Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014 ISSN NO: 2231-6876

INDO AMERICAN
Journal home page: JOURNAL OF
http://www.iajpr.com PHARMACEUTICAL
RESEARCH

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, GC-MS ANALYSIS AND ENZYME INHIBITORY

ACTIVITY OF PASSIFLORA FOETIDA L.
Joseph Asir Paulraj, Hemmalakshmi Subharamanian, Priyanga Suriyamoorthy and Devaki
Kanakasabapathi *
Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam University, Coimbatore-641 021, India.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history Within the medicine system medicinal plants and their derivatives play a cruciall role
Received 16/07/2014 to conserve our health. The present study was aimed to identify the potential bioactive
Available online compounds from parts of Passiflora foetida L. through GC-MS analysis. The plant was also
30/08/2014 analysed for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results of phytochemical
screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, phenols, steroids,
cardioglycosides, saponins and terpenoids werepresent in almost all the parts of P. foetida
L. In the GC-MS analysis, 27 bioactive compounds were identified in the seed ethanolic
Keywords extract of Passiflora foetida L. Maximum α-amylase inhibitory activity was recorded in 100
Passiflora Foetida L., µg/ml of aqueous and ethanolic extract of root with an inhibition of 80.3% and 83.3%
Phytochemical, respectively. In α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, the aqueous extract of seed of 72.3%) P.
GC-MS Analysis, foetida showed a maximum inhibition of 72.3% followed by ethanolic extract of root with an
Alpha Amylase And inhibition of 65.7%.This study provide an evidence that the bioactive comp[ounds present in
Alpha Glucosidase P. foetida exert α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and also authenticate its use
Inhibitory Activity. in the management of diabetes.

Corresponding author
Dr.K.Devaki
Assistant Professor in Biochemistry
Karpagam University
Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu, India
dr.devaki.bc@gmail.com
091-0422-6453777, 6471113-5
91-0422-2980022

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Please cite this article in press as Joseph Asir Paulraj et al. Phytochemical Screening, Gc-Ms Analysis and Enzyme Inhibitory
Activity of Passiflora Foetida L. Indo American Journal of Pharm Research.2014:4(08).

Copy right © 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Indo American journal of Pharmaceutical
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Research, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Vol 4, Issue 08, 2014. Joseph Asir Paulraj et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a chromic metabolic disorder associated with long term damages, dysfunctions, failure of organs
especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system [1]. Medicinal plants have played a significant role in various ancient
traditional systems of medicine. They are rich sources of bioactive compounds and thus serve as an important raw material for drug
production and have become a target for the search of new drugs [2]. Plants secondary metabolites have been implicated for most of the
plants therapeutic activities [3].Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) is a method that combines the features of gas‐liquid
chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC‐MS include drug
detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples. GC-MS can
also be used to detect substances in luggage by airport security and also to identify the abused drugs in human beings. Even though
GC-MS supports for the identification of phytoconstituents in medicinal plants, there are only very few reports are available regarding
this analysis. At this juncture, analysis of Passiflora foetida phytoconstituents with the help of GC-MS provides the finger print of
secondary metabolites present in this plant[4].Pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA) inhibitors offer an effective strategy to lower the levels
of post-prandial hyperglycemia via control of starch breakdown [5]. Passiflora is the largest genus in the Passifloraceae family and
comprises nearly 500 species. The mostly available wild species are P. edulis, P. incarnata, P. leschenaultia, P. mollissima and P.
subpelta. Passiflora foetida L. (Stinking passion flower) is South American origin, which has been spread to many tropical areas in
India. It is found in riverbeds, dry forest floors, covering the top thorny shrubs and also growing near hamlets[6]. Many species of
Passiflora have been used in therapeutic practice, but scanty reports are available on Passiflora foetida, which has been used
in treatment of some disease like anxiety, insomnia, convulsion, sexual dysfunction, cough and cancer [7]. The present study
was carried out with the aim of finding the best source of phytoconstituents among the various parts of P. foetida, with respective to
various extraction procedures using solvents of increasing order of polarity. Further they were analysed for α-amylase and α-
glucosidase inhibitory activity. The ethanolic extract of seed was also subjected to GC-MS analysis with a view to find the
phytoconstituents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and identification of plant material:
The leaves, root, fruit peel (both ripened & un ripened) & seed of Passiflora foetida L. were collected from Coimbatore
district, Tamilnadu and authenticated by Dr. M. Palanisamy, Botanical Survey of India, Tamilnadu Agricultural University Campus,
Coimbatore. The Voucher No is BSI/SRC/5/23/2012-13/Tech-108. All the parts of plant were washed well with water. They were air
dried at 250C for 10 days in the absence of sunlight and powdered coarsely using a mixer. They were then weighed and kept in an
airtight container and stored in refrigerator for future use.

Sample extractions:
About 50g of powdered plant materials were extracted sequentially with 250ml of different solvents (Petroleum ether,
chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and distilled water) by using a separating funnel with occasional shaking for 24 hours. The extract
was concentrated by Rotary flask evaporator. Each time before extracting with the next solvent the residue was dried thoroughly to
remove the solvent used. After extraction the samples were collected and stored in a vial for further studies.

Qualitative estimation of phytoconstituents

Phytochemical screening was carried out to assess the qualitative chemical composition of crude extracts and to identify the
major natural chemical compounds such as steroids, reducing sugars, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, flavonoids,
amino acids, terpenoids and cardioglycosides using commonly employed precipitation and coloration [8, 9]. General reactions in these
analyses revealed the presence or absence of these compounds in the crude extract.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of Passiflora foetida L. :

GC-MS analysis of the seed ethanolic extract of P. foetida L. was performed using the equipment Thermo GC-Trace Ultra
Version: 5.0, Thermo MS DSQ II. The equipment has a DB 35 – MS Capillary Standard Non-polar column with dimensions of 30 mts
x 0.25 mm ID x0.25µm film. The carrier gas used is Helium with flow of 1.0 ml/minute.
The injector was operated at 250⁰C and the oven temperature was programmed as follows; 60⁰C for 15minutes, then
gradually increased to 280oC for 3 minutes. The identification of components were based on comparison of their mass spectra
with those of Wiley and NBS libraries as well as comparison of their retention indices.

In vitro inhibitory assay for the α-glucosidase activity

The α-glucosidase inhibitory assay was done by the method of Adisakwattana et al., [10] with slight modifications. The
substrate (maltose 37mM or sucrose 37mM) and the test compounds (P. foetida L. or acarbose) was dissolved in a 0.1M phosphate
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buffer solution (pH 7.0). A crude enzyme solution 20 μl and the test compounds 40 μl was pre-incubated simultaneously for 10 min.
After the pre-incubation period, the substrate 140 μl was added and incubated at 37 oC for 30 and 60 min, for maltose and sucrose,
respectively. The assay tubes was immediately immersed in boiling water for 10 min. to stop the reaction. Glucose concentration was
determined by glucose oxidase test. The results were expressed as % inhibition calculated using the formula:
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Vol 4, Issue 08, 2014. Joseph Asir Paulraj et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876

Abs (control)-Abs (extract)

Inhibition activity (%) = --------------------------------------------- *100
Abs (control)

The IC50 values (inhibitor concentration at which 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity occurs) of the P. foetida L. extracts were
determined from plots of percent inhibition vs inhibitor concentration.

In vitro inhibitory assay for the α-amylase activity:

The α-amylase inhibitory activity was determined according to standard procedure [11]. Briefly, the total assay mixture
containing 200 μl of 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer, 20 μl of enzyme, and the plant extracts in the concentration range 10-100µg/ml
were incubated for 10 min at room temperature followed by addition of 200 μl of 1% starch in all the test tubes. The reaction was
terminated with addition of 400 μl of 3, 5 dintrosalycylic acid (DNSA) color reagent, then placed in boiling water bath for 5 minutes,
cooled at room temperature and diluted with 15 ml of distilled water and the absorbance measured at 540nm. The control samples
were also prepared accordingly without any plant extracts and were compared with the test samples containing various concentrations
of the plant extracts prepared with DMSO. The results were expressed as % inhibition calculated using the formula:

Abs (control)-Abs (extract)

Inhibition activity (%) = --------------------------------------------- x 100
Abs (control)

The IC50 values (inhibitor concentration at which 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity occurs) of the P. foetida L. extracts
were determined from plots of percent inhibition vs inhibitor concentration.

Statistical analysis:
Results are expressed as the Mean ± SD of three individual experiments.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Phytochemical screening of Passiflora foetida L.
The Phytochemical screening of the plant extract of fruit peel (both ripen and un-ripen), leaf, seed and root were carried and
the results are given in the table 1- a, b, c, d & e.
Phytochemicals play an important role in plant defence against prey, microorganism, stress as well as interspecies protections
and these plant components have been used as drugs for millennia. Hence, phytochemical screening serves as the initial step in
predicting the types of potential active compounds from plants[12]. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the present study revealed
the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, phenols, steroids, cardioglycosides, carbohydrate, oils and fats, saponins and terpenoids
which were mostly present in all the plant parts of various extract of P. foetida L. Based on the preliminary phytochemical analysis
ethanolic and aqueous extract of P. foetida L. parts were showed the presence of five important bioactive compounds, namely phenol,
flavanoid, steroids, glycosides and saponins. These compounds were reported to have hypocholesterolemic and antidiabetic properties
[13]
.

Table 1: Phytochemical screening of various parts of Passiflora foetida L. with different solvents

Table 1(a): Un ripen peel.

Extracts AL SA TP FL ST CG OF TN AP CHO
Petroleum ether + + + + + + + - + +
Chloroform + + + + + + + - + +
Ethyl acetate - + + + + + + + + +
Ethanol + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + ++
Aqueous + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + - ++ ++

Table 1(b): Fully ripen peel.

Extracts AL SA TP FL ST CG OF TN AP CHO
Petroleum ether + + + + + + + - + +
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Chloroform + + + + + + + + + +
Ethyl acetate - + + + + + + + + +
Ethanol + + + ++ ++ ++ + - + +
Aqueous + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + - + ++
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Table 1(c): Leaf.

Extracts AL SA TP FL ST CG OF TN AP CHO
Petroleum ether + + + + + + + + + +
Chloroform + + + + + + + - + ++
Ethyl acetate + + + + + + + - + +
Ethanol ++ + + ++ ++ ++ + + + +
Aqueous + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + - + ++

Table 1 (d): Seed.

Extracts AL SA TP FL ST CG OF TN AP CHO
Petroleum ether + + + + + + + - + +
Chloroform + + + + ++ ++ + + + +
Ethyl acetate - + + + + + + - + +
Ethanol + ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + + ++
Aqueous + + ++ ++ + + + - + +

Table 1 (e): Root.

Extracts AL SA TP FL ST CG OF TN AP CHO
Petroleum ether + ++ + + + + + + + +
Chloroform + + + + + + + - + +
Ethyl acetate + + + + + + + - + +
Ethanol ++ ++ + ++ ++ + + + + ++
Aqueous + + ++ ++ ++ ++ + - + ++
AL – Alkaloids
CH – Carbohydrates
ST – Steroids
CG – Cardioglycosides
FL – Flavanoids
SA – Saponin
TP – Tannin & Phenolic compounds
OF – Oils & Fats
AP – Amino acids & Proteins
TN – Terpenoids
‘+’ Present
‘-’ Absent

Percentage of yield:
The percentage yields of P. foetida L. for various solvents are given in the table 2. Among the extracts, aqueous and
ethanolic extract of P. foetida L. fruit peel (both ripen & un ripen), leaf, seed and root has the highest yield whereas, the ethyl acetate
has the lowest yield when compared to other solvents like petroleum ether and chloroform.

Table 2: Percentage yield of P. foetida L. in various extracts.

% of yield in various solvents

P. foetida L. parts Petroleum ether Choloroform Ethyl acetate Ethanol Aqueous

UR peel 0.78 0.70 0.52 6.96 9.72

FR peel 1.38 1.02 0.74 5.08 9.74
Leaf 2.62 1.82 1.24 3.18 5.08
Seed 1.40 2.00 0.94 5.70 9.30
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Root 0.88 0.86 0.58 3.40 2.66

Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of Passiflora foetida L.:

In the GC-MS analysis, 27 bioactive compounds were identified in the ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L. seed (Table 3
& Fig 1). The identification of compounds is based on the peak area, molecular weight and molecular formula. The GC-MS spectrum
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shows the presence of more long chain hydrocarbons. When the number of carbon atoms increases in the molecule, hydrophilicity is
reduced and the lipophilicity is increased. Increased lipophilicity of a drug decreases its transport across intestinal epithelial cells [14].In

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Vol 4, Issue 08, 2014. Joseph Asir Paulraj et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876

the present study, the GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L. seed revealed the presence of Dodecanoic acid,
Tetradecanoic acid, n- Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12, Octadecanoic acid (Z, Z) , Oleic acid, Stearic acid, palmitic acid and Linolenic acid.
Among the identified compounds, Dodecanoic acid, Tetradecanoic acid and n- Hexadecanoic acid has the property of antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities. n- Hexadecanoic acid has the property of larvicidal effect and 9,12, Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) has the
property of anti- inflammatory and antiarthritic activity [15]. P. foetida L. seed showed 61.1 to 74.8% of total linolenic acid and linoleic
acids which resembles safflower seed [16]. Mono saturated fatty acids like oleic acid & stearic acid has the ability to lower the blood
glucose level when it’s consumed as food [17]. So the analysis indicates that seed of P. foetida L. contains fatty acids which have
beneficial functions.

Table 3: Phytocompounds identified in the ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L. seed by GC-analysis.

No RT Name of the compound Molecular formula Molecular Peak Width

(min) Weight (amu) 50% (min)
1 2.743 Benzhydrazide, N2-(2-methoxy-5-nitrobenzylideno)- C15H12N4O6 299.091 0.075
2 3.838 Styrene C6H5CH=CH2 104.063 0.315
3 4.536 Tetraethyl orthosilicate Si(OC2H5)4 208.113 0.083
4 6.411 1-Dodecene CH3(CH2)9CH=CH2 168.188 0.083
5 8.246 9-Octadecene, (E)- C18H36 252.282 0.153
6 10.163 7-Hexadecene, (Z)- C16H32 224.25 0.11
7 12.409 cis-11-Hexadecenal C16H30O 238.23 0.137
8 17.033 Oxacyclotetradecane-2,11-dione, 13-methyl- C14H24O3 240.173 0.514
9 17.822 n-Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256.24 0.917
10 18.482 Palmitic acid C18H36O2 284.272 0.312
11 20.904 Linolelaidic acid, C19H34O2 294.256 0.138
12 21.041 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)- C19H36O2 296.272 0.101
13 22.572 Ethyl Oleate C20H38O2 310.287 0.119
14 23.012 Ethyl Stearate C20H40O2 312.303 0.174
15 26.442 9, 12- Linoleic acid C18H32O2 280.24 0.183
16 27.366 methyl nonyl acetaldehyde C12H24O 184.183 0.091
17 27.722 Pregna-3,5-dien-20.alpha.-ol, O-trimethylsilyl C24H40Osi 372.285 0.128
18 27.988 Heptadecane C17H36 240.282 0.128
19 28.207 Palmitic acid β-monoglyceride C19H38O4 330.277 0.192
20 28.738 9,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z,E)- C14H26O 210.198 0.156
21 30.129 4-(3,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2-oxo-hexylamino)- C13H16N2O5 280.106 0.21
benzonitrile
22 30.459 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)- C18H32O 264.245 0.201
23 30.99 15-Hydroxypentadecanoic acid C15H30O3 258.219 0.137
24 31.905 E-11-Hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester C18H34O2 282.256 0.137
25 33.743 (R)-(-)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol C17H32O 252.245 0.192
26 34.95 gamma.-Tocopherol (Vit E) C28H48O2 416.365 0.128
27 35.096 Acetic acid, 1-methyl-3-(2,2,6-trimethyl- C16H26O2 250.193 0.174
bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl)-propenyl ester

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Vol 4, Issue 08, 2014. Joseph Asir Paulraj et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876

Figure 1: GC-MS Chromatogram of ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida. L seed

α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethanolic & aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida L.:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine system disease that causes metabolic disorders and which leads to multiple
organ damage syndrome. Inhibition of α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) and α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) enzymes are involved in the digestion
of carbohydrates, can significantly decrease the postprandial increase of blood glucose after a mixed carbohydrate diet and therefore
can be an important strategy in the management of postprandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic patients and borderline
patients[18]. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors inhibit maltase and sucrase in intestine, consequently delaying the absorption of sugar from
the gut and hence decrease the postprandial hyperglycemia [19]. Phenols and flavonoids inhibit amylase, sucrase and also Sodium
Glucose Transporter- 1 (SGLUT- 1) of intestinal brush border cells which reduce the absorption of glucose that ultimately reduce the
hyperglycemia [13].
The present study demonstrated that ethanolic & aqueous extract of P. foetida L. have α- glucosidase inhibitory activity. The
percent inhibition at 100, 80, 60, 40 and 20 µg/ml concentrations of P. foetida L. extract showed a concentration-dependent increase in
percent inhibition (Fig 2a,2b). The highest concentration, 100 µg/ml showed a maximum inhibitory activity in ethanolic extract of
root (65.7%) and aqueous extract of seed (72.3%). Intestinal α-glucosidase is a glucosidase acting as a key enzyme for carbohydrate
digestion, located at the epithelium of the small intestine. α- glucosidase has been recognized as a therapeutic target for the modulation
of postprandial hyperglycemia, which is the earliest metabolic abnormality that occurs in Type 2 diabetes mellitus [20].

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Values are expressed as Mean±SD of three individual experiments

Figure 2(a) α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L

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Vol 4, Issue 08, 2014. Joseph Asir Paulraj et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876

Values are expressed as Mean±SD of three individual experiments

Figure 2(b): α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida L:

Alpha amylase inhibitory activity of ethanolic & aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida L.:
Several α-amylase inhibitors including acarbose, voglibose and miglitol are clinically used in the management of diabetes,
but their prices are high and clinical side effects also occur. Natural products are still the most available source of α-amylase
inhibitors. Therefore, screening of alpha-amylase inhibitor in medicinal plants has received much attention. These medications are
most useful for people who have just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and who have blood glucose levels only slightly above the
level considered serious for diabetes [21].
The in vitro α- amylase inhibitory studies demonstrated that ethanolic & aqueous extract of P. foetida L. has α- amylase
inhibitory activity. The percentage inhibition of P. foetida L. extract showed a concentration-dependent increse in percentage
inhibition (Fig 3a, 3b). In this study the highest concentration, 100 µg/ml of ethanolic extract of root (80.3%) and aqueous extract of
root (83.3%) showed maximum inhibitory activity.

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Values are expressed as Mean±SD of three individual experiments

Figure 3(a): α-amylase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L:

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Vol 4, Issue 08, 2014. Joseph Asir Paulraj et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876

Values are expressed as Mean±SD of three individual experiments

Figure 3 (b): α-amylase inhibitory activity of aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida L:

CONCLUSION
The aqueous and ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L. showed more number of secondary metabolites such as steroids,
flavonoids, tannins and phenol, cardioglycosides, saponins, oils and terpenoids. In the GC-MS analysis, 27 bioactive compounds were
identified in the seed ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L. and some of them are reported to decrease the blood glucose level when
consumed. The reduction in post prandial hyperglycemia is evidenced by the in vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory studies
of P. foetida L and this supports its usage in the management of Type 2 diabetes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are thankful to Chancellor, Advisor, Vice Chancellor and Registrar of Karpagam University for providing facilities and
encouragement.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST DECLARATION

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

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