PNP Organization and administration

The word police originated from the Greek word “politeia” which means government
of a city or civil organization and the state.

How policing formally did evolved? – in 1829 , sir Robert Peel introduced the
metropolitan act, passed by the parliament of England in the same year, which led to
the creation of metropolitan police force of London which is viewed as the first
organized uniformed police force. This police force was later on named as the Scotland
Yard. Being the originator, Sir Robert Peel has earned the title “FATHER OF MODERN
POLICING SYSTEM”.

What are the fundamental theories of police service?

Continental Theory: Home –rule Theory: Old Concept: Modern Concept:
- police officers are - Police officers are - Police service is - Police service
considered servants considered as looked upon the considers the police
of the higher servants of the police as merely as as an organ of
authorities and the community who repressive crime prevention;
people have little or depend for the machinery. This old police service today
no share at all in effectiveness of philosophy means has broadened its
their duties, nor any their function upon throwing more activities to include
direct connection the express wishes people in jail rather certain aspects of
with them. This of the people. In than keeping them social services and
theory prevails those theories, out of jail. Under has for its objective
among continental police officers are this concept the welfare of the
countries, like civil employees punishment is the individual as well as
France, Italy, Spain, whose primary duty sole instrument of that of the society.
where the is the preservation crime control. The Under the yardstick
governmental of public peace and yardstick of of efficiency of the
structure follows the security. This is efficiency of the police is the
centralized pattern. practiced in England police is more absence of crime.
governmental arrest.
structure is
decentralized.

What is the organizational structure of the PNP?

- line and staff organization:
Is a combination of the line and functional types. It combines staff specialist such
as the criminalist, the training officer, the research and development specialist
etc.. A channel of responsibility is to think and provide expertise for the line
units. The line supervisor must remember that he obtains advice from the staff
specialist.
What is the organizational structure of the PNP?
Line and staff organization:
- is a combination of the line and functional types. It combines staff specialist such
as the criminalist, the training officer, the research and development specialist etc.
channels of responsibility is to “think and provide expertise “for the line units. The
line supervisor must remember that he obtains advice from the staff specialist.
What are the different functions in the pnp?
Line functions:
– are the backbone of the police department which include patrol,
investigation and traffic control which is performed by “line members” including
patrol officer, sergeant and the chief of police
Staff functions:
- are those operations assigned to support the line functions, staff members
are necessarily advisors who are typically assigned to planning, research, legal
advice and budgeting. Staff members are often civilians with specialized
training. The main function is to study police policies and practices and to offer
proposal to the chief executive of the department.
 What are the fundamental principles of police organization?
- unity of command
- chain of command
- span of control
- delegation of authority
- command responsibility
How did policing in the Philippines evolved?

Spanish regime:
- The Guardrilleros: this was body of rural police organized in each town and
established by the royal decree of January 8, 1836. This act provided that 5% of
the able bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in this
police organization for 3 years.
- carabineros de seguridad publica: this was organized in 1712 for the purpose
of carrying out he regulations of department of state. It was armed with carbines.
In 1781, it was given the special commission of government custodian of the
tobacco monopoly. By royal decree on December 201842, it was organized and
called CUERPO DE CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICA, hence, its
duties become police like more general.
- the Guardia Civil: this was created by a royal decree issued by the crown on
February 12, 1852 to partially relieve the Spanish peninsular troops of their work
in policing towns. It was composed mostly by Filipinos.
American Occupation

 November 18, 1980 – creation of insular police force.

 July 18, 1901 – creation of insular constabulary by virtue of Act#175
 July 31, 1901 – manila police department was organized by virtue of Act#183
 October 3, 1901 – insular constabulary was changed to Philippine constabulary
of Act# 225
 January 2, 1942 – first element of the Japanese imperial army entered manila
called KEMPETAI. It is on this date that manila police department was renamed
metropolitan constabulary under the bureau of constabulary.
 February 7, 1945 – General MacArthur returned to the Philippines and the battle
of manila ended. Manila police department was reconstituted.

Related laws

 Republic act # 4864 (police act of 1966) – it was enacted on September 8, 1966
which created the office of police commission which was later called
NAPOLCOM.
 Presidential decree # 765 – it was enacted on august 8, 1975 which created the
Integrated national police and provides for the napolcom to be under the office of
ministry of national defense.
 Republic act # 6040 (tolentino law) – empowering the police commission to give
appropriate examination to officers and members of police forced aimed at
professionalizing police services.
 Republic act # 6975 (department of interior and local government act of 1990) –
establishing the Philippines national police enacted December 13, 1990 which
abolished the PC-INP and creates agencies under the DILG (PNP, BFP, BJMP,
PPSC).
 Republic act # 8551 (pnp reform and reorganization act of 1998) – created on
February 25, 1998 which provides for the reformation and professionalization of
the PNP.

What is the organizational set-up of the PNP?

 The PNP shall be headed by a chief, with a rank of director general, who shall be
assisted by two deputy chiefs: one for administration, who happens to be the
second in command and one for operation who is third in command with a rank
of deputy director general.
 The heads of the director staff with the rank of deputy director general is known
as chief of director staff of the PNP.
  The PNP organizational structure is composed of a national office, regional
offices, provincial offices, district offices, and city / municipal offices.

What is the manning level in the PNP?

- on the average nationwide, the manning levels of the PNP shall be
approximately in accordance with police to population ration of 1 – 500 persons.
The actual strength of the city or municipal police stations shall depend on the
state of peace and order, population density and actual demands of the service in
particular area. Provided that the minimum police to population ratio shall not be
less than one policeman every 1000 person.
What are the different ranks in the PNP and their equivalence in the military?

Commissioned officers (PCO):

- director general (DG)
- deputy director general (DDG)
- director (Dir)
- chief superintendent (CSupt)
- senior superintendent (SSupt)

Superintendent (Supt)
- chief inspector (CInsp)
-senior inspector (SInsp)
- inspector (Insp)

Non commission officers (PNPO)

- senior police officer IV (SPO IV)
- senior police officer III (SPO III)
- senior police officer II (SPOII)
- senior police officer I (SPO I)
- police officer III (PO III)
- police officer II (PO II)
- police officer I (PO I)

Cadets in the PNPA are classifies above the SPO$ and below inspector rank in the
PNP.

Requirement in the PNP

 Age requirement – must not be less than 21 years of age and not more than 30
years of age.
 height requirement – 5’4 (1.62) male , 5’2 (1.57) female
 Weight requirement – must not be more or less than 5 kilo of the standard
weight.
 Educational requirement – college degree.

Nature of appointment in the PNP

 Temporary – if the applicant passes through the waiver program as provided by

RA 8551
 Probationary – if the applicant passes through regular screening procedures
 Permanent – if the applicant able to finish the required field training program for
permanency.
 CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

- is a legal process adapted by a civilized society in the prevention and solution of

crimes which is carried on through investigation and the persons suspected thereof is
take into legal custody, prosecuted in a court of law, and punished if found guilty, or
acquitted if fund innocent provision being for his / her correction and rehabilitation.

An overview of the Philippine criminal justice system

- The Philippines like any other country that function under a system of a democratic
society operates its criminal justice apparatus whereby society.
Identifies, investigates, accuses, tries, convicts, punishes, and rehabilitation criminal
offenders.

Hence, the Philippines may be viewed in 3 challenging perspective.

– It asserts the idea of deterrence the notion that the threat of sanctions can
prevent crimes by creating a fear of punishment for those who might break the
law.
- It adheres on the principles of the retribution, the idea that criminal offenders
deserve to suffer for the harm they have done and their punishment should be
proportionate to the harm inflicted.
- it supports on the notion of behavioral change which proposes that criminal
sanction should aim to reform convicted criminal offenders so that they will stay
away from crime in the future.

The criminal justice system as part of the total social system in the Philippines

- In the Philippines the criminal justice line agencies is composed of the police,
prosecution, court, correctional institution, community.

Prosecution law enforcement community correction

Judicial

- One way of understanding the criminal justice is to view it as a process that takes
criminal offender through a series of decision points beginning with the arrest and
concluding with the reentry into society. A comprehensive view of formal criminal justice
process would normally start with the interactions of the criminal justice components as
it is shown in the diagram below, through criminal justice system sequential order.

Law enforcement violator’s community correctional

Prosecutor court court

Police / law enforcement:

- Specifically the first stage in the criminal justice process pertains police or law
enforcement activities which are carries on through. INVESTIGATION of crimes that are
reported to or discovered by the police or law enforcers.

Police investigation:
1. Initial contact: the initial contact with the criminal justice system takes place as a
result of police actions. ( police observed a person committing a crime and the
police respond by going to the scene)
2. Investigation: the purpose of the investigation stage is to gather sufficient
evidence to identify the suspect and support legal arrest.
- surveillance and observation of suspects
- taking photographs
- interview of person with personal knowledge of facts
- entrapment of suspects
- Search of premises or persons and seizures of objects subject to constitutional
and statutory safeguards.
- Examination of public and other available records pertaining to persons
involved in crimes.

Arrest:
- is the power of the police involved the taking of a person into custody in accordance
with lawful order and holding the person to answer for violation of a criminal law.

Custody:
- The moment after an arrest is made the detained suspect is considered under police
custody and is now restricted of his freedom of movement. The police may wish to
search the suspect for weapon or contraband.

Charging:
- If the arresting officer or his superior believes that sufficient evidence exist the person
is charge with specific crime for which he had been arrested.

Referral:
- After the formal investigation has been completed the police has to refers the
investigation report to the prosecutor’s office, including evidence and suspect if he is in
custody.

Court appearance:
- The police (investigator or arresting officer) when summon by the court must appear in
court to stand as witness for the prosecution.

Secretary of the department of justice

Undersecretary of the department of justice

Chief state prosecutor

Investigation and prosecution division

Appeal division
Legal opinion division
Regional state prosecutor, provincial prosecutor city municipal prosecutor
Evaluate:
- screen and review the police investigation report referred to them or other complaint
files directly with them by individual persons.

file the corresponding information or criminal complaint:

- In the proper court of law on the basis of the evaluation of the proof.

prosecute:
- The alleged offender in the court of law that is if the element of the crime alleged to
have been committed is present. It is the prosecutor task of bringing the offender to the
court through criminal proceedings.

The public attorney’s office (PAO)

- The defender, if the individual cannot afford to pay or hire a private counsel the state
must provide one free of charge.

The four level integrated court system in the Philippines

1st level:
- metropolitan trial courts
- municipal trial court (in cities)
- municipal circuit trial court

2nd level courts: regional trial courts which composes of several branches.
3rd level courts: court of appeals
4th level court: supreme court the highest court of the land.

The role of the courts in the criminal action proper start

1st issuance of warrant of arrest

2nd to arraignment
3rd to pretrial conference
4th to trial
5th to judgment
6th and finally to the execution of the sentence.
CURRENT EVENTS:

 President: Rodrigo R. Duterte (PDP–Laban)

 Vice President: Leni G. Robredo (Liberal)
 Congress (17th, ended June 4):
- Senate President: Vicente Sotto III (NPC)
- House Speaker: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (PDP–Laban), until June 30

 Congress (18th, convened July 22):

 Senate President: Vicente Sotto III (NPC)
 House Speaker: Alan Peter Cayetano (Nacionalista), elected July 22
 Chief Justice: Lucas Bersamin

January

 January 8 – Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction Philippines(HHIC Phil) files

for corporate rehabilitation after it declared bankruptcy; the biggest ever bankruptcy
in the Philippines surpassing the more than $386 million financial losses in the
country related to the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy of 2008. HHIC defaulted its $412
million loan credited to five local banking firms.

 January 21 – A plebiscite takes place with the majority of voters deciding to ratify
the Bangsamoro Organic Law paving way to the creation of the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region and abolition of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.
Cotabato City also votes to join the new autonomous region while in Isabela City in
Basilan rejects its inclusion to the region.
 January 27 – At least 20 people are killed while 111 are injured as explosions
rocked the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Jolo, Sulu
 January 27 – The clean-up and rehabilitation of the Manila Bay commences with
thousands of volunteers and government workers participating.
 January 30 – An explosion occurs at a mosque in Zamboanga City that killed two
people and injured at least four others.

February

 February 2 – Five soldiers are killed while five others were wounded in an armed
clash between government troops and suspected members of the Abu Sayyaf
Group in Patikul, Sulu.
 February 6 – The second round of the Bangsamoro Organic Law plebiscite is held
with voters in 67 barangays in North Cotabato and 6 towns in Lanao del Norte
deciding if they are in favor of their localities joining the proposed Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region.
 February 13 – Rappler CEO Maria Ressa is arrested by the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) for cyber libel upon orders from Manila Regional Trial Court
Branch 46. She posted bail the next day. Ressa claimed that her right to due
process was violated, since she was not informed of the complaint against her. She
also described her arrest as an "abuse of power" and "weaponization of the
law".Ressa's arrest was condemned by journalists, organizations, and influential
figures from the Philippines and abroad, describing it as an attack on press
freedom. Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo denied that the government
was trying to silence press freedom. President Rodrigo Duterte has repeatedly
labeled Rappler as "fake news" as he perceived the online news site to be too
critical of his administration. However, the libel complaint was actually filed by
businessman Wilfredo Keng regarding a Rappler article published in May 2012
(updated in February 2014) where Keng was alleged to have lent a vehicle to Chief
Justice Renato Corona, who was undergoing an impeachment trial at the time. The
article also linked Keng to human trafficking and drug smuggling.
 February 26 – The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region is formally established and
the Bangsamoro Transition Authority is constituted.
March
Since March 6 – Numerous areas across Metro Manila, estimated to be 52,000
households by Manila Water, experience water scarcity. Manila Water COO Geodino
Carpio cited the delay of water infrastructure projects, such as the constructions of
a wastewater treatment plant in Cardona, Rizal and the Kaliwa Dam in Tanay, Rizal, for
the issue. Manila Water also noted the critically low levels of the La Mesa Dam, its
lowest level in 12 years, which the company relies on as their emergency supply of
water source.

 March 11 – Christine Silawan, a 16-year-old high school student and church

collector, is found dead in a vacant lot in Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu.[23] Half of her face
was skinned to the skull and her body had multiple stab wounds. She was also
naked from the waist down and possibly raped. An autopsy also revealed that her
tongue, trachea, oesophagus, parts of her neck, and her right ear were
missing.[25] The killing has elicited controversy and political debate over
the proposed reinstatement of death penalty as a punishment for heinous crimes.

 March 15 – Former Ombudsman Conchita Carpio-Morales and former Secretary of

Foreign Affairs Albert del Rosario file a case in the International Criminal Court (ICC)
against Chinese President Xi Jinpingand other Chinese government officials for
alleged crimes against humanity. The complaint cited environmental damage in
the West Philippine Sea due to land reclamation, occupation of islands, and
destructive fishing activities conducted by China. The communication was delivered
to the ICC two days before the Philippines' ICC withdrawal became effective.
 March 17 – The Philippines formally withdraws from the International Criminal
Court after the country's withdrawal notification was received by the Secretary-
General of the United Nations on the same day last year. The court earlier launched
a preliminary investigation whether it has jurisdiction to tackle on allegations of
state-sanctioned human rights violations in the Philippine Drug War.
 March 29 – Rappler CEO and journalist Maria Ressa is arrested for allegedly
violating the Anti-Dummy Law, which prohibits foreigners from intervening in the
management and operation of a Filipino media company. She was released the
same day after posting bail. The charge is based on Rappler's issuance of
Philippine Depositary Receipts (PDRs) to the American company Omidyar
Network in 2015. Ressa described her arrest as an attack on press freedom,
accusing the Philippine government of being "intolerant of journalists”. Presidential
Spokesperson Salvador Panelo responded, saying: "press freedom has nothing to
do with the charges… She's charged of a crime and there is a determination of
probable cause hence a warrant of arrest has been issued… She cannot be always
using the freedom of the press as an excuse to attack the administration."[39]
 March 30 — fourteen people were operations across Negros Oriental. Human rights
and farmer groups condemned the incident, whom they said that these people were
killed were merely the farmers and tricycle drivers.

