], [9], [12],
awareness programs. [14], [18], [19]

3. Employee resistance. SC3 Negative reactions towards new concepts on [4], [6], [9], [21],
sustainability. [22]

4. Low public pressure. SC4 There is no such public pressure imparted from [5], [6], [9], [10],
local communities, NGOs, media. [14], [21], [24]

4 Case Study
4.1. Micro 1

4.2 Micro 2
4.3. Small 1

4.4. Small 2

4.5. Medium 1

4.6 Medium 2

4.7 Large 1

4.8 Large 2

5 Observations
Table 4: Survey Data
Code Challenges MI1 MI2 SM1 SM2 ME1 ME2 LA1 LA2
EN1 Less sustainable awareness. YES YES YES YES NA YES NA NA
EN2 End-to-end engineering. YES YES YES YES YES YES NA NA
EN3 Less service orientation YES YES YES YES NA NA NA NA
manufacturing.
EN4 Lack of standards value or YES YES YES YES YES YES NA YES
benchmarks.
EN5 Less support from higher NA YES YES NA NA NA YES YES
management.
EN6 Negative attitudes towards NA NA YES NA NA YES NA NA
sustainability.
EN7 Implementation & operating YES YES YES YES NA YES NA NA
problems and challenges.
EN8 Weak legislation. YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
EN9 Low enforcement. NA YES YES YES YES YES NA NA
EN10 Uncertain future legislation. YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
EN11 Green technology adaption. YES YES YES NA NA NA NA NA
EN12 Technological risk. YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
EC1 Less funds to green projects. YES YES YES YES NA YES NA NA
EC2 Too high cost. YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
1EC3 Uncertain benefits. YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
EC4 Trade-Offs. YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
EC5 Lack of organizational resources. YES YES NA YES NA NA NA NA

EC6 Neglected approach for judicious YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
funds.
SC1 Less awareness to local customers in YES YES YES YES NA YES NA NA
green product.
SC2 Shortage to locally conducted YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
awareness programs.
 SC3 Employee resistance. NA NA NA NA YES NA YES YES
SC4 Low public pressure. NA NA NA NA YES YES YES YES

Table 5: Industry survey ranking

Code Challenges MI1 MI2 SM1 SM2 ME1 ME2 LA1 LA2
EN1 Less sustainable awareness. 8 16 6 11 NA 8 NA NA
EN2 End-to-end engineering. 6 5 4 5 8 5 NA NA
EN3 Less service orientation 7 6 5 6 NA NA NA NA
manufacturing.
EN4 Lack of standards value or 15 12 7 7 9 9 NA 8
benchmarks.
EN5 Less support from higher NA 13 14 NA NA NA 11 9
management.
EN6 Negative attitudes towards NA NA 16 NA NA 6 NA NA
sustainability.
EN7 Implementation & operating 9 14 15 8 NA 10 NA NA
problems and challenges.
EN8 Weak legislation. 10 7 8 12 1 11 4 5
EN9 Low enforcement. NA 8 9 13 3 12 NA NA
EN10 Uncertain future legislation. 11 9 10 14 2 13 5 6
EN11 Green technology adaption. 12 15 11 NA NA NA NA NA
EN12 Technological risk. 13 10 12 1 4 4 6 14
EC1 Less funds to green projects. 5 11 13 9 NA 1 NA NA
EC2 Too high cost. 1 1 1 2 5 14 1 1
1EC3 Uncertain benefits. 2 3 2 3 6 2 2 2
EC4 Trade-Offs. 3 2 3 4 7 3 3 3
EC5 Lack of organizational resources. 4 4 NA 10 NA NA NA NA
EC6 Neglected approach for judicious 13 17 17 17 12 17 9 10
funds.
SC1 Less awareness to local customers in 16 18 18 15 NA 15 NA NA
green product.
SC2 Shortage to locally conducted 17 19 19 16 13 16 8 11
awareness programs.
SC3 Employee resistance. NA NA NA NA 11 NA 10 12
SC4 Low public pressure. NA NA NA NA 10 7 7 7

6 Calculations
1) A holistic approach considering all aspects of operations is necessary in order
to reap maximum benefits from sustainability practices.
2) Sustainable product design and manufacturing is an important concern for
every organisation and has its own importance for the sustainable
development.
3)
4) The new world of sustainable technologies and business strategies is
undoubtedly a challenging and exciting emerging reality for the manufacturing
industries. Key drivers of compliance, community expectations, risks, costs
and market competition will ensure that those who don‟t adapt will be left
behind. A sustainable organisation will take a broad perspective of
sustainability that includes environmental, social and economic criteria and
engages the entire stakeholder community.
5) The introduction of sustainability into the product and process development,
regarding environment, economy, and society, has compelled the
manufacturing companies to move instantly toward producing long-life
sustainable products.