Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solution Manual For Introduction To Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis - Nam-Ho Kim
Solution Manual For Introduction To Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis - Nam-Ho Kim
Solution Manual For Introduction To Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis - Nam-Ho Kim
xyz
or CLICK HERE
1.6. Exercises
P1.1 Using Cartesian bases, show that (u Ä v) ⋅ (w Ä x) = (v ⋅ w)u Ä x where u, v,
w, and x are rank 1 tensor.
(ui ei Ä v j e j ) ⋅ (wk ek Ä xl el )
= uiv j wk xl (e j ⋅ ek )(ei Ä el )
= uiv j wk xl djk (ei Ä el )
= uiv j w j xl (ei Ä el )
= v j w j (ui ei Ä xl el )
= (v ⋅ w)(u Ä x)
Since in the above equation, the repeated indices i and j are dummy, the above equation
can be rewritten as
AijWij = -AijWij = 0
P1.3 For a symmetric rank-two tensor E , using the index notation, show that
I : E = E , where I = 21 [dik djl + dil djk ] is a symmetric unit tensor of rank-4.
Since the Kronecker-delta symbol replaces indices, the above equation can be written as
(I : E)ij = 12 [Eij + E ji ] = Eij = (E)ij
The last equality defined the rank-4 deviatoric identity tensor Idev .
¶ A ¶ é 1 A
= ê(A : A)1/2 ùú = (A : A)-1/2(2A : I) =
¶A ¶A ë û 2 A
The result is a rank-2 tensor. Note that the property that ¶A / ¶A = I is used.
P1.6 A unit rank-2 tensor in the direction of rank-2 tensor A can be defined as
N = A / A . Show that ¶N / ¶A = [I - N Ä N] / A .
Solution: Using chain-rule of differentiation, the unit normal tensor can be differentiated
as
æ ö æ ¶ A ö÷
¶N ¶ çç A ÷÷ 1 çç ¶A
= çç ÷÷ = ç
2 ç
A - A Ä ÷÷÷
¶A ¶A çè A ÷ø÷ A çè ¶A ¶A ÷÷ø
¶ A ¶ é 1 A
= ê(A : A)1/2 ùú = (A : A)-1/2 (2A) =
¶A ¶A ë û 2 A
Therefore, we have
¶N 1
¶A
= ( I - N Ä N)
A
P1.7 Through direct calculation of a rank-2 tensor, show that the following identity
erst det[A] = eijk Air Ajs Akt is true
Solution: In the index notation, (r, s, t) are real indices, while (i, j, k) are dummy indices.
Since (r, s, t) only appears in the permutation symbol, it is enough to show the cases of
even and odd permutation. Consider the following case of even permutation: (r, s, t) = (1,
2, 3). In such a case, non-zero components of the right-hand side can be written as
In the above equation, we have e123 = e231 = e312 = 1 and e132 = e213 = e 321 = -1 .
Therefore, the above equation becomes
which is the definition of det[A ] . By following a similar approach, it can be shown that
the odd permutation of (r, s, t) will yield - det[A] .
P1.8 For a vector r = x1e1 + x 2e2 + x 3 e3 and its norm r = r , prove ⋅ (rr) = 4r .
Now consider
¶ 1 ¶ 1 ¶x j ¶x j 1 x
(r )i = (x j x j )1/2 = (x j x j ) = ( xj + xj ) = dij x j = i
¶x i 2(x k x k ) ¶x i
1/2 2r ¶x i ¶x i r r
Therefore,
xi ¶x r2
⋅ (rr) = r ⋅ r + r ⋅ r = xi + r i = + 3r = 4r
r ¶x i r
1 æ ¶v ¶v j ö÷ 1 æ ¶v ¶v j ö÷
dij = ççç i + ÷÷, wij = ççç i - ÷÷
2 çè ¶x j ¶x i ø÷ 2 èç ¶x j ¶x i ø÷
Show that
(a) For a symmetric stress tensor, s : v = s : d .
1 ¶v
(b) wij = eijkemnk m
2 ¶x n
Solution:
(a) From Prob. 1.2, Since stress tensor is symmetric, s : w = 0 . Therefore, it is obvious
that s : v = s : w + s : d = s : d .
(b) The direct substitution method can be used to show the identity. We will show the
case when i = 1, j = 2 . The other cases can also be shown in the same way. Knowing
that the permutation symbol becomes zero when indices are repeated, in this case the
only nonzero situation happens when k = 3 . For the second permutation symbol, the
only non-zero situations are m = 1, n = 2 and m = 2, n = 1 , where the former is even
permutation and the latter is odd permutation. Therefore,
1 ¶v 1 æ ¶v ¶v ö
w12 = e123emn 3 m = çç 1 - 2 ÷÷÷
2 ¶x n 2 çè ¶x 2 ¶x1 ÷ø
Sij = Dijkl Ekl = éêldij dkl + m(dik djl + dil djk )ùú Ekl
ë û
Since the Kronecker-delta symbol replaces indices, the above equation can be simplified
as
ò x cos(x )dx = ò uv ¢ dx
= uv - ò u ¢v dx
= x sin(x ) - ò sin(x )dx
= x sin(x ) + cos(x ) + C
1
ò e x cos(x )dx = 2 (ex cos(x ) + ex sin(x )) + C
P1.13 Calculate the surface integral of the vector function F = xe1 + ye2 over the
portion of the surface of the unit sphere, S : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 , above the xy plane; i.e.,
z ³ 0.
òS F ⋅ n dS
Solution: If we close the surface of integration by adding the portion of the xy plane
which spans the hemisphere, we notice that the surface integral of F over the added
surface is zero, since
F ⋅ n = F ⋅ (-e3 ) = 0
over this area. Thus, the divergence theorem states that we may calculate the required
surface integral of F by evaluating
òS F ⋅ n dS = òòV ⋅ F dV
where V is the volume interior of the hemisphere. Since ⋅ F = 2 , the result is merely
twice the volume of the unit hemisphere, or 4p/3.
P1.14 Evaluate the surface integral of a vector, F = xe1 + ye2 + ze3 , over the closed
surface of the cube bounded by the planes, x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 , using the
divergence theorem.
òS F ⋅ n dS
Solution: Using the divergence theorem and ⋅ F = 3 ,
òS F ⋅ n dS = òòV ⋅ F dV = òòV 3 dV = 24
P1.15 Consider a unit-depth (in z-axis) infinitesimal element as shown in the figure.
Using force equilibrium, derive the governing differential equation in two-dimension
(equilibrium in x- and y-directions). Assume that a uniform body force, f B = [ f1B , f2B ] , is
applied to the infinitesimal element.
22 y
dy
2
21 y dy
2
y 12 x
dx
2
11 x dx 11 x dx
2 x 2
12 x
dx
2
21 y dy
2
22 y
dy
2
If the first-order Taylor series expansion is used to represent stresses on the surfaces of
the rectangle in terms of stresses at the center, the first two terms in the above equation
can be approximated by
æ ö÷ æ ö
çç s dx÷dy - çç s11 x -dx ÷÷dy
çè 11 x+
2
÷ø èç 2 ø
÷
æ ¶s dx ö æ ¶s11 dx ÷ö ¶s
= çç s11 x + 11 ÷÷÷dy - çç s11 - ÷÷dy = 11 dxdy
çè ¶x 2 ø÷ çè x ¶x 2 ÷ø ¶x
By substituting these two equations into the original equation, we obtain an equilibrium
equation in the x–direction as
¶s11 ¶t21
+ + f1B = 0
¶x ¶y
¶t12 ¶s22
+ + f2B = 0
¶x ¶y
P1.16 In the above unit-depth (in z-axis) infinitesimal element, show that the stress
tensor is symmetric using moment equilibrium.
Solution: Moment equilibrium with respect to the center of the element becomes
æ ö÷ dxdy æ ö÷ dxdy æ ö÷ dxdy æ ö÷ dxdy
çç t dx ÷ + çç t12 dx ÷ - çç t21 dy ÷ - çç t21 dy ÷ =0
çè 12 x+
2 ø÷ 2 èç x-
2 ø÷ 2 èç y+
2 ø÷ 2 èç y-
2 ø÷ 2
If the first-order Taylor series expansion is used to represent stresses on the surfaces of
the rectangle in terms of stresses at the center,
t12dxdy - t21dxdy = 0
Thus, the stress tensor is symmetric. The same relation can be shown for 3-D stress
tensor.
Since these three principal directions are mutually orthogonal, they can be considered as
a basis of coordinate system. In this new coordinate system, the stress tensor will only
have diagonal components, which is the same as the three principal stresses. Then, the
transformation between the two coordinate systems for a rank-2 tensor can be written as
where [Q] = [ n(1) n(2) n(3) ] is the orthogonal transformation matrix between the two
coordinate systems. Using the property that the inverse of an orthogonal matrix is the
same as the transpose, the reverse relationship can be obtained as
Or,
é 0 0 1 ùú éê 4 0 0 ùú éê 0 1 - 1 ù
é1 0 0 ùú
ê 2 2ú
ê
ê ú
[ s]xyz =ê 1 1 0 ú êê 0 2 0 úú êê 0 1 1 ú = ê0 3 -1 úú
ê 2 2 úê 2 2 ú ê
úê ú ê 0 -1 3 ú
ê- 1 1 0 ú ëê 0 0 1 ûú êë 1 0 0 ú
û ëê ûú
ë 2 2 û
The last matrix defines all 6 components of stress tensor.
P1.18 Find the principal stresses and the corresponding principal stress directions for the
following cases of plane stress:
(a) s11 = 40 MPa, s22 = 0 MPa, s12 = 80 MPa
(b) s11 = 140 MPa, s22 = 20 MPa, s12 = −60 MPa
(c) s11 = −120 MPa, s22 = 50 MPa, s12 = 100 MPa
Solution:
(a) The stress matrix becomes
é sxx txy ù é 40 80 ù
ê ú=ê ú
êt syy úú ê 80 0 ú MPa
êë xy û ê
ë úû
To find the principal stresses, the standard eigen value problem can be written as
é s - sI ù { n } = 0
ë û
The above problem will have non-trivial solution when the determinant of the coefficient
matrix becomes zero:
sxx - s txy 40 - s 80
= =0
txy syy - s 80 0-s
( ( 40 - s ) ⋅ -s ) - ( 80 ⋅ 80 ) = s 2 - 40s - 6400 = 0
The above quadratic equation yields two principal stresses, as
To determine the orientation of the first principal stresses, substitute 1 in the original
eigen value problem to obtain
é 40 - 102.46 80 ù ïì nx üï ìï 0 üï
ê ú ïí ïý = ïí ïý
ê 80 0 - 102.46 úú ïï ny ïï ïï 0 ïï
êë ûî þ î þ
62.46 ⋅ nx = 80 ⋅ ny 80 ⋅ nx = -102.46 ⋅ ny
and .
Thus, we can only get the relation between nx and ny. Then using the condition |n| = 1 we
obtain
ìï nx üï(1) ì ü
ïí ïý = ïïí 0.788 ïïý
ïï ny ïï ïï 0.615 ïï
î þ î þ
To determine the orientation of the second principal stress, substitute 2 in the original
eigen value problem to obtain
é 40 + 62.46 80 ù ìï nx üï ìï 0 üï
ê ú ïí ïý = ïí ïý
ê 80 0 + 62.46 ú ïn ï ï 0 ï
ëê ûú îï y þï îï þï
ï ü(2)
ì nx ï ì 0.615 ï
ï ü
ï
í ï ý =ï í ï
ý
ï
ï n ï ï - 0.788 ï
î yï þ ï
î ï
þ
ì nx ï
ï ü(1) ïì -0.924 ï
ü ì nx ï
ï ü(2) ï
ì 0.383 ï
ü
ï
í ï ý = ïí ï
ý ï
í ï ý =ï í ï
ý
ï n
ï þ ï
ï ï 0.383 ï ï n ï ï 0.924 ï
î y îï ï
þ and ï þ
î y ï ï
î ï
þ
(c) Repeat the procedure in (a) to obtain
ï ü(1)
ì nx ï ì 0.420 ïü
ï ïìï nx ïüï
(2)
ïì -0.908 ïüï
ï
í ï ý =ï í ïý í ý = ïí ý
ï
ï n ï ï 0.908 ïï ïï ny ïï ïï 0.420 ïï
î yï þ ï
î þ and î þ î þ
Note that for the case of plane stress 3=0 is also a principal stress and the corresponding
principal stress direction is given by n(3) =(0,0,1)
P1.19 Determine the principal stresses and their associated directions, when the stress
matrix at a point is given by
é1 1 1 ù
ê ú
[ s ] = êê 1 1 2 úú MPa
ê1 2 1 ú
ëê úû
Solution:
Use Eq. (1.50) with the coefficients of I1=3, I2= −3, and I3 = −1,
l 3 - 3l 2 - 3l + 1 = 0