The Effects of Horseradish Seeds To The Compressive Strength of A Hollow Block

Construction Materials and Testing 2019
FINAL EXPERIMENT
I. TITLE: “The Effects of Horseradish Seeds to the Compressive Strength of a Hollow Block”
II. Objectives:
This study generally aims to analyze the structural performance of hollow block with Horseradish seeds
in terms of compressive strength.
1. To determine the compressive strength performance of hollow block compared to hollow
block with Horseradish Seeds in terms of compressive strength.
2. To determine the strength of concrete block using Horseradish seeds by means of
compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 curing days.
3. To identify whether the adding of Horseradish seeds as an admixture will increase the
compressive strength of a hollow block.
4. To determine the mixture that would give the highest compressive strength.
III. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:
 Articulate hollow blocks mix design considerations that reflect to the field.
 Understand all principles governs under construction materials and testing especially in the field
of hollow blocks.
 Have detailed knowledge about compressive strength of a hollow block.
 Put material together to form a new whole production of unique hollow block.
 Apply all standards set by ASTM
 Produce a sample product using horseradish seeds as an admixture to hollow block.
IV. Discussion:
Abstract:
This paper is to examine one of the properties of hollow block, specifically compressive strength,
using Horseradish Seed and to tests its consistency as an admixture for hollow block. The study uses
different percentage content of Horseradish Seeds with 5% and 7.5% Days of curing are 7, 14 and 28
days. We came up with this idea because horseradish grows in the tropical and subtropical regions in the
world and it is widely cultivated which can be found anywhere. It is rich in glyceride which is good as a
bonding mechanism. It is rich in minerals like calcium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, iron and copper
Compressive strength is the maximum compressive stress that, under a gradually applied load, a
given solid material can sustain without fracture. It can also be calculated by dividing the maximum load
by the original cross-sectional area of a specimen in a compression test.
Technological Institute of the Philippines

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The Problem and its Background
Introduction
Horseradish is a fast-growing softwood tree indigenous to sub-Himalayan tracts of

Northern India. It is one of 13 species within the same genus and has become the most diffuse in tropical
and subtropical areas at altitudes up to 2000 m. Nowadays, Horseradish is mainly found in the Middle
East and in African and Asian countries, but, due to its adaptability, it is spreading to other areas,
especially tropical and subtropical lands affected by drought. Construction industry is developing day by
day along with the increase of demand in construction materials to be used. Because of this, there must
be way of utilizing different materials and having alternatives as an admixture or partial replacement to
hollow blocks.
A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the construction of walls. It is

sometimes called a concrete masonry unit (CMU). A concrete block is one of several precast concrete
products used in construction. The term precast refers to the fact that the blocks are formed and
hardened before they are brought to the job site. Most concrete blocks have one or more hollow cavities,
and their sides may be cast smooth or with a design. In use, concrete blocks are stacked one at a time
and held together with fresh concrete mortar to form the desired length and height of the wall (John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1991). The quality of hollow blocks to be use is very important. Concrete is widely
used in construction and in different applications of civil engineering. Civil engineers must evaluate the
quality of the concrete to ensure the strength and capacity it must have.
Construction Materials and Testing is an important step in the building process, as the art
of testing, as well as the processes used, will ultimately affect the strength and durability of the material.
Material testing helps us to understand and quantify whether a specific material is suitable to an
application. Material not properly tested can be very dangerous at it has the potential of putting one’s life
in danger.
Statement of the Problem:
In this study, a hollow block with horseradish as an admixture is tested for its mechanical
properties in terms of compressive strength. In addition, does horseradish seed contribute to improve the
compressive strength of a hollow block? Is it possible for the horseradish seed to have a positive effect
as an admixture for hollow block?
The following questions would be answered according from the horseradish data and results of the tests;
 What are the effects of adding horseradish seeds on the structural performance of hollow blocks
specifically on its compressive strength?

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 What amount of mixture that would give the highest compressive strength?
 Is there any difference in the amount of compressive strength from horseradish seed with skin and
without skin?
Significance of the Study:
This study will give a low cost of structure in an allowable strength of loadings:
 Economy – it will benefit the economy, by using horseradish seeds as an admixture for hollow
blocks. Cheaper construction cost without affecting its quality.
 Profession – this study will help civil engineering profession advancement by utilizing new
products to be adopted as engineering materials.
 Research – to acquire broader and additional knowledge in the field of engineering materials and
reinforced concrete design as a part of BS Civil Engineering curriculum.
 Society – it will serve as an informative study that will help in continuing search for new
products in engineering materials and eventually in the field of Civil Engineering.
Conceptual Framework
Scope and Delimitation
This study would focus on the compressive strength of Horseradish Seeds as an admixture for
hollow block. The test will be done using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The mixture would be a
horseradish with percentage content of 5% and 7.5%. Curing days are 7, 14, and 28 days.

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V. Resources
The main objective of this chapter is to present research design and methodology. The
following were discussed in this chapter; materials and methods, experimental/technical design,
treatment of data and the decision criteria.
Materials:
 Mortar and pestle

 Weighing scale
 Shovel
 UTM (Universal Testing Machine)
 Concrete Hollow Block Machine
VI. Procedures
Extraction of Horseradish Seeds into Powder
1. Gather the horseradish seeds (with and without skin).
2. Pound the seeds separately (with and without skin) using mortar and pestle.
3. Allow the seeds to completely dry for 1 day.
4. Then repeat pounding until it was completely in powder form.
Mixing, Curing and Testing:

1. Mix horseradish with cement and aggregates as indicated weigh in material sampling.
2. Add enough amount of water and mix them together in a mixing machine.
3. Undergone slump test
4. Prepare the hollow block forms.
5. Pour the concrete mixture into the hollow block form.
6. Use tamping rod of the hollow blocks machine to avoid voids
7. After several minutes, remove the hollow blocks sample from the form.
8. Sprinkle water to the concrete block every day.
9. Prepare the specimen for testing.
10. Conduct test every, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing.
11. Set up the UTM for a 3-point concrete block test and put the specimen on the machine and start
to test.
12. Record the resulting data of all the tests.
Procedure of Compressive Strength Test according to ASTM C39
1. All the weight of the concrete block components that were specified in the design mix were
measured or weighed.
2. Using one bagger concrete mix, the researcher mixed the components starting with gravel, sand,
horseradish powder, cement and water. Slump was then measured for each mixture. If the slump
fails to satisfy the desire value, the mixture will then be added with just enough water to attain
the desired slump.
3. The molding machine was prepared.

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4. The molded specimen was instantly removed from the molding machine.
5. After 24 hours, the concrete block specimens were sprinkled with water for 7, 14, and 28 days
curing period.
Technical/Experimental
The experimental research is concerned primarily on determining the structural performance

(compressive strength) of the horseradish seeds as admixture for hollow block. Different percentage or
amount of moringa seeds would be prepared for the concrete block.
Computing the Area of a Hollow Block
Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of the concrete mixture specimen will be determine using the Universal
Testing Machine (UTM). The compressive strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the
original cross-sectional area of a specimen in a compression test.

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VII. Data Results

This chapter presents the findings, analysis and interpretation of data gathered whose main
objective is to find out the compressive strength of a concrete using horseradish seeds.
SPECIFICATION OF THE HOLLOW BLOCK
Sand-Cement Ratio 1:3

Area 28741.88 mm2
Water-Cement Ratio 0.5:3
FIGURE 1 – shows the data for the conventional mix design of the concrete block samples with the area
of the hollow block and the load gathered from the UTM after 7 days of curing.
CONVENTIONAL MIX DESIGN (7 DAYS)

TRIAL AREA (MM2) LOAD (KN)
1 28741.88 18.98
2 19.73
3 23.61
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2 - shows the data for the mix design of the concrete samples with 5% of horseradish seeds
with and without skin. The table indicates the area of the hollow block and the load gathered from the
UTM after 7 days of curing.
MIX DESIGN (5% HORSERADISH SEED

WITH SKIN)
1 28741.88 38.81
2 37.95
3 40.18
MIX DESIGN (5 HORSERADISH SEED

WITHOUT SKIN)
1 28741.88 42.41
2 41.49

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3 43.55
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3 - shows the data for the mix design of the concrete samples with 7.5% of horseradish seeds
MIX DESIGN (7.5% HORSERADISH

SEED WITH SKIN)
1 28741.88 45.25
2 46.17
3 49.21
MIX DESIGN (7.5 HORSERADISH

SEED WITHOUT SKIN)
1 28741.88 49.31
2 50.33
3 50.77
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4 - tabulates all data for the mix design of the concrete samples with 5% and 7.5% of
horseradish seeds with and without skin as well as conventional mix design. The table indicates the load
expressed in kilo Newton gathered from the UTM after 7 days of curing. The average load for each
design is expressed in the table.
DATA GATHERED FROM TESTING AFTER 7 DAYS OF CURING

MIX DESIGN LOAD (KN) AVERAGE LOAD
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
CONVENTIONAL 18.98 19.73 23.61 20.773
5% w/ skin 38.81 37.95 40.18 38.98