April

 April 3 – The first of the series of video, known as "Bikoy videos" was uploaded
on YouTube by the account named "Totoong Narcolist", accusing the Duterte family,
as well as former Special Assistant to the President (SAP) Bong Go, of involving in
the illegal drug trade. Rodel Jayme is arrested on April 30 by the NBI for sharing
"Bikoy" videos accusing President Rodrigo Duterte and his family of their
involvement in the illegal drug trade.
 April 22
o A 6.1-magnitude earthquake hit the large parts of Luzon, leaving at least 18
people killed and injured 81 others.[46]
o The "Oust-Duterte" matrix, containing the destabilization efforts by media
organizations and journalists against Duterte, is revealed to the public.
 April 23 – A 6.5-magnitude earthquake hit the island of Visayas with the epicentre
at San Julian, Eastern Samar less than 24 hours after the Luzon earthquake.

May

 May 6 – A man Peter Joemel Advincula claimed to be "Bikoy", a hooded-figure in

the video, reveals himself to the public where he asked for legal assistance.
Advincula also denied the links of any political position. [50][51] In May 23, Advincula
surrenders to the Camp Crame, where he retracted the statement by claiming to the
public that the videos were "orchestrated" by LP and Senator Trillanes. He also said
that he is vowed to received ₱500,000 in exchange of being there in the video.
 May 13 – Philippine general elections. Voters elect new members of the House of
Representatives as well as elect 12 members of the Senate to join the 12 winners of
the 2016 Senate elections.
 May 21 – Former Ombudsman Conchita Carpio-Morales is denied entry into Hong
Kong due to her "security threat". Though the Hong Kong did not explain the cause,
the Malacañang stated that it was a retaliation of Chinese government against
Carpio-Morales for filing an ICC criminal case against Chinese President Xi
Jinping and other officials over the China's land reclamation in the disputed South
China Sea.

June

 June 8 – Religious corporation Kapa-Community Ministry International was shut

down by the authorities under the orders of President Rodrigo Duterte over the
allegations of Ponzi scheme.
 June 9 – A fishing boat F/B Gem-Ver sinks at Reed Bank in the South China
Sea after being collided by the Chinese vessel.[58][59][60]
 June 27 – Several opposition groups began to file the impeachment complaints
against Rodrigo Duterte due to Reed Bank incident and his subsequent policy of
"allowing China to fish in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the West Philippine
Sea."
 June 28 – Two suicide bombers detonate their devices in Sulu, Philippines, killing
four soldiers and two civilians. ISIL claims responsibility.

JULY

 July 11 – A resolution initiated by Iceland was adopted by the United Nations

Human Rights Council calling for an investigation on the human rights situation in
the Philippines including deaths linked to President Rodrigo Duterte's campaign
against drugs in the country.
 July 13 – Father Gerard Francisco Timoner III from Daet, Camarines Norte is
elected the Master of the Order of Preachers, the head of the Dominican Order, for
a nine-year term. Timoner is the first Filipino, as well as the first Asian, to be elected
as such.

 Since July 18 – A series of killings occurred in Negros Oriental when four police
officers were killed by the suspected communists groups.

 July 27 – A magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck Batanes, Philippines. It was preceded

by a 5.4 magnitude foreshock. Nine people were killed by the combined effects of
the earthquakes. A state of calamity was declared in the whole province.
August

 August 3 – At least 31 were killed when strong winds capsized three boats
in Guimaras Strait.