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Offshore wind energy in Europe: Experiences and challenges
Madsen, Peter Hauge
Publication date:
2014
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Citation (APA):
Madsen, P. H. (Invited author). (2014). Offshore wind energy in Europe: Experiences and challenges.
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Offshore wind energy in Europe:
Experiences and challenges
Dr. Peter Hauge Madsen
DTU Wind Energy
Technical University of Denmark
Denmark
Presentation 30 July 2014 at

Grand RE2014 International Conference
July 27th – August 1st 2014
Outline
•Global and European development of wind

energy
•Offshore wind energy in Europe
•The cost challenge
•International cooperation
•Research
•Technology development
•Validation and testing
•Standards and certification
•Concluding remarks
2 Grand
DTU WindRE2014 International
Energy, Technical Conference
University of DenmarkJuly 27th – August 1st 2014
Global development of wind energy
Installed Wind Power in the World
- Annual and Cumulative -
54,000 350,000
Installed MW in year Accu. MW
300,000
45,000 Global Wind Power Status
Cumulative MW by end of 2007, 2010 & 2013
140,000
120,000
250,000
100,000
36,000
80,000
Cumulative MW
MW per year
60,000
200,000
40,000
27,000 20,000
0
Europe Americas S&E Asia OECD Pacific Rest of World 150,000
2007 (94,005 MW) 2010 (199,520 MW) 2013 (321,559 MW)
18,000
100,000
9,000
50,000
0 0
1983 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
Year
Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant - March 2014
3 Grand
University of Denmark July 27th – August 1st 2014
Penetration Rate of Wind Power in Select
Countries
Penetration
2013:
Global 2,9 %
Europe 8%
4 Grand
Status 2013 in Europe
11,159 MW of wind power

capacity (worth between €13 bn
and €18 bn) was installed in the
EU-28 during 2013, a decrease of
8% compared to 2012.
The EU power sector continues its

move away from fuel oil and coal
continuing to decommission more
than it installs.
The wind power capacity installed

by the end of 2013 would, in a
normal wind year, produce 257
TWh of electricity, enough to
cover 8% of the EU's electricity
EWEA annual statistics 2013
consumption - up from 7% 2013.
5 Grand
Annual onshore and offshore installations in
Europe (MW)
14 %
EWEA annual statistics 2013
117.3 GW of installed wind energy capacity in the EU:

110.7 GW onshore and 6.6 GW offshore.
6 Grand
Cumulative offshore capacity end of 2013
• 2,080 turbines are now installed and grid connected,

making a cumulative total of 6,562 MW, in 69 wind farms
in eleven European countries.
• This new total of 6,562 MW of offshore wind power is

enough to provide 0.7% of the EU's electricity.
• 75% of substructures are monopiles, 12% gravity,

jackets 5%, tripods 5%, and tripiles 2%.
• There are also two full-scale grid-connected floating

turbines, and two down-scaled prototypes.
• 418 offshore turbines came online in 2013 in Europe,

making a record 1,567 Megawatts (MW) of new capacity.
7 Grand
Water depth and distance to shore
2013 averages:
Depth 16 m
Distance 29 km
Turbine 4 MW
Farm 485 MW
EWEA offshore statistics 2013
8 Grand
Cumulative installed capacity (MW), by
country and manufacturer, 2013
EWEA offshore statistics 2013
9 Grand
The Cost Challenge
10 Grand
How to meet the cost challenge
•International cooperation
•Research
•Technology development
•Validation and testing
•Standards and certification
11 Grand
R&D cooperation in Europe
• Technology Platform for Wind energy (TPWind)

– SRA
– EWI
• European Energy Research Alliance (EERA)

– Joint Programme for wind energy
• European Academy for Wind Energy (EAWE)

• European Wind Energy Master
• (IEA Wind R&D)
• ….
Grand
EC SET-plan – Technology Roadmap
Roadmap for the

implementation of
the SET Plan and
the RES Directive:
• Large scale
integration and
• An accelerated
offshore wind
energy
deployment,
including
• Very large
offshore wind
turbines.
Grand
TPWind Strategic Research Agenda
Offshore Technology
Objective in 2014:
Reduce cost of generating
power from wind power
plants in 2030 by:
• 20% onshore and
• 50% offshore
14 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Grand RE2014 International Conference July 27th – August 1st 2014
Offshore Wind Conditions
• Ocean winds
• Lidar observations and
modelling
• Wind resource
mapping using satellite
data
• Mesoscale modelling
Lidar wind data and
• Meteorological mast
model from Horn’s observations
Reef offshore • Wind farms shadow
Satellite winds effect
showing the • Satellite observations
wake at Horn
Reef wind farm.
Mean wind
speed map using
satellite Envisat
ASAR.
Grand
Wake effects – a complex flow essential for
performance and loads
Vorticity shed from 5x5

turbines in a farm
computed by actuator
disk method
Grand
Wind farm efficiency of North Hoyle @ 10 ms−1
Gwynt y Môr
North Hoyle
100
Power efficiency [%]
90
80
70 ?
60
After Gwynt y Môr
50
Before Gwynt y Môr
40
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Direction [Degree]
17 Grand
University of Denmark July 27th – August 1stFirst
2014EWEA Offshore CREYAP
Fuga – a new wake model
• Solves linearized RANS equations

• Latest version incorporates: atmospheric
stability, meandering, effects of non-
stationarity and spatial de-correlation of
the flow field.
• No computational grid, no numerical
diffusion, no spurious pressure gradients
• Integration with WAsP: import of wind
climate and turbine data.
• Fast, mixed-spectral solver:
6
– 10 times faster than conventional
RANS!
8 10
– 10 to 10 times faster than LES!
Grand
Upscaling – larger turbines, larger rotors
Year 2011 2012 2013

Total MW supplied 40,495 43,134 37,478
Product (Size range) % of total MW
"Small WTGs" <750 kW 0.6% 0.1% 0.1%
"One-MW " 750-1499 kW 6.6% 3.5% 2.8%
"Mainstream" 1500-2500 kW 85.7% 83.5% 79.6%
"Multi-MW Class" >2500 kW 7.2% 12.8% 17.5%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant - March 2014
10 50
Onshore turbines Onshore turbines
Offshore turbines 45
Offshore turbines
8
40
Capacity factor [%]
Rated power [MW]
6 35
30
4 25
20
2
15
0 10
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2
Rotor diameter [m] (Rated power)/(Rotor area) [kW/m ]
19 Grand
7
Larger rotors – slender blades to beat the
cubic-law 50
45 Glass fiber
Carbon fiber Cubic upscaling of 40 blade
40
35
Carbon exponent 2.95
Blade mass [ton]

30
25
20 Glass exponent 2.13
15
10
0
35 45 55 65 75 85
Blade length [m]
Advances in:
Aerodynamics
High lift Stability
Dynamics
Structures
Materials
Thick profiles
Validation
20 Grand
7
Offshore in deep water
Combined wind and wave energy – Poseidon
Concept Hywind. Source: Norwegian

Hydro and Solberg production
Grand
DEEPWIND – a floating VAWT
VAWT Simulation suite finished

Achievement: Blade mass reduce
significantly from about 800 kg/m to 230
kg/m
Pulltrusion process simulation
Generator + bearing design program
Control ready
Demonstrator tests finished
22 Grand
7
The Walney Offshore Wind (WOW) Project
Comprehensive loads validation on a state of the art 3.6MW wind
turbine in cooperation with Siemens and DONG energy
Key Measurements
Nacelle mounted LIDAR for wind
measurements
Wave sonar and Buoy at turbine
Accelerometers, strain gauges
on
Blade root, drive train, tower
and foundation
•Scientific Objectives
Validation of the dependencies Instrumented
Turbine
of design loads
Prediction of turbine net
damping
Advanced wind/wave correlation
studies
Wake effects on loads
Grand
Validation – Products and research
Grand
Experiments, Validation and Test
Research and test

facilities
105m/s,
Test section 2.2 x 3.3m
Grand
The Testcenter in Østerild
Wind turbine
testing:
• Tests acc. to
international
standards (IEC)
• Development tests
Research:
• Meteorology
(Wind)
• Turbine
technology
• Grid integration
26 Grand
7
International wind turbine standards - IEC
a) Safety & functional requirements IEC TC88: IEC 61400 series:

IEC 61400-1 Design requirements
IEC 61400-2 Small wind turbines
b) Test methods IEC 61400-3 Design requirements for
offshore wind turbines
IEC 61400-4 Gears for wind turbines
IEC 61400-(5) Wind Turbine Rotor Blades
c) Certification procedures IEC 61400-11, Acoustic noise measurement
techniques
IEC 61400-12-1 Power performance
measurements
IEC 61400-13 Measurement of mechanical
d) Interfaces & Component loads
IEC 61400-14 Declaration of sound power
level and tonality
d) IEC 61400-21 Measurement of power
quality characteristics
c) IEC 61400-22 Conformity Testing and
b) Certification of wind turbines
IEC 61400-23 TR Full scale structural blade
a) testing
IEC 61400-24 TR Lightning protection
IEC 61400-25-(1-6) Communication
IEC 61400-26 TS Availability
IEC 61400-27 Electrical simulation models
for wind power generation
Grand
Offshore wind turbine installation – a series-
produced machine or a custom built structure
Wind turbine generator system ~ Wind turbine structure
28 Grand
Revision of IEC 61400-1
Wind turbines - Part 1: Design Requirements
The revision scope shall include Sub-committees:
but not be limited to the 1. Assessment of site conditions
following issues: (Thomas Hahm)
– External conditions: 2. Wake effects (Graeme McCann)
– Cold climate conditions 3. Load cases/load calculation
– Structural Design requirements (Enrique Gomez de
– Assessment of a wind Las Heras)
turbine for site-specific 4. Safety factors (John Dalsgaard
conditions Sørensen)
5. Medium Wind Turbines (Julian
Status Martin)
– 11 meetings held 6. Cold Climate (Ville Lehtomäki)
– Committee draft to be 7. Electrical systems (Tim
submitted to IEC TC88 Zgonena)
Sept. 2014 8. Tropical conditions (Hiroshi
Imamura)
29 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
IEC 61400-1- Basic parameters for wind turbine classes
Wind turbine class I II III S
V ref (m/s) 50 42,5 37,5 Values

specified
V ave (m/s) 10 8,5 7,5 by the
V ref,T (m/s) 57 designer
A+ I ref (-) 0,18

A I ref (-) 0,16
B I ref (-) 0,14
C I ref (-) 0,12
The load partial safety factors for DLC 6.1 and DLC 6.2 are derived by
assuming that the coefficient of variation of the annual maximum wind speed,
COV, is smaller than 15%. If COV is larger than 15%, they shall be increased
linearly by a factor η from 1.0 at COV = 15% to 1.15 at COV = 30%.
30 Grand
Project Certification
(IEC 61400-22) Site Conditions
Assessment
Site-specific conditions
Type Certificate
”Fit-for-Purpose”
Design Basis
Evaluation Design conditions
Integrated Load
Analysis
Wind Turbine/RNA Support Structure Other Installations Load and design

Design Evaluation Design Evaluation Design Evaluation
analysis
Wind Turbine/RNA Support Structure Other Installations
Manufac. Surveillance Manuf. Surveillance Manuf. Surveillance
Transportation &
Surveillance
Install. Surveillance
Commissioning
Surveillance
Project Characteristics
Measurements
Final Evaluation
Optional Module
Project Certificate
Operation &
Maintenance
Certificate
Surveillance
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Concluding remarks
• Expansion of wind energy installations has slowed down
but is still going strong
• Wind energy plays a major role in Europe’s energy mix
• Offshore wind energy expands but mostly in Europe
• But, offshore wind energy has a cost challenge
• The challenges must be met by

– International cooperation
– Research
– Technology development
– Validation and testing
– Standards and certification
32 Grand
Thank you for your attention

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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.

dk on: Jul 31, 2019

Offshore wind energy in Europe: Experiences and challenges

Madsen, Peter Hauge

Link back to DTU Orbit

Presentation 30 July 2014 at

•Global and European development of wind

11,159 MW of wind power

The EU power sector continues its

The wind power capacity installed

EWEA annual statistics 2013

117.3 GW of installed wind energy capacity in the EU:

• 2,080 turbines are now installed and grid connected,

• This new total of 6,562 MW of offshore wind power is

• 75% of substructures are monopiles, 12% gravity,

• There are also two full-scale grid-connected floating

• 418 offshore turbines came online in 2013 in Europe,

EWEA offshore statistics 2013

EWEA offshore statistics 2013

• Technology Platform for Wind energy (TPWind)

• European Energy Research Alliance (EERA)

• European Academy for Wind Energy (EAWE)

Roadmap for the

Vorticity shed from 5x5

• Solves linearized RANS equations

Year 2011 2012 2013

Blade mass [ton]

20 Glass exponent 2.13

Combined wind and wave energy – Poseidon

Concept Hywind. Source: Norwegian

VAWT Simulation suite finished

Research and test

a) Safety & functional requirements IEC TC88: IEC 61400 series:

Wind turbine generator system ~ Wind turbine structure

Wind turbine class I II III S

V ref (m/s) 50 42,5 37,5 Values

A+ I ref (-) 0,18

Wind Turbine/RNA Support Structure Other Installations Load and design

• But, offshore wind energy has a cost challenge

• The challenges must be met by

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