5% w/o skin 42.41 41.49 43.55 42.483
7.5% w/ skin 45.25 46.17 49.21 46.877
7.5% w/o skin 49.31 50.33 56.59 52.08

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FIGURE 4
FIGURE 5 – tabulates the Compressive Strength of the hollow block samples cured after 7 days.
All data gathered from the UTM and is expressed in mega Pascal.
7 DAYS: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)

MIX DESIGN TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 AVERAGE
STRENGTH
CONVENTIONAL 0.66 0.69 0.82 0.723
5% w/ skin 1.38 1.22 1.43 1.343
5% w/o skin 1.56 1.48 1.59 1.543
7.5% w/ skin 1.67 1.69 1.74 1.7
7.5% w/o skin 1.76 1.81 1.97 1.847
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 6 – It represents the decrease and increase of the compressive strength of CHB with an
increasing amount of horseradish after 7 curing days. It shows that the compressive strength of CHB
with 0% of horseradish increased for about 0.62 MPa with 5% horseradish skin and 0.82 MPa with 5%
horseradish without skin. For the compressive strength of CHB with 0% of horseradish increased for
about 0.977 MPa with 7.5% horseradish skin and 1.124 MPa with 7.5% with horseradish without skin

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FIGURE 6
FIGURE 7 – shows the data for the conventional mix design of the concrete samples with the area of
the hollow block and the load gathered from the UTM after 14 days of curing.
CONVENTIONAL MIX DESIGN

1 28741.88 34.82
2 27.7
3 26.54
FIGURE 7

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WITH SKIN)
1 28741.88 51.84
2 51.03
3 52.36
FIGURE 8

WITHOUT SKIN)
1 28741.88 56.90
2 53.98
3 56.80
FIGURE 8
MIX DESIGN (7.5% HORSERADISH SEED

WITH SKIN)
1 28741.88 58.52
2 52.89
3 58.23
FIGURE 9

WITHOUT SKIN)

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1 28741.88 63.33
2 60.55
3 68.80
FIGURE 9

CONVENTIONAL 34.82 27.7 26.54 29.687
5% w/ skin 51.84 51.03 52.36 51.743

5% w/o skin 56.90 53.98 56.80 55.893
7.5% w/ skin 58.52 52.89 58.23 56.547
7.5% w/o skin 63.33 60.55 68.80 64.227
FIGURE 10

STRENGTH
CONVENTIONAL 1.23 0.98 0.92 1.043
5% w/ skin 1.80 1.78 2.01 1.863
5% w/o skin 1.93 1.87 1.89 1.897
7.5% w/ skin 2.06 1.84 2.03 1.977
7.5% w/o skin 2.20 2.05 2.36 2.203
FIGURE 11

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FIGURE 12
FIGURE 13 – shows the data for the conventional mix design of the concrete samples with the area of
the hollow block and the load gathered from the UTM after 28 days of curing.
CONVENTIONAL MIX DESIGN

1 28741.88 31.33
2 30.74
3 34.46
FIGURE 13

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WITH SKIN)
1 28741.88 57.10
2 57.71
3 57.30
FIGURE 14

WITHOUT SKIN)
1 28741.88 62.33
2 60.66
3 56.59
FIGURE 14

WITH SKIN)
1 28741.88 60.48
2 62.12
3 74.93
FIGURE 15

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WITHOUT SKIN)
1 28741.88 63.59
2 68.92
3 74.74
FIGURE 15

CONVENTIONAL 31.33 30.74 34.46 32.177
5% w/ skin 57.10 57.71 57.30 57.37

5% w/o skin 62.33 60.66 56.59 59.86
7.5% w/ skin 60.48 62.12 74.93 65.843
7.5% w/o skin 63.59 68.92 74.79 69.1
FIGURE 16

STRENGTH
CONVENTIONAL 1.16 1.08 1.20 1.15
5% w/ skin 1.99 2.01 2.00 2.00
5% w/o skin 2.17 2.12 1.97 2.09
7.5% w/ skin 2.04 2.17 2.61 2.27
7.5% w/o skin 2.22 2.40 2.61 2.41

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FIGURE 17
FIGURE 18
FIGURE 19 – This shows the average compressive strength of the CHB mixture with 0%, 5% and 7.5%
of horseradish seeds with and without skin at 7, 14, and 28 days. From the results, it shows that the
mixture with 7.5% horseradish seed gives the highest compressive strength with the value of 2.41 MPa
at 28 curing days.

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FIGURE 19
VIII. Observation
Based from the results of the compression test done on the batches of CHBs, the
researchers observed that the horseradish seeds affect the behavior of the compressive strength of the
hollow blocks. The researchers notice an increasing of strength, based on the number of curing days.
Conventional Hollow Blocks have 0.723 MPa, 1.043 MPa and 1.15 MPa. Hollow Blocks with 5%
horseradish seeds with skin have 1.343 MPa, 1.863 MPa and 2 MPa while the 5% horseradish seeds
without skin have 1.543 MPa, 1.897 MPa and 2.09 MPa. It increases by 0.62 MPa, 0.82 MPa and 0.85
MPa respectively in adding 5% of horseradish with skin while 0.82 MPa, 0.854 MPa and 0.94 MPa
respectively in adding 5% of horseradish without skin. In 7.5% horseradish seeds with skin, it produces
1.7 MPa, 1.977 MPa and 2.27 MPa while the horseradish without skin have 1.797 MPa, 2.203 MPa
and 2.41 MPa. It increases by 0.977 MPa, 0.934 MPa and 1.12 MPa respectively in adding 7.5% of
horseradish with skin while 1.074 MPa, 1.16 MPa and 1.26 MPa respectively in adding 7.5% of
horseradish seeds without skin. It shows that with adding horseradish seeds, there is an increasing
strength that a hollow block will produce. There is a great factor that curing days of 7, 14 and 28 days
would affect the strength of a hollow block.
IX. Conclusion

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This research meets conclusion:
 This study has shown an increase of the compressive strength in hollow blocks when various
percentage of horseradish seeds was added as an admixture.
 The amount of 7.5% with horse radish specially without skin gives the highest compressive
strength.
 There is a huge difference in the amount of compressive strength that the horseradish with skin
and without skin can give. The data shows that the horseradish without skin gives a higher
compressive strength that the horseradish with skin. The presence of skin in horseradish seeds
may give influence in prohibiting maximum good bonding mechanism that could cause lower
compressive strength.
X. Related Literature
This paper is concerned with possible use of Moringa oleifera seed suspension for the softening
of hardwater. Four water sources: synthetic water (distilled water spiked with calcium chloride),
naturally hard surface water and groundwater from two tube wells at different locations were used for
the study. Modified laboratory jar test procedures for coagulation studies were used for the experimental
runs. Water hardness from the sources varied from 300 up to 1000 mg/l as CaCO3. The mechanism for
softening was found to be due to adsorption with the adsorption isotherm approximating to the Langmuir
type, and conversion of soluble hardness-causing ions to insoluble products by precipitation reactions.
Removal efficiency was found to increase with increasing dosage of Moringa oleifera. Higher dosages
were required to achieve equivalent residual hardness for water samples with the same initial hardness
but higher number of hardness-causing species in the water. Hardness removal was found to be
independent of pH of the raw water. (Muyibi et. al, 1995)
According to this study the polymer modified concrete is one of some concrete
technology innovations to meet the need of strong and durable concrete. Previous research found that
Moringa oleifera can be applied as natural polymer modifiers into mortars. Natural polymer modified
mortar using Moringa oleifera is proven to increase their compressive strength significantly. In this
research, Moringa oleifera seeds have been grinded and added into concrete mix for natural polymer
modified concrete, based on the optimum composition of previous research. The research investigated
the increase of compressive strength of polymer modified concrete with Moringa oleifera as natural
polymer modifiers. There were 3 compositions of natural polymer modified concrete with Moringa
oleifera referred to previous research optimum compositions. Several cylinder of 10 cm x 20 cm

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specimens were produced and tested for compressive strength at age 7, 14, and, 28 days. The research
meets conclusions: (1) Natural polymer modified concrete with Moringa oleifera, with and without skin,
has higher compressive strength compared to natural polymer modified mortar with Moringa oleifera
and also control specimens; (2) Natural polymer modified concrete with Moringa oleifera without skin is
achieved by specimens contains Moringa oleifera that is 0.2% of cement weight; and (3) The
compressive strength increase of natural polymer modified concrete with Moringa oleifera without skin
is about 168.11-221.29% compared to control specimens. (Susilorini et.al, 2017)
Based on this study an extract from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree that is principally a low
molecular mass protein is known to be efficient as a coagulating agent for water treatment. The present
paper investigates the adsorption of the purified protein to silica interfaces in order to elucidate the
mechanism of its function as a flocculent. Neutron reflection permits the determination of the structure
and composition of interfacial layers at the solid/solution interface. Dense layers of protein with about
5.5 mg m-2 were found at concentrations above 0.025% wt. The overall thickness with a dense layer in
excess of 60 Å at 0.05 wt % suggests strong co-operative binding rather than single isolated molecules.
An ionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, was also seen to co-adsorb. This strong adsorption of
protein in combination with the tendency for the protein to associate suggests a mechanism for
destabilizing particulate dispersions to provide filterable water. This can occur even for the protein that
has previously been identified as being of low mass (about 7 kDaltons) and thus is unlikely to be
efficient in bridging or depletion flocculation. (Kwaambwa et. al, 2010)
In this study mild steel which is a very important metal in the manufacturing industry is highly
vulnerable to corrosion which has resulted in huge economic losses. This has led to research on the
discovery of diverse means of mitigating or eliminating this phenomenal occurrence. Among the various
means discovered, the use of organic (green) inhibitors is popular. In this study, the inhibitive and
adsorption properties of the seed extract of Moringa oleifera in the corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4
was investigated using weight loss method of monitoring corrosion. Ethanol was used to extract the
Moringa oleifera seed by crushing the seed and soaking it in ethanol for 48hrs after which the ethanol
was evaporated to obtain a pure concentrate. 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0g of the
concentrate was added to 300ml of 1M H2SO4 as inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency of 83% for an exposure
time of 12hours was obtained at 25o C. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that the adsorption of
the extract is exothermic and spontaneous. Also, the adsorption characteristic of the inhibitor is
consistent with the assumptions of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. From the result and findings of
this study, ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera is a good inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in
H2SO4, and a physical adsorption mechanism is proposed for the adsorption of the ethanol extract of
Moringa oleifera on mild steel surface (Abdulrahman, 2015)

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According to this article, cellular hollow lightweight masonry (CHLM) blocks produced by fly
ash, scoria, perlitic pumice and cement could be used as for concrete hollow blocks in building industry.
CHLM blocks are lightweight and being hollow, give thermal and sound insulation, fire resistant and
high weathering resistance to the buildings. In this research study, CHLM blocks with 22 different
mixture batches were cast into a mold with vibro-compacting, de-molded immediately and transferred to
a storage area for curing up to 96 days in normal air condition. CHLM blocks were produced suitable
according to BS 1881 specifications. The ratio of solid area and solid volume of CHLM blocks are
53.57% and 61.46%, respectively. The web and shell thickness of the block are 35 mm and the block
dimensions are 200 mm in height, 400 mm in length and 200 in width. For each mixture, three block
samples were prepared and tested in the air-dry condition for compressive strength and water absorption.
It also investigates the use of quartet blends containing fly ash, scoria, perlitic pumice and cement to
produce CHLM blocks for walls and partitions. The compressive strength, water absorption and weight
of CHLM blocks were determined. The suitability of these blocks in terms of loss in compressive
strength with using fly ash is also presented in this paper. It is observed that CHLM blocks have
adequate strength and more convenient water absorption for their use in general building industry.
(Gündüz, 2008)
This paper deals with the feasibility of using fine and coarse recycled aggregates, both from
concrete and mixed sources, as technological nutrients to produce vibro-compacted dry-mixed concrete
hollow blocks traditionally used in wall construction. Five series of blocks were prepared with different
combinations of concrete and recycled aggregates and a reference one to be used as a control series. The
results show that the incorporation of recycled aggregates does not compromise compliance with the
European standard EN 771-3, nor further durability requirements by means of hazardous ambient such
as freeze-thawing and salts crystallization and the value declared by the manufacturer. (Moyano et al,
2017)
According to the study of the effect of straw mixing amount on mechanical properties of
admixture-adding hollow blocks, the bonding mechanism between straw and concrete was analyzed
through testing the compressive strength and flexural strength of hollow block, with different straw
amount and different dosage and types of admixtures. The test results show that the mechanical
properties of hollow blocks reduced after adding straws and the more straws was added, the hollower
block density decreased. But adding Al2(SO4)3 and CaCl2 could improve the dense degree between rice
straw and concrete. And when the proportion of straw mixing amount was 10%, the flexural strength of
the early strength agent (2% Al2(SO4)3, CaCl2) added hollow block reached as maximal as 3.1 MPa,
while the compressive strength was 9.1 MPa, consisting with the strength grade of common concrete
hollow block MU7.5. (Ouyang et al, 2013)
As stated in the study of load carrying capacity of hollow concrete block masonry wall, economy
of structure is one of the basic aspect upon which any design is based .stability plays an important role
.but best designer is one who comes out with a design which gives the stable and economic structure .the

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development of construction technology is closely related to the development of adequate mechanization
and handling technology. Hollow concrete block is an important addition to the types of masonry units
available to the builder and its use for masonry is a constantly increases. An investigation on
construction of hollow concrete block masonry emphasizing in the present to study the crack patterns
developed in the structural elements such as wall. Though the strength of wall constructed with hollow
concrete block give the less strength as compared to crick masonry but cost of construction is very less.
(Maroliya, 2012)
This paper reports the results of part of a test series to establish stress-strain relationships for
hollow, solid, and grout filled concrete block masonry. Included as part of the discussion of the
interpretation of previous test programs is a comparison of the influence of the use of prisms with
heights of two, three, four, and five blocks. Using the four-block-high prism as the standard, the average
moduli of elasticity and the shape of the stress-strain relationship to failure are determined for the
hollow, solid, and grouted cases for compression normal to the bed joint and parallel to the bed joint.
Strengths for compression normal to the head joint are approximately 25% lower than for compression
normal to the bed joint. In addition, strengths for grouted and solid prisms are approximately 35% lower
than for hollow blocks. The modulus of elasticity also varies in nearly the same proportions. (Wong et
al, 1985)
This paper deals with correlations among mechanical properties of hollow blocks and those of
concrete used to make them. Concrete hollow blocks and test samples were molded with plastic
consistency concrete, to assure the same material in all cases, in three different levels of strength
(nominally 10 N/mm², 20 N/mm² and 30 N/mm²). The mechanical properties and structural behavior in
axial compression and tension tests were determined by standard tests in blocks and cylinders. Stress and
strain analyses were made based on concrete’s modulus of elasticity obtained in the sample tests as well
as on measured strain in the blocks’ face-shells and webs. A peculiar stress-strain analysis, based on the
superposition of effects, provided an estimation of the block load capacity based on its deformations. In
addition, a tentative method to preview the block deformability from the concrete mechanical properties
is described and tested. This analysis is a part of a broader research that aims to support a detailed
structural analysis of blocks, prisms and masonry constructions. (Barbosa et al, 2009)
This study is about the strength and durability of cement-stabilized laterite hollow blocks made
with laterite soils at three different locations in Edo State were studied. To this end, blocks were
produced with water content at about the optimum moisture with varying percentages of cement from
3% to 15% at 2% increments and compactive pressures ranging from 3.44 N/mm 2 to 17.20 N/mm2. The
result showed that for 7% cement content and 13.76 N/mm 2 compactive pressure, blocks of strength of at
least 2.0N/mm2 at 28 days, could be produced. The blocks showed no features of wear after exposure to
rain with weight losses within permissible limits after 12-cycles of wetting-brushing-drying. Cost
analysis showed that laterite blocks have 40% cost advantage over similar sand crete blocks. (Alutu,

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2006)
According to the study of compression test machines, a stabilization and gripping device for use
with a compression test machine to measure strain vs load characteristics of, in particular composite
material uni-directional ply specimens, includes a guide sleeve, two hollow open ended end-blocks
adapted to slidably fit within the guide sleeve and to co-operate with parts of the machine for applying
compressive forces to the specimen, and two pairs of collets each pair for gripping a separate one of two
ends of the specimen, the collets having a planar gripping inner surface, at least one outer surface
tapered with respect to the gripping surface and corresponding to a tapered inner surface of the end
blocks, and a planar outer surface for co-operation with a substantially planar inner surface of the end
blocks so that the collets may be non-rotatably inserted in the end blocks in a position in which the
respective inner surfaces are parallel and pairs of the inner surfaces define a location for the specimen
ends. (Ralfs, 1989)
This study is about the mechanical and thermal tests of an innovative environment-friendly
hollow block as self-insulation wall materials, to reduce energy consumption and protect the
environment, shale that widely distributed in China and the waste including both building waste and
industrial waste are used as raw materials to manufacture fired hollow blocks with 29-row holes which
ensure the insulation properties and reduction of weight. 365 mm × 248 mm × 249 mm sample,
rectangular fire hollow blocks with density of 850 kg/m3 were produced to study the mechanical and
thermal properties of this wall material. The results satisfied the relevant Chinese Standard, and the
block has a high compressive strength and reliable insulation performance comparing with fired
common brick or other hollow blocks and because of the excellent self-insulation characteristics, the
blocks could be used directly as wall materials without requiring the usage of special insulation
measures in masonry structures, which mean that this new-type material could reduce the cost of
housing construction and had broad application prospect in masonry structures. Therefore, using this
block could not only cut down the consumption of energy, but also could ease the pressure applied on
the environment. (Wu, 2015)
This study aimed to present a reinforced concrete block system that reduces the flange thickness
of the existing form block used in new buildings and optimizes the web form and can thus capable of
being used in the seismic retrofit of new and existing buildings. By conducting a compression test and
finite element analysis based on the block and grouted concrete strength, it attempted to determine the
compression capacity of the form block that can be used in new construction and seismic retrofit. As a
result, the comparison of the strength equation from Architectural Institute of Japan to the prism
compression test showed that the mortar coefficient of 0.55 was suitable instead of 0.75 recommended in
the equation. The stress–strain relation of the block was proposed as a bi-linear model based on the
compression test result of the single form block. Using the proposed model, finite element analysis was
conducted on the prism specimens, and it was shown that the proposed model predicted the compression

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behavior of the form block appropriately. (Kikuchi, 2015)
According to the study of compression creep testing of unidirectional composite materials, the
two new compression creep fixtures are described and evaluated. One loads a specimen along the sides,
whereas the other provides side support to a specimen and allows end loading. Both fixtures were used
to test unidirectional composites in both static and creep compression. The two unidirectional materials
used were glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy, tested longitudinally and transversely. (Irion, 1981)
This study reports the failure modes of hollow concrete masonry prisms, considering the block
and mortar stress-strain behavior. An extensive and detailed experimental program has been conducted
on three-block high stack-bonded prisms, built using a combination of one hollow block type and three
mortars with different strengths. Based on the results of the experiments, masonry failure was assessed.
The main conclusion of this is that the mortar in all cases governs the masonry failure mechanism. The
ratio between the masonry and block modulus of elasticity which can be used as a measure of loss of
stiffness indicates that masonry built with a strong mortar behaves almost as a homogenous material.
The typical failure mode observed during testing for this type of masonry was due to tensile stresses
developed in the block. A crack developed at and propagated instantly through the block face until
reaching the mortar bed joint; the crack then propagated through the head joint causing a localized split
at the interface between block and mortar. For masonry built with two different weak mortars, as the
stress/strength ratio increased, the ratio between the masonry and mortar moduli of elasticity decreased
to 0.32 and 0.55, for the weak and the weaker mortar respectively. The observed failure mode, however,
was independent of how weak the mortar was since, for both cases, the masonry failed due to localized
mortar crushing. Another conclusion from the study presented herein is that a robust and reliable
prediction of the masonry compressive strength requires the use of the nonlinear stress-strain
relationship of the component materials. (Mohamad et al, 2017)
This paper presents the behavior of load-bearing masonry small walls built up of hollow concrete
blocks systems, loaded by axial compression until failure. The test specimens consist of small walls
which built in two types by a hollow concrete block. Experimental tests, in order to obtaining a basic
mechanical characterization of the construction system, were also performed on raw materials and on the
masonry constituents such as block unit and mortar. Characteristics of the masonry constituents are
important to be defined to conclude a complete description for the system behavior under loading.
Linear and Non-linear behavior of load deformation and stress-strain relationships were observed from
results of experimental tests for those models that were built in the laboratory. This paper describes the
results of axial compression tests on mortar, unit hollow concrete block, and complete masonry system;
Comparison of small walls built in two patterns; The results of experimental test of specimens such as
elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio; Behavior of failure mode and the linear and Non-linear behavior of
load-deformation and stress-strain relationship. (Amoudi et al, 2014)
This study is about the mold for a hollow block, a mold for a hollow block such as one formed of

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concrete in which the mold includes a pair of outer side walls, end walls therefor and inner walls.
Portions of the lower ends of the inner walls terminate above the lower ends of the outer side walls to
form spaces. Pivotally mounted vanes extend downwardly and outwardly from between the inner walls
and through the spaces, which vanes, together with a pallet, form the bottom of the mold. The vanes are
yieldingly urged outwardly but yield inwardly when the pallet is lowered and pressure is applied to the
top of the block, whereby the formed block can be removed through the bottom of the mold. (Paulson,
1972)
According to this article the purpose of this study was to determine the ideal ranges for the
application of aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride and Moringa oleifera extract, all in the form of solutions,
for the treatment of concrete plant wastewater. This optimization was performed using the response
surface methodology. A rotational central composite design was used based on three independent
variables and five levels, which yielded a total of 20 assays. Applying a desirability function, were
identified the optimum ranges of the coagulant concentrations. The ideal ranges were experimentally
analyzed, and the results compared to the predicted values by the model. The optimum concentrations of
the coagulants MO, aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) were 9.4 mL L ⁻¹, 7.2 mL
L⁻¹ and 3.6 mL L⁻¹, respectively, with a 99.9% reduction in the turbidity. Reuse of the treated
wastewater outside the concrete plant requires the correction of pH, alkalinity and hardness. (Paula,
2017)
Wastewater from concrete plants has a high pH and a high concentration of suspended solids,
necessitating treatment before reuse or discharge into the environment. The objective of this study is to
evaluate the efficiency of two chemical coagulants, aluminum sulfate and iron chloride and a natural
coagulant, Moringa oleifera all in their soluble forms, in the treatment of wastewater from concrete
plants. To this end, the efficiencies of the three coagulants, in combinations with different proportions,
were tested. The quality parameters of the wastewater obtained after the treatments were compared to
the limit values for non-potable water. The use of coagulants in their soluble form potentiates their
effect, especially when preparing the MO extract, i.e., greater amounts of the protein responsible for the
coagulation is extracted. A mixture with Moringa Oleifera and Aluminum sulfate in a 20:80 proportion
showed the best results, with 97.5% of the turbidity removed at 60 min. of sedimentation, allowing the
treated water to be used for washing vehicles and flushing toilets. The FeCl3 treatment produced a high
concentration of chlorides, which could cause corrosion problems, and is therefore not recommended for
concrete wastewater treatment. (Santos, 2016)
The high-water consumption and large amount of wastewater generated in the concrete industry
has received special attention as an environmental issue. When untreated, the concrete wastewater has
characteristics that prevent it from being safely disposed or even reused. This paper proposes a
complementary treatment for wastewater from a concrete plant, which has a conventional treatment
system composed by sedimentation tanks. The proposed process uses Al2(SO4)3 and Moringa oleifera
(MO) as coagulants. With this combination of coagulants, more than 90% of the turbidity was removed,

23 | P a g e
and a ratio of 20:80 (w/w) was obtained for MO and Al2(SO4)3. After treatment, the wastewater was
suitable for reuse in washing vehicles or flushing toilets. (Ilha, 2014)
Coagulation and flocculation by adding chemicals are the methods that are usually used for water
treatment. These types of treatment facilities are difficult and expensive. So, there is an increased
demand for the innovative, low maintenance and energy efficient technology for water treatment. This
study is concerned with the coagulation activity of extracts of various plant-based coagulants such as
“Moringa Oleifera”, “Tamarindus Indica”. The aim was to ascertain the above-mentioned plant-based
coagulants in the influence of coagulation activity. The results indicated that Moringa Oleifera Seed
Powder showed better influence in removal of physico-chemical parameters such as turbidity, pH,
alkalinity, hardness etc., whereas Tamarindus Indica seed powder is better in removal of heavy metals
from waste water when compare to Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder. Application of this low-cost plant-
based coagulants are recommended for eco-friendly, nontoxic, simplified water treatment where rural
and peri-urban people living in extreme poverty are presently drinking contaminated water. (Prasad et
al, 2016)
An Experimental study was conducted to investigate the compressive strength of lightweight

polystyrene sandwich blocks since the weight of common building bricks is more or less same weight of
concrete blocks. Eight specimen blocks of size 400mm X 200mm X 100mm were prepared using
combination of cement, sand, wire mesh and thermocol with and without different shear connectors.
They are Single mesh thermocol (SM),Single mesh thermocol with M pin (SMM), Single mesh
thermocol with V pin (SMV), Single mesh thermocol with U pin (SMU), Three web mesh (individually
and collectively enclosed with wire mesh) (WM), Three web mesh with M pin (WMM), Three web
mesh with V pin (WMV) and Three web mesh with U pin (WMU) and subjected to compressive
strength after 28 days of curing The test results are compared with each other and found that the
lightweight polystyrene sandwich concrete blocks offered higher compressive strength of 4.12 MPa at
28 days. The density is found 1200 kg/m3. Hence there is a reduction of dead load, faster building rates
in construction and lower haulage and handling costs. (Selvan, 2016)
An extract from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree that is principally a low molecular mass
protein is known to be efficient as a coagulating agent for water treatment. The present paper
investigates the adsorption of the purified protein to silica interfaces in order to elucidate the mechanism
of its function as a flocculent. Neutron reflection permits the determination of the structure and
composition of interfacial layers at the solid/solution interface. Dense layers of protein with about 5.5
mg m−2 were found at concentrations above 0.025% wt. The overall thickness with a dense layer in
excess of 60 Å at 0.05 wt % suggests strong co-operative binding rather than single isolated molecules.
An ionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, was also seen to absorb. This strong adsorption of protein in
combination with the tendency for the protein to associate suggests a mechanism for destabilizing

24 | P a g e
particulate dispersions to provide filterable water. This can occur even for the protein that has previously
been identified as being of low mass (about 7 kDaltons) and thus is unlikely to be efficient in bridging or
depletion flocculation. (Kwaambwa et al, 2010)
Polymer modified concrete and polymer modified mortar are recommended for construction that
built in aggressive environment such as seawater. This research wants to use Moringa oleifera as natural
polymer for ingredient of modified mortar polymer because of its benefit and to find how natural
polymer modified mortar with Moringa oleifera becomes durable in aggressive environment like in
seawater and brackish water. This research conducted by experimental method. Several mortar cubes
specimens with dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm were produced with compressive strength design
as f’c = 30 MPa. Mortar mix composed by 1:1:0,6 (cement, sand, water). This research used Moringa
oleifera powder as natural polymer, with and without skin. Total mix compositions for compressive test
were 13 mixes (with one plain mortar mix as control specimens). Specimens were cured by plain water,
seawater, and brakish water. The results of research note that: (1) natural polymer modified mortar with
Moringa oleifera has advantage in improving its bonding mechanism, strength and its durability in
seawater and brackish water; (2) The optimum composition of Natural polymer modified mortar with
Moringa oleifera is achieved by M-I-TK-02 that contains Moringa oleifera as 0.2% of cement weight.
(Susilorini et al, 2014)
Moringa oleifera plant is a promising nutritional and economic resource for developing
countries. Previous studies on moringa plant have focused largely on its medicinal and nutritional uses,
with only a few on extraction of oil from its seeds; while solvent and aqueous enzymatic oil extraction
methods have been reported for moringa seeds, literature is scarce on mechanical oil expression. This
study was conducted to investigate and optimize mechanical oil expression from moringa seeds.
Selected physical and mechanical properties of moringa seeds determined using ASABE standards were
input parameters for the design and subsequent fabrication of an oil expeller. Central composite rotatable
design at 4 factors and 5 levels was adopted for the experiments. Based on moisture content at harvest,
preliminary tests and literature, moisture contents (8, 9, 10, 11 and 12% wet basis), heating temperature
(50, 60, 70, 80 and 90oC), heating time (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 min) and applied pressures (5, 10, 15, 20
and 25 MPa) were chosen. Oil yields were calculated as percentage of input materials; while oil quality
criteria such as Free Fatty Acid (FFA), oil impurity and color were determined using AOAC standard
methods. The efficiency of oil expression was obtained in terms of yield and material output. Data
analyses were done using multiple linear regression at p = 0.05. Predicted optimum conditions were
validated using experimental values. Moisture content of the moringa seeds was 7.31±0.31% (wet basis).
The seed length, width and thickness of 8.45±0.98, 7.82±0.92 and 6.41±1.10 mm respectively was used
in determining perforation size and barrel clearance. The true and bulk densities of 971.0±0.11 and
662.0±0.03 kgm-3 respectively were useful in determining the expeller capacity and the angle of repose
of 21.4±0.75o for hopper, oil and cake troughs design. The peak force, deformation and rupture energy

25 | P a g e
of 67.0±5.47 N, 5.35±0.10 mm and 0.17±0.02 Nm respectively obtained were for determining energy
and force requirements of the expeller. Oil yield ranged from 11.42-28.6% with the highest obtained at
moisture content of 11%, temperature of 80oC, duration of 30 mins and pressure of 20 MPa. The FFA,
oil impurity and color ranged from 2.42-7.40 mg/KOH/g, 2.12-3.20% and 5.70-7.60 LU respectively
and fell within acceptable limits. The expressed and material balance efficiencies were 81.7 and 93.8%
respectively. Coefficients of determination (R2) for the oil yield, FFA, oil impurity and color were 0.77,
0.94, 0.98 and 0.99 respectively. Predicted optimum oil yield of 28.2% at moisture content of 11.30%,
temperature of 85.57oC, duration of 27.17 mins and pressure of 19.63 MPa was obtained. Deviations
between experimental and predicted values were low and ranged from 0.01-6.20, 0.01-0.68, 0.01-0.12
and 0.01-0.12 for the oil yield, FFA, color and oil impurity respectively. Moisture content, applied
pressure, heating temperature and duration influenced the quality and quantity of oil recovery from
moringa seeds using expeller. High oil expression efficiency obtained makes the expeller a potential for
moringa oil expression. (Fakayode, 2015)
The present disclosure describes in this study is an augmented medium for water purification
including a medium that is treated with Moringa oleifera coagulant protein (MOCP), as well as uses and
methods of making the same. The present disclosure also describes water filters including such
augmented medium, as well as methods of purifying water by using such filters. (Lisle et al, 2016)
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of using the byproduct of Moringa oleifera seeds as an
adsorbent for removal of cadmium (Cd) from contaminated water. The material characterization was
performed by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and point of zero charge. The effects
of the adsorbent mass, solution pH, contact time, and temperature were evaluated. In the preliminary
studies, the mass of adsorbent (200–1200 mg) and pH conditions (5.0, 6.0, and 7.0) were varied. The
time studies were performed at 20–180 min and the temperature studies at the range of 25–65 °C. The
optimal conditions of adsorption obtained were 400 mg of adsorbent mass, 7.0 pH, and 160 min contact
time with the adsorbent. The isotherms of adsorption were linearized according to Langmuir, Freundlich,
and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) models. The results showed better fit by the Freundlich and D-R
models for Cd adsorption, describing a multilayer adsorption and, according to the value of the sorption
energy (E), it has chemical nature. The maximum capacity of adsorption (Q m) obtained was 7.864 mg
g−1. For a comparative study, the activated carbon (P.A.) was used applying the same optimal conditions
used in the adsorption isotherms and desorption process for the biosorbent, obtaining a Q m as 32.884
mg g−1. The average desorption percentage showed that adsorbents have strong interaction with the
metal. Based on these results, it was concluded that the biosorbent was effective in remediation of
solutions containing Cd and thus the use of this alternative material is a viable option, since it has low
cost and it is a byproduct which has not undergone previous treatment. (Meneghel et al, 2013)
Moringa oleifera (Moringa) seeds contain a natural cationic protein (MOCP) that can be used as
an antimicrobial flocculant for water clarification. Currently, the main barrier to using Moringa seeds for
producing potable water is that the seeds release other water-soluble proteins and organic matter, which

26 | P a g e
increase the concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water. The presence of this DOM
supports the regrowth of pathogens in treated water, preventing its storage and later use. A new strategy
has been established for retaining the MOCP protein and its ability to clarify and disinfect water while
removing the excess organic matter. The MOCP is first adsorbed and immobilized onto sand granules,
followed by a rinsing step wherein the excess organic matter is removed, thereby preventing later growth
of bacteria in the purified water. Our hypotheses are that the protein remains adsorbed onto the sand after
the functionalization treatment, and that the ability of the antimicrobial functionalized sand (f-sand) to
clarify turbidity and kill bacteria, as MOCP does in bulk solution, is maintained. The data support these
hypotheses, indicating that the f-sand removes silica microspheres and pathogens from water, renders
adhered Escherichia coli bacteria nonviable, and reduces turbidity of a kaolin suspension. The
antimicrobial properties of f-sand were assessed using fluor30-04-2013escent (live-dead) staining of
bacteria on the surface of the f-sand. The DOM that can contribute to bacterial regrowth was shown to
be significantly reduced in solution, by measuring biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Overall, these
results open the possibility that immobilization of the MOCP protein onto sand can provide a simple,
locally sustainable process for producing storable drinking water. (Jerri et al, 2011)
This study is about the wastewater from concrete plants that has a high pH and a high
concentration of suspended solids, necessitating treatment before reuse or discharge into the
environment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of two chemical coagulants,
aluminum sulfate (Al-2(SO4)(3)) and iron chloride (FeCl3), and a natural coagulant, Moringa oleifera
(MO), all in their soluble forms, in the treatment of wastewater from concrete plants. To this end, the
efficiencies of the three coagulants, in combinations with different proportions, were tested. The quality
parameters of the wastewater obtained after the treatments were compared to the limit values for non-
potable water. The use of coagulants in their soluble form potentiates their effect, especially when
preparing the MO extract, i.e., greater amounts of the protein responsible for the coagulation is
extracted. A mixture with MO and Al-2(SO4)(3) in a 20:80 proportion showed the best results, with
97.5% of the turbidity removed at 60 min. of sedimentation, allowing the treated water to be used for
washing vehicles and flushing toilets. The FeCl3 treatment produced a high concentration of chlorides,
which could cause corrosion problems, and is therefore not recommended for concrete wastewater
treatment. (Martins et al, 2016)
This paper presents the results of experimental investigations carried out on partial replacement
of sand with laterite as it affects the compressive strength of sandcrete hollow blocks. Two mix
proportions (1:6 and 1:8) were used with laterite content varying between 0 and 50% at 10% intervals.
Hand and machine compaction methods were used. Curing was done by sprinkling water on the
specimens. The results showed that for each mix proportion and compaction method, the compressive
strength decreases with increase in laterite content. Machine compacted hollow sandcrete blocks made
from mix ratio 1:6 and with up to 10% laterite content is found suitable and hence recommended for
building construction having attained a 28-day compressive strength of 2.07N/mm2 as required by the

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Nigerian Standards. (Ata, 2007)
Full Text Available High-strength concrete is effectively used worldwide in the last three
decades, but it is more brittle in comparison with normal strength concretes. Partial substitution of
cement in concrete by active mineral additives and usage of chemical admixture of plasticizing and air-
entraining action can considerably change their fracture properties. The obtained results show that the
increase of the fracture properties is observed in concretes modified with chemical admixtures
incorporating mineral additives such as zeolite and limestone due to consolidation of the concrete
microstructure. Densification takes place as a result of limiting the amount of calcium hydroxide (CH
due to its reaction with active silica included in the zeolite and the formation of larger amounts of
hydrated calcium silicates of tobermorite type as well as calcium hydroaluminate and
hydrocarboaluminate with the simultaneous adsorption modification of hydrated products by chemical
admixtures. (Serhiy, 2017)
Experimental investigations on the properties of concrete have been performed around the globe
and their correlation is interpreted in relevant design codes. The structural behavior of cement concrete
significantly relies on the material resources, properties of the aggregates constituting the concrete and
the local construction practice. These factors vary from place to place. Therefore, the compressive
strength of concrete prepared from the aggregates available in one locality may not be directly
applicable to the other areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Influence of locally available
coarse aggregates on the compressive strength of normal weight concrete (NWC) prepared under local
environmental conditions of district Khairpur Mir's, Sindh, Pakistan. The coarse aggregates were
collected from five different quarries in the vicinity of Khairpur Mir's, Pakistan. In total; 180 cubes were
tested. 10 different batches were formed in order to arrange individual characterization of concrete. Each
batch was contained of 18 cubes and each quarry contains 2 batches making a total of 36 cube with four
different ratios for each quarry. Dry density and compressive strength of concrete was calculated, and a
comparison is provided as a guideline for the future construction work in the local community. (Qureshi
et al, 2015)
The success of any agricultural engineering design effort is determined largely by the availability
of data on the engineering properties that are useful in machine design for planting, harvesting, handling
to packaging. In this study, some mechanical properties of Moringa seeds were carried out. Angle of
repose and coefficient of friction were determined on five different surfaces namely: glass, aluminum,
wood, plastic and galvanized steel. Compression strength test was carried out using a universal testing
machine. At a moisture content of 8.33% wet basis, the surface with the highest angle of repose and
coefficient of friction is galvanized steel with average values of 18.84o and 0.3412 respectively, while
glass surface has the lowest, with average values of 15.06o and 0. 2691respectively.The average force at
break and force at yield are 63.19N and 32.06N respectively. These properties are necessary for the
design of equipment for harvesting, processing, transporting, separating, packing and storage processes.

28 | P a g e
(Adesina, 2014)
Polymer modified concrete and polymer modified mortar are recommended for construction that
built in aggressive environment such as seawater. This research wants to use Moringa oleifera as natural
polymer for ingredient of modified mortar polymer because of its benefit and to find how natural
polymer modified mortar with Moringa oleifera becomes durable in aggressive environment like in
seawater and brackish water. This research conducted by experimental method. Several mortar cubes
specimens with dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm were produced with compressive strength design
as f’c = 30 MPa. Mortar mix composed by 1:1:0,6 (cement:sand:water). This research used Moringa
oleifera powder as natural polymer, with and without skin. Total mix compositions for compressive test
were 13 mixes (with one plain mortar mix as control specimens). Specimens were cured by plain water,
seawater, and brakish water. The results of research note that: (1) natural polymer modified mortar with
Moringa oleifera has advantage in improving its bonding mechanism, strength and its durability in
seawater and brackish water; (2) The optimum composition of Natural polymer modified mortar with
Moringa oleifera is achieved by M-I-TK-02 that contains Moringa oleifera as 0.2% of cement weight.
(Hardjasaputra et al, 2007)
The effectiveness of Horseradish seed as a natural coagulant for domestic sewage treatment was
investigated in this study. A completely randomized design (CRD) was adopted for the treatment
process. The treatments included the control culture (no-Horseradish), 2 g, 4 g, and 6 g of Moringa
oleifera. Physical, bacteriological and chemical properties of domestic sewage were investigated before
and after treatment. The turbidity, water hardness, suspended solids, dissolved solids, biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) showed reductions while dissolved oxygen
(DO) showed some increase indicating that some level of treatment was achieved. There was no
significant difference between the pH, BOD and COD obtained for the 2 g, 4 g and 6 g treatments. The
study has revealed that Horseradish as a natural coagulant shows potential in the treatment of the
domestic sewage. (Akpenpuun, 2016)
This paper is aimed to the use of different types of industrial wastes in concrete production. From
examined waste (crushed concrete waste) our tested concrete samples with dimension 150 mm were
prepared. In these samples, fractions 4/8 mm and 8/16 mm by recycled concrete aggregate with a range
of variation from 0 to 100% were replaced. Experiment samples were tested for compressive strength
after 2, 7, 14 and 28 days of hardening. From obtained results it is evident that all samples prepared with
washed recycled concrete aggregates met the requirement of standard for compressive strength of 20
MPa already after 14 days of hardening. Sample prepared with recycled concrete aggregates (4/8 mm:
100% and 8/16 mm: 60%) reached 101% of compressive strength value (34.7 MPa) after 28 days of
hardening in comparison with the reference sample (34.4 MPa). The lowest strength after 28 days of
hardening (27.42 MPa) was obtained for sample consisting of recycled concrete in proportion of 40%
for 4/8 fraction and 100% for 8/16 fraction of recycled concrete. (Junak et al, 2006)

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The construction industry generates large amounts of waste, usually mixed, which can be
composed of different origin materials, most of them catalogued as non-hazardous. The European Union
targets for this waste for 2020 have been already achieved by the UK, but it is mainly developed in
downcycling processes (backfilling) whereas upcycling (such as recycle in new concrete batches) keeps
at a low percentage. The aim of this paper is to explore further in the use of recycled aggregates from
construction and demolition waste (CDW) in concrete mixes to improve upcycling. A review of most
recent research and legislation applied in the UK is developed regarding the production of concrete
blocks. As a case study, initial tests were developed with a CDW recycled aggregate sample from a
CDW plant in Swansea. Composition by visual inspection and sieving tests of two samples were
developed and compared to original aggregates. More than 70% was formed by soil waste from
excavation, and the rest was a mix of waste from mortar, concrete, and ceramics with small traces of
plaster, glass and organic matter. Two concrete mixes were made with 80% replacement of recycled
aggregates and different water/cement ratio. Tests were carried out for slump, absorption, density and
compression strength. The results were compared to a reference sample and showed a substantial
reduction of quality in both mixes. Despite that, the discussion brings to identify different aspects to
solve, such as heterogeneity or composition, and analyze them for the successful use of these recycled
aggregates in the production of concrete blocks. The conclusions obtained can help increase upcycling
processes ratio with mixed CDW as recycled aggregates in concrete mixes. (Papi et al, 2014)
A study of some moisture-dependent engineering properties of Moringa oleifera seed kernels was
carried out in relation to post harvest systems design. The investigation was done at four levels of
moisture content:10.0, 17.0, 24.0 and 32.0% wet basis. The properties studied include dynamic angle of
repose, angle of internal friction, angle of surface friction, coefficient of static friction at the four
selected moisture content. The effect of moisture content on these properties of Moringa oleifera seed
was investigated. Other properties studied include bio-yield force (80.297N to 44.127), rupture force
(110.037N to 60.658), deformation (2.337mm to 1.22N), energy for rupture (257.185J to 72.802J),
compressive strength (5.8378N/mm2 to 3.1864N/mm2) and modulus of elasticity (140.295N/mm2 to
94.191N/mm2). The angle of internal friction measured on plywood was 42.374° – 52.619°, mild steel
36.630° – 48.514°; angle of repose ranged from 17.643° – 23.500°, coefficient of friction as measured
on plywood was from 0.570 – 0.749, mild steel 0.480 – 0.674. Both linear and quadratic regression
equations established had very high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.9), which indicates that they
described the relationships reasonably well. The coefficient of static friction of seed was higher on
plywood surface and lower on mild steel. This information will provide engineering information for
designs of materials handling and postharvest equipment design. (Nwajinka et al, 1970)
Sedimentary rock is one of the commonest rock aggregates used in Nigeria for concrete
production. Its properties vary significantly from one quarry site to the other due to differences in
production technique and variability in physical properties of sedimentary rocks in general. The
Acquisition of the skill of knowing a good aggregate by visual inspection becomes necessary for users

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of these aggregates. This report, therefore, demonstrated the relative influences of aggregate strength,
porosity, grading and clay/silt contamination on the strength of concrete based on the experimental
results from three aggregate samples obtained from three different quarry sites, namely Umunya,
Umuaga and Nkwere-Ezunaka quarries. The samples from Umunya quarry had a very high percentage
of clay/silt contamination of 37.5% and very poor grading and therefore produced concrete of lowest
strengths. The samples from Nkwere-Ezunaka and Umuaga had very good grading, much lower silt/clay
contaminations, lower porosity and good aggregate strength and therefore produced concrete of
strengths much higher than that of Umunya sample. The presence of clay in all the samples affected the
strengths of the concrete generally as a result of the fact that stress must be transferred from the mortar
phase to the aggregate phase, it is only when the mortar phase is strong enough that the effects of the
aggregate phase become apparent. For this reason, the strengths of concretes from the three samples
were generally lower than expected. Stake holders were, therefore, advised to avoid aggregates with
contaminations above 5 percent. Very strong aggregates with crystalline texture were also recommended.
For all in aggregates, good grading was also recommended. (Aginam, 1970)
The coarse aggregates used in this research work were granite chippings from Abakaliki in
Ebonyi State and fine aggregates from Amansea River in Anambra State. These aggregates were tested
for their physical and mechanical properties based on BS 812: Part 2:1975 and BS 812: Part 3: 1975.
Concrete cubes were made, cured and tested according to BS 1881:1983. The research work made use of
Scheffe’s (4, 2) lattice polynomial with regression equations to develop mathematical models for the
prediction of the compressive strength characteristics of concretes made with these coarse aggregates.
The mathematical model developed was Ŷ = 30 x1+ 32 x2+ 19 x3+ 12 x4+ 2.8 x1 x2 - 0.8 x1 x3 - 5.6x1
x4 - 2.8 x2 x3 - 8 x2 x4+ 12 x3 x4. The student’s t-test and the Fisher test were used to test the adequacy
of this model. The strengths predicted by the model were in complete agreement with the experimentally
obtained values and the null hypothesis was satisfied. (Umeonyiagu et al, 1970)
Sedimentary rocks have mechanical properties that vary from one rock outcrop to the other. It is
not always easy to predict the strength of concrete made with sedimentary rock aggregate, because of
this variability, making it a poor substitute for granite in major constructions. This report is centered on
12-mm aggregate from Neyi-Aguleri gravel pit that has extra problem of silt contaminations which
causes greater uncertainty about the strength characteristics of its concrete. This report produced a
mathematical model for the strength of concrete made with 12-mm aggregate from Neyi-Aguleri as a
means of characterizing this aggregate in terms of quality and limitations of application. The model gave
an optimum strength of 11.110 N/mm2 for mix proportions of 1: 1.6: 3.1, and water-cement ratio of 0.
551.This strength was found to be very low when compared with recommendable values from code of
practice. It was therefore, recommended that the aggregate be avoided in structural concrete for bridges,
culverts, columns of building above three story’s and any other structural element where stress can be
above the calculated optimum value. It was recommended for short lintel beams of all buildings, when

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used at the obtained optimum mix proportion (Adianna, 2002)
The rapid urbanization in India was not accompanied by the establishment of waste water
treatment facility at similar and same pace. The inland fresh water ecosystem is increasingly subjected to
great stress from various human activities. Jalmahal Lake is in Jaipur city of Rajasthan state; the lake
was constructed about 400 years ago and surrounded by hills. The lake was approximately 139 hectares
in full spread and has catchment area of 23.5 sq. kilometer. Out of the total catchment area approximate
40% falls inside dense urban area of Jaipur city. During the showers, the treated and untreated waste
waters and runoff waters get mixed and enter the lake through the various influx channels, and the lake
water quality gets affected by the inflow of waste water. The main objective of this work was to use the
Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater in lake. Moringa oleifera is
a tropical, multipurpose tree whose seeds contain high-quality edible oil 40% by weight and water
soluble, non-toxic protein that act as an effective coagulant for the removal of organic matter in water
and waste water treatment. Laboratory Jar test procedure had been used for coagulation studies; an
experiment runs using lake water. Water extracts/powder of Moringa seed applied to treat polluted water
of lake. In present study various doses of Moringa oleifera seed coagulant viz. 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, and
400 mg/L were taken and checked for the efficiency dose on treated and untreated polluted water.
Turbidity and color removal are one of the important steps in a waste water treatment process. The
results indicate significant reduction in turbidity and color. Standard plate count was significantly
reduced fecal coliform levels too. All parameters were reduced with the increased dose of Moringa
oleifera. It was clear from the study Moringa oleifera seed was shown to be a potential bio-coagulant, for
treatment of sewage laden polluted water in the lake. (Sharma, 2001)
This paper presents the potential of bioethanol production from Moringa oleifera seeds husk
which contains lignocellulosic through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) process
by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This paper investigates the parameters which produce optimum
bioethanol yield. The husk was hydrolyzed using NaOH and fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
yeast. Batch fermentation was performed with different yeast dosage of 1, 3, and 5 g/L, pH value was
4.5, 5.0 and 5.5, and fermentation time of 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours. The temperature of fermentation process
in incubator shaker is kept constant at 32ÂºC. The samples are then filtered using a 0.20 Î¼m nylon
filter syringe. The yield of bioethanol produced was analyzed using High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the highest yield of 29.69 g/L was obtained at 3 hours
of fermentation time at pH of 4.5 and using 1g/L yeast. This research work showed that Moringa oleifera
seeds husk can be considered to produce bioethanol. (Ali, 2017)
Lead is a heavy metal considered highly toxic, responsible for causing several health problems as
well as being extremely harmful to fauna and flora. Given this fact, several techniques have been studied
for the removal of this metal from contaminated water, in which stands out adsorption. In this sense, the
objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of lead (II) biosorption from contaminated water by
seed husks, seeds and pods of Moringa oleifera Lam (moringa). Biomass was characterized by energy-

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dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy analyses. From the studied parameters, the optimal conditions obtained for the three
analyzed bio sorbents are: 30â€…min to equilibrium, pH 6 and 25Â°C temperature. The pseudo-second-
order kinetic model was the best fitted to the experimental data for the three evaluated bio sorbents.
Regarding the adsorption isotherms, the model that best fitted to the experimental data for seed and seed
husk was that proposed by Freundlich, and for the pod the Langmuir model. The analysis of the obtained
thermodynamic data showed that the adsorption process is favorable and of exothermic nature. Through
the results it was concluded that the evaluated bio sorbents are efficient in lead (II) biosorption. (Tavares
et. Al, 2017)
Considering the need of new technologies for the removal of pesticides from the aqueous
environment, the Moringa oleifera seed husks (h-MO) was investigated for the diuron adsorption from
contaminated water at different temperatures and solute concentrations. The bio sorbent used in this
study was characterized by chemical, structural and textural analyzes. The best experimental condition
for the biosorption was determined by evaluating the mass of the bio sorbent and the pH solution. It was
found a good adsorption capacity for the herbicide where the maximum adsorption capacity was 14.74
mg/g at pH 5 and 45Â°C. In addition, the adsorption process of diuron by the h-MO occurred
spontaneously, in which, Î”GÂ° values increased as the temperature increased meaning that the process
tends to a more energetically favorable process at higher temperatures. Both Langmuir and Sips
isotherm models presented satisfactory adjustment at all temperatures and the pseudo-second-order
model presented the best fit for the experimental results. The application of the intra-particle diffusion
model showed that the adsorption process started instantaneously through the boundary layer of the
adsorbent and that the pore diffusion step was a limiting step in the process. Finally, the capacity of the
h-MO was compared with other adsorbents that had been used to diuron removal from contaminated
where it was found that the adsorption capacity of the h-MO is much higher than other natural
adsorbents. (Bezerra et al, 2018)
Moringa oleifera husks (MOH) are an agricultural byproduct that may have potential as
adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions in wastewater such as copper (Cu2+). The release of Cu2+ to
the environment by the mining and electroplating industries cause a major problem because it is toxic
and can cause liver and kidney problems. Hence, it is important to remove copper before the wastewater
can be discharged to the environment. In order to increase the adsorption capacity, the MOH was
chemically modified using citric acid. The raw and modified MOH were analyzed using Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) for identification of functional groups present at the adsorbent surface. The
adsorption study was carried out using the batch technique in water bath shaker investigating different
parameters; adsorbent dosage (30 - 70 g/L), initial concentration of copper (30 - 150 mg/L), contact time
(2 - 90 min), temperature (27 - 60 Â°C) at constant agitation of 100 rpm. The concentrations of copper
in aqueous solution before and after the adsorption process was analyzed using Atomic Absorption
Spectrum (AAS). The highest percentage removal of copper was found at 10g/L of adsorbent dosage

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with 30 mg/L of initial concentration and temperature 30 Â°C. It was also observed that the adsorption
of copper by MOH was approaching to equilibrium at 60 min of reaction time. From the FTIR analysis,
it was found that the MOH contains hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine groups. The high adsorption capacity
of modified MOH to remove copper from aqueous solution makes it preferable and attractive alternative
to commercial adsorbent. (Ghafar et al, 2017)
Phytomedicines are believed to have benefits over conventional drugs and are regaining interest
in current research. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose herbal plant used as human food and an
alternative for medicinal purposes worldwide. It has been identified by researchers as a plant with
numerous health benefits including nutritional and medicinal advantages. Moringa oleifera contains
essential amino acids, carotenoids in leaves, and components with nutraceutical properties, supporting
the idea of using this plant as a nutritional supplement or constituent in food preparation. Some
nutritional evaluation has been carried out in leaves and stem. An important factor that accounts for the
medicinal uses of Moringa oleifera is its very wide range of vital antioxidants, antibiotics and nutrients
including vitamins and minerals. Almost all parts from Moringa can be used as a source for nutrition
with other useful values. This mini-review elaborate on details its health benefits. (Razis et al, 2014)
Moringa oleifera seed extract was tested for algae (Chlorella, Microcystis, Oocystis and
Scenedesmus) removal by Jar-test technique. This coagulant can be used in drinking water treatment.
Jar-test has been carried out in order to evaluate the efficiency of this natural coagulant agent inside real
surface water matrix. The influence of variables has been studied in this process, including operating
parameters such as coagulant dosage, initial algae concentration, pH, agitation time and water matrix.
Removal capacity is verified for water with high contamination of algae while the process is not affected
by the pH and water matrix. Coagulation process may be modelling through Langmuir and Freundlich
adsorption hypothesis, so acceptable r2 coefficients are obtained. (Moreno et al, 2016)
Moringa oleifera is a plant whose seeds have coagulation properties for treating water and
wastewater. In this study the coagulation efficiency of Moringa oleifera kept in different storage
conditions were studied. The Moringa oleifera seeds were stored at different conditions and durations;
open container and closed container at room temperature (28 degrees C) and refrigerator (3 degrees C)
for durations of 1, 3 and 5 months. Comparison between turbidity removal efficiency of Moringa
oleifera kept in refrigerator and room temperature revealed that there was no significant difference
between them. The Moringa oleifera kept in refrigerator and room temperature for one month showed
higher turbidity removal efficiency, compared to those kept for 3 and 5 months, at both containers. The
coagulation efficiency of Moringa oleifera was found to be dependent on initial turbidity of water
samples. Highest turbidity removals were obtained for water with very high initial turbidity. In summary
coagulation efficiency of Moringa oleifera was found independent of storage temperature and container,
however coagulation efficiency of Moringa oleifera decreased as storage duration increased. In addition,
Moringa oleifera can be used as a potential coagulant especially for very high turbidity water. (Katayon

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et al, 2006)
The purpose of this research was to investigate the feasibility of using Moringa oleifera seeds, or
the active components of the seeds, in the clarification of waters containing suspended mineral fines. In
comparative testing using a hematite suspension, the flocculating activity of Moringa oleifera seeds was
better than alum. Twenty milligrams of seed powder were enough to clarify the hematite to near zero
turbidity, while the same amount of alum had a minimal effect on turbidity. Extracts were prepared from
the seeds to separate the proteins. A crude protein extract was enriched by lowering the pH tomore 6.0.
Only 0.08 mg/L of the enriched extract was required to flocculate a minusil suspension. Environmentally
friendly protein flocculants could theoretically be produced and enhanced with recombinant DNA
techniques as an alternative to chemical flocculants currently used in water treatment. (Pickett, 1995)
Moringa oleifera is an indigenous plant to Malaysia whose seeds are used for water purification.
Many studies on Moringa oleifera have shown that it is highly effective as a natural coagulant for
turbidity removal. In this study, two different methods for extraction of Moringa's active ingredient were
investigated. Results of sodium chloride (NaCl) and distilled water extraction of Moringa oleifera seeds
showed that salt solution extraction was more efficient than distilled water in extracting Moringa's active
coagulant ingredient. The optimum dosage of shelled Moringa oleifera seeds extracted by the NaCl
solution was comparable with that of the conventional chemical coagulant alum. Moreover, the turbidity
removal efficiency was investigated for shelled Moringa oleifera seeds before drying in the oven under
different storage conditions (i.e. open and closed containers at room temperature, 27 Â°C) and durations
(fresh, and storage for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks from the time the seeds were picked from the trees). Our
results indicate that there are no significant differences in coagulation efficiencies and, accordingly,
turbidity removals between the examined storage conditions and periods. (Golestanbagh et al, 2011)
In developing countries like India, the deciding factors for the selection of the specific water
purification system are the flow rate, cost of implementation and maintenance, availability of materials
for fabrication or assembling, technical manpower, energy requirement and reliability. But most of them
are energy and cost intensive which necessitate the development of cost-effective water purification
system. In this study, the feasibility of development of an efficient and cost-effective water purifier using
Moringa oleifera cationic protein coated sand column to treat drinking water is presented. Moringa
oleifera seeds contain cationic antimicrobial protein which acts as bio coagulant in the removal of
turbidity and aids in water softening. The main disadvantage of using Moringa seeds in water
purification is that the dissolved organic matter (DOM) which is left over in the water contributes to
growth of any pathogens that encounter the stored water. To overcome this limitation, the Moringa
oleifera cationic protein coated sand (MOCP c-sand) is prepared in which the flocculant and
antimicrobial properties of the MOCP are maintained and the DOM to be rinsed away. The efficiency of
MOCP c-sand in removing suspended particles and reducing total hardness (TH), chloride, total
dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) was also studied. Also, it is shown that the
functionalized sand showed the same treatment efficiency even after being stored dry and in dehydrated

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condition for 3 months. This confirms MOCP c-sand's potential as a locally sustainable water treatment
option for developing countries since other chemicals used in water purification are expensive. (Nisha et
al, 2017)
The research work involves the development of better and reliable method for the bio-fabrication
of Zinc oxide nanoparticles through green method using Moringa Oleifera extract as an effective
chelating agent. The electrochemical activity, crystalline structure, morphology, isothermal behavior,
chemical composition and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles were studied using various
characterization techniques i.e. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), High
resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Selected area electron diffraction (SEAD),
Differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared
analysis (FTIR) and Ultraviolet spectroscopy studies (UV-vis). The electrochemical analysis proved that
the ZnO nano has high electrochemical activity without any modifications and therefore are considered
as a potential candidate in electrochemical applications. The XRD pattern confirmed the crystallinity and
pure phase of the sample. DSC/TGA analysis of ZnO sample (before annealing) revealed three
endothermic peaks around 140.8 Â°C, 223.7 Â°C and 389.5 Â°C. These endothermic peaks are
attributed to the loss of volatile surfactant, conversion of zinc hydroxide to zinc oxide nanoparticles and
transformation of zinc oxide into zinc nanoparticles. Mechanisms of formation of the ZnO nanoparticles
via the chemical reaction of the Zinc nitrate precursor with the bioactive compounds of the Moringa
oleifera are proposed for each of the major family compounds: Vitamins, Flavonoids, and Phenolic
acids. (Matinise et al, 2017)
In developing countries pond water is still widely used for drinking and household purposes,
which develops higher turbidity during rainy seasons and requires a large amount of chemical
coagulants, and this leads to high cost of treatment. To mitigate this, it is important to find an economical
and natural coagulant to treat turbid water. The present study is focused on using a plant-based
component as a natural coagulant that is sustainable and environment-friendly. This work focuses on the
extraction, isolation and purification of a natural coagulant from seed kernels of Moringa oleifera to
enhance its turbidity removal efficiency. The determination of themolecular weight of the purified
proteins was done using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The active
coagulant proteins were isolated using 30-60% and 60-80% saturation of ammonium sulfate. It was
observed that proteins with molecular weight less than 36‰ kDa have superior coagulation activity.
Turbidity removal efficiency of these active coagulant proteins was compared with alum. The possibility
of using Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural antimicrobial agent was also investigated. (Choudhary et
al, 2017)
To process the coal wastewater, the combination of chemical based technology of Advanced
Oxidation Process (AOP) of a strong oxidizer using TiO2 photocatalyst and biological treatment of
moringa seed powder (Moringa oleifera) is used in the composite form. AOP can be used as an

36 | P a g e
alternative treatment of coal wastewater which is quite economical and environmentally friendly. The
XRD results of TiO2 powder and the synthesis of TiO2 - is moringa seed powder in the form of
tetragonal crystals. The degradation results of the quality of the coal wastewater using TiO2 powder
reached a decrease of (TSS, Fe, Mn, Zn, Hg, Cu, Co, Cr, Al and Ni) by an average of 70% and the
increase of pH value of 7 at 200-minute stirring time. The decrease of the wastewater quality using the
synthesis of TiO2- moringa seed powder by using sunlight and without sunlight is detected negative (-)
at 200-minute stirring time. (Marhaini et al, 2018)
In the search for a cheaper material to effectively condition sludge, oil-free moringa seed was
prepared and tested. A Soxhlet apparatus was used to extract the oil from horseradish (Moringa oleifera).
The oil-free seed (marc) has been found to have higher conditioning potential than the ordinary moringa
seed. However, the traditional ