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"AIDS": School Name Biology Project File 2016-2017
"AIDS": School Name Biology Project File 2016-2017
"AIDS": School Name Biology Project File 2016-2017
“AIDS”
PREPARED BY
NAME
Class – 12th - A
Board Roll no-
Acknowledgement
I, NAME of class XII-A acknowledges the valuable
contribution of the entire individual and resources that
had contributed in carrying out this project work
entitled “Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome-
AIDS”
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my Biology
teacher …who gave her valuable suggestions and
assistance to complete this project as well as our
principle …who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project.
I would also like to thank my family members and
friends who helped me to complete the project
successfully.
Class – XII -A
Certificate
This is to certify that NAME of class XII-A (2016-2017),
Roll no. Has efficiently and dedicatedly worked on
the project
“Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome - AIDS”
She has successfully completed the project under the
guidance of .
TEACHER’S NAME
SIGNATURE
S.No. TOPIC
1. AIDS
2. Causes of AIDS
4. Diagnose of AIDS
8. Conclusion
9. Hypothesis
10. Bibliography
AIDS:
Acquired Immuno
Deficiency
Syndrome
AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making
people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility
worsens as the syndrome
progresses.
HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal sex,
blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermic needles.
“The red ribbon is the worldwide symbol of support and
awareness for people living with HIV.”
Both the virus and the syndrome are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS.
People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a result, some will then
develop AIDS.
According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late nineteenth or
early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and its cause, HIV, were
first identified and recognized in the
early 1980s.
AIDS patients still have the HIV virus and are still infectious. Someone with
AIDS can pass HIV to someone else.
Causes of HIV/AIDS
HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune system.
The virus progresses in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The rate of
virus progression varies widely between individuals and depends on many
factors (age of the patient, body's ability to defend against HIV, access to
health care, existence of coexisting infections, the infected person's genetic
inheritance, resistance to certain strains of HIV).
HIV can be transmittedthrough:
fever
chills
joint pain
muscle ache
sore throat
sweats (particularly at night)
enlarged glands
a red rash
tiredness
weakness
weight loss
blurred vision
diarrhoea, which is usually persistent or chronic
dry cough
fever of above 37C (100F) lasting for weeks
night sweats
permanent tiredness
shortness of breath
swollen glands lasting for weeks
weight loss
white spots on the tongue or mouth
During late-stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a life-threatening
illness is much greater. Examples include:
Diagnosis of
HIV/AIDS
A 2011 report issued by the CDC
(Centres for Disease Control and
Prevention), USA, found that about 1 in every 5 HIV-positive Americans is
unaware of their HIV-status, and only 49% of those who are aware receive
ongoing medical care and treatment.
Blood test
Diagnosis is made through a blood test that screens specifically for the virus.
If the HIV virus has been found, the test result is "positive". The blood is re-
tested several times before a positive result is given to the patient.
For those whose tests came back positive, they will be asked to undergo
some other tests to see how the infection has progressed, and also to
decide when to start treatment.
If a person has been exposed to the virus, it is crucial that they get tested as
soon as possible. The earlier HIV is detected, the more likely the treatment
will be successful. Also,
precautions can be taken to
prevent the virus from spreading
to other people.
ELISA Test?
An enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA or EIA, is a test that detects and
measures antibodies in your blood. This test can be used to determine if you
have antibodies related to certain infectious conditions. Antibodies are
proteins that your body produces in response to harmful substances called
antigens. An ELISA test may be used to diagnose:
HIV, which causes AIDS
Lyme disease
pernicious anaemia
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
rotavirus
syphilis
toxoplasmosis
The ELISA test is simple and straightforward. You’ll probably need to sign a
consent form, and your doctor should explain the reason for doing the test.
The ELISA test involves taking a sample of your blood. First, a healthcare
provider will cleanse your arm with an antiseptic. Then, a tourniquet, or
band, will be applied around your arm to create pressure and cause your
veins to swell with blood. Next, a needle will be placed in one of your veins
to draw a small sample of blood. When enough blood has been collected,
the needle will be removed and a small bandage will be placed on your arm
where the needle was. You'll be asked to elevate your arm and place
pressure on it with gauze to reduce blood flow.
This procedure should be relatively painless,
but your arm may throb a little after the
procedure.
Ultra-sensitive HIV
sensor
Scientists from Imperial College London
reported in Nature Nanotechnology (October
2012 issue) that they have developed an extremely sensitive sensor that
detects viral infections, including HIV. They say the sensor is ten times more
sensitive at detecting an HIV biomarker that anything else on the market
today; it is also extremely cheap. The doctor can see the results by looking
at the colour change in a liquid solution.
A new study published in PLOS Pathogens provides new insight into how
often HIV cells "wake up" among individuals undergoing antiretroviral
therapy for the virus, bringing researchers one step closer to getting
patients off the treatment for good and into remission.
A vaginal ring can safely provide some protection against HIV infection by
continuously releasing an experimental antiretroviral drug, say findings
published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Antiretroviral
drugs
HIV is treated with antiretroviral (ARVs). The treatment fights the HIV
infection and slows down the spread of the virus in the body. Generally,
patients take a combination of medications called HAART (highly active
antiretroviral therapy).
Complementary or alternative
medicine
Although widely used, alternative/complementary medications, such has
herbal ones, have not been proven to be effective or ineffective. According
to some limited studies, mineral or vitamin supplements may provide some
benefits. Patients are urged to discuss these options with their doctors.
The outer shell of HIV has a vulnerable spot, which enabled two HIV-positive
people to make antibodies powerful enough to kill off the majority of HIV
types known globally.
A glycan, a form of sugar,
in a specific part on the
protein coat that covers
HIV (location known as
"position 332") is a
vulnerable spot that
allows the body to mount
an effective attack using
broadly neutralizing
antibodies.
A team led by scientists from the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, and the NIH
Vaccine Research Center say they have charted a new route that may help
develop a vaccine which boosts an individual's ability to destroy HIV. They
published their findings in the journal Nature (April 2013 issue).
Barton F. Haynes, M.D., John Mascola, M.D. and team studied an HIV-
infected patient whose immune
system attacked the virus, allowing
them to describe the co-evolution
of the antibodies.
A new study suggests a class of drugs already being tested in clinical trials
for the treatment of cancer may also hold the key to complete eradication
of HIV.
HIV Prevention
To prevent being infected
with HIV, healthcare
professionals advice
precautions related to:
Unprotected
sex
Having sex without a
condom can put a person at
risk of being infected with
HIV and other sexually
transmitted
infections (STIs). HIV can be
spread by having unprotected sex (vaginal, oral and anal sex). It can also be
caught from sharing sex toys with someone infected with HIV.
Pregnancy
Anti-HIV medicines can harm the
unborn child. But an effective
treatment plan can prevent HIV
transmission from mother to baby.
Precautions have to be taken to
protect the baby´s health. Delivery
through caesarean section may be
necessary. Breastfeeding may have to
give way to bottle-feeding if the
mother is infected.
Education
Health education is an important factor in reducing risky behavior.
Managing HIV
Adherence. HIV treatment is effective if the patient is committed and
constant in taking the medication on time. Missing even a few doses will
jeopardize the treatment. A daily methodical routine has to be programmed
to fit the treatment plan around the patient's lifestyle and schedule.
"Adherence" is sometimes known as "compliance".
CONCLUSION
After studying the cause and effects of ‘AIDS’ from different views, we
conclude that it is a pandemic disease. It is mainly spreading sexually and
person of the age group of 25-45 years are the most affected group. There
are some methods like ‘Antiviral Therapy’ and Immuno Simulative therapy
which bring some hope that even then no specific treatment has been found
so for and morality form is virtually 100%. So only prevention in the test
medicine care.
HYPOTHESIS
AIDS is non curable due to its nature of pathogen. It also damage immune
system of the body. Therefore any medicine (Antiviral) drugs are not
effective against HIV virus. Ignorance and lack of knowledge about this
disease is the root cause of wide spread of this disease Malaria is one of the
major diseases which is caused by Protozoan. Protozoan causes many
diseases in human beings. Malaria has been for thousands of years a very
serious disease of the tropical and temperate regions. Prevalence of malaria
continues to be one of the major health problems of developing countries. It
was almost eliminated a few years back with the efforts of WHO and our
National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP), but unfortunately it has
appeared again. Plasmodium is a genus of Protozoa belonging to subphylum
Sporozoa, class Telosporidea, includes causative agent of malaria in man
and lower animals. Members of the genus plasmodium are collectively
known as Malaria parasite, because they cause a horrible disease called
malaria.
Bibliography
Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources
and have been included in this project after editing.
Books:-
a) Biology NCERT Book class 12th
b) National Geographic Magazine
Internet Sources:-
a) www.google.com
b) www.icbse.com
c) Bioflora.com
d) Nationalgeographic.com
Journal
a. Biology Today
b. Science Reporter