VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt

Eg0700555
Radioactive Contamination of Material Naturally and Decontamination
Methods in the Oil and Gas Industry

Dr. Mustafa Ail Alsumairi; Dr Nazek abdulbary kasem.

Ministry of Oil and Minerals ; Consultants Bureau;Sana'a – Box 35
Sumiri_o@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The aim of our papers was to elaborate the sources materials and the classification of
waste radioactive contamination in oilfield equipment can contain hard radioactive scales
and sludges which appear as coatings or sediments
NORM is brought to the surface through the down hole tubing as part of oil –gas –water
mixture. Decontamination methods ,Manual removal and vacuum cleaning
Mechanical dry and wet abrasive methods, Chemical descaling ,High pressure water
jetting . Optimize occupational and public doses – minimize risk to humans and
environment but be cost-effective
‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻜﻴﻑ ﻟﻭ ﻋﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺀ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴ‪‬ـﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻹﺸـﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺨﻁﺎﺭﻩ ؟‬
‫ﻑ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩ ﹴﺭ ﻀﺌﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴـﺘﻤﺭ‬
‫ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻤﺼﻤ ‪‬ﻡ ﻭﻤﻜ ‪‬ﻴ ﹲ‬
‫ﺕ ﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﺤﻭ ‪ % 80‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻹﺸـﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻭﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻻ ‪‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺘﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻁﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺒل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﺭﻋ ﹰﺎ ﻴﺤﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻭﻥ ﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎل ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﺄﺘﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤـﻥ ﺒـﺎﻁﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺒﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺒﺼـﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺘﺸﺭﻨﻭﺒل ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1986‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﺼﺎﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺴﺒل ﻟﻠﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺈﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺩﺍﻭل ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻵﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺯﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ‪ U-238‬ﺘﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %99.3‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫¾‬
‫ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ‪ U-235‬ﺘﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %0.7‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫¾‬
‫ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ‪ U-234‬ﺘﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫¾‬
‫ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Th -232‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪.(K)-40‬‬ ‫¾‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺴل ﻏﻴﺭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻲ ﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺫﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻼل ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤل ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺯﺯﺓ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪( TENORM‬‬
‫)‪(Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﻤﺸﻊ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻓﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﻤﺸﻊ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺸﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1‬ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ‬

‫ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪(1‬‬

‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪ 226‬ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪ 228‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻭﻥ‪ 222‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ‪ 238‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻴـﻭﻡ‪232‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ )ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻠﻴﺔ ‪.(shale’s‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻴﻭﻡ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺤل ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴـﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﺤـﻭﺽ‬
‫)ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺫﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻭﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﻏﺎﺯ(‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺤل ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼـﺨﻭﺭ ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﺍﻫـﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻀﺔ‬
‫)‪.(pH‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻼﻥ ‪ 2‬ﻭ‪ 3‬ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﻔﻌل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ 2‬ﻭ‪ (3‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ‪ 238‬ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ‬
‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (3‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻡ ‪ 232‬ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﻠﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ .(1‬ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪ 226‬ﻫﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﹰﺍ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1‬ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻊ‬
‫)ﺒﻜﺭل‪/‬ﻍ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )ﺒﻜﺭل‪/‬ﻍ(‬ ‫)ﺒﻜﺭل‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ(‬ ‫)ﺒﻜﺭل‪ /‬ﻡ (‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)ﺒﻜﺭل‪ /‬ﻍ(‬

‫‪0.005-0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.001-0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.0003-0.1‬‬ ‫_‬ ‫‪0.01-0.000001‬‬ ‫‪U-238‬‬

‫‪0.05-800‬‬ ‫‪0.1-15000‬‬ ‫‪0.002-100‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0.0001-0.04‬‬ ‫‪Ra-226‬‬

‫‪0.1-1300‬‬ ‫‪0.02-75‬‬ ‫‪0.05-190‬‬ ‫‪0.005-0.02‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪Pb-210‬‬

‫‪0.004-160‬‬ ‫‪0.02-1.5‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0.002-0.08‬‬ ‫‪0-0.01‬‬ ‫‪Po-210‬‬

‫‪0.0003-‬‬
‫‪0.002-0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.001-0.002‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0.0003-0.002‬‬ ‫‪Th-232‬‬
‫‪0.001‬‬
‫‪0.5-50‬‬ ‫‪0.05-2800‬‬ ‫‪0.3-180‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪Ra-228‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪5-200000‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪Ra-222‬‬

‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺨﻼل‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ )ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ -:‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ‪ -:‬ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﹰﺎ‪ - :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﺼﻠﺒﻪ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻭﺤل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺨﻁﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻴﺔ ﺤﺎل ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻜﺼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻭﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻓﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬

‫‪ o‬ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺤﻼل ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ‪ 238 -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻴﻭﻡ‪ 232‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴـﻭﻡ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻴﻬﺠـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻤﺩﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫‪ o‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (226 Ra‬ﻭ)‪ (228 Ra‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴـﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎﺽ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ......‬ﺍﻟﺦ( ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﺎﺌﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ ﻴـﻭﻡ ﻓﺘﺘﺭﺴـﺏ ﻟﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺤ ﹰ‬

‫ﺘﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴـﺏ‬
‫)ﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﻭﻡ( ﺃﻭ ﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺤل ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻀﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺤل ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺜل ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﻭﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻭﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻓﺘﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﻭﻟﻴﺩﺍﺘﻪ )ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﺹ‪210‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‪ (210‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ )‪ (casing‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴل ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻜﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ‪ 226‬ﻓﻲ ﺸﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ) ‪ (x-mass tree‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺌـﺭ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻭﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻜﺎﻟﻨﺘﻭﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﺘﻬـﺘﻡ ﺸـﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﻁ ﺒﻬـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺒل ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺘﻌﻁل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل‪.‬‬
‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺭﻨﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻭﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻴﻌـﻭﺩ ﺴـﺒﺏ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻁﺢ ﺨـﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .8‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺴﻴﻪ ﻭﺘﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﻩ ﻤﺜل‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻭﺓ ﻭﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻔﺎﺘﺭ ﻭﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺁﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺘﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺏ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺼﺩﺃ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .9‬ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﺼﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﺼـﻌﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻤﺎ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .10‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫™ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻟﻪ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪.‬ﻭﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻴﺩﻭﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻓﺘﺠﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺤل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫™ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ ‪(High‬‬
‫)‪ pressure water jetting‬ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ‪ ,‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻁﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻨﺴـﺎﺏ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒل ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺒﺄ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺭﺭ ﻋﺒـﺭ ﻤﺭﺸـﺤﺎﺕ ﻻﺴـﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼـﺔ ﻭﻭﻓـﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻤﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫™ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺜﻘﺏ‬

‫ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﻤﻭﺴﻊ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺯﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﺯﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭ ﺭﻁﺏ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻓﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺯﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜـﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﻔـﻴﺽ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﺨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺫﺭ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺒﻤﺹ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﻷﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫™ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺘﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺒﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺘﺯﺍل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﺎﻟﺭﺼﺎﺹ‪ 210‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‪ 210‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻁﻠﻕ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺭﻯ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .11‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﻲ ﻭﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ‪ ,‬ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﻤﺘﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺭﺏ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪ 226‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ‪:‬‬ ‫™‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ‪ 226‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ 0.15‬ﺒﻜﺭل‪/‬ﻍ ﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻥ ‪ 5.2‬ﺒﻜﺭل‪/‬ﻍ ﻜﻨﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 0.15‬ﺒﻜﺭل‪/‬ﻍ ﻭ‪5.2‬ﺒﻜﺭل‪/‬ﻍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ 100‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭ ﺴﻴﻔﺭﺕ‪/‬ﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻵﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.12‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻌل ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺁﻤﻥ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺠﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫™‬
‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺫﺕ ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫™‬

‫ﺘﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺒﺈﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺨﺎﺹ‪ ,‬ﻭﺘﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺯﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ‪ ,‬ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺩﺍﺩﺓ ﺘﻐﻠﻕ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ‪ .‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺩﺍﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺏ‪ ,‬ﺃﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺼل ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫™‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺩﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻭﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 2‬ﻜﻡ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺼﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﻭﺘﻬﻤل ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﺏ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺠﻭﺭ‪ ,‬ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﺼ ﹰ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻠﻭﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻭﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫™ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺯﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻠﻁ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﻘﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺤﻭﺽ ﻤﻔﺼﻭل ﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﺏ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺯﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺠﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫™ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺨﺹ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﺭﺨﺹ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ)ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺤﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ(‬ ‫‪.13‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺤﺠﻤ ﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻁ‬
‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭل ‪،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‪ 1,500‬ﻭ‪ 1,948,976‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﻤﻴل‪/‬ﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭ ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺤـﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪.226‬‬

‫ﺍﻋﺘﺎﺩﺕ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻭﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح ﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺎدة ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪Poli‬‬
‫‪ethylene -2cm‬‬
‫ﺒﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ‪ :‬ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻭﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺇﺴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ‪/‬ﺭﻤل‬

‫ﻭﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﻟﻭﻴﺯﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 3000‬ﺤﻔﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻠﻭﻴﺜﻪ ﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺃﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌل ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻔﺼل ﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻤﺭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ )ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻁﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺒﺒﻁﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺭﺴﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺨﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﻨﺄﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻨﻘﺎﺸﹰﺎ ﺠﺎﺩﺍ ﺤﻭل ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠـﻭﺙ ﻭﻋـﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻨـﺎ ﻭﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺘﻁﻠﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
VIII Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 13-15 November 2006 , Beni Sueif-Fayoum, Egypt

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬
1. Characterization of NORM in the Oil and Gas Production (E&P) Industry. G.Jonkers,
F.A. Hartog, W.A.I. Knapen and P.F.J. Lancee.

2. M.S. AL-Masri . Eng. A.G. Shakashiro, Mr. G.Raja. Mr. I. Awad , NORM Management
System Manual In Diier Ezzor Petroleum Company,

3. Guidelines for offshore and onshore operators dealing with naturally occurring
radioactive materials (norm) and norm contaminated equipment, NOGEPA, Malaysia

4. Safety Report Series No. 34, Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive
Waste in the Oil and Gas Industry.2003, IAEA, Vienna.

(2005 ‫ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ وﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ )ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات اﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮم‬,‫ ﺻﻼح اﻟﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬.‫ د‬.5

,‫ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ اﻹرﺷﺎدي ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺄﻣﻮن ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟﻤﺸ ﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ ﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐ ﺎز‬,‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬.‫ د‬.6
2004 ‫ دﻣﺸﻖ‬,‫هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮرﻳﺔ‬

-‫ أﺣﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﻤﺎدي دﻣﺸﻖ‬/‫ دﺑﻠﻮم اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ وأﻣﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دﻣﺸﻖ م‬.7
2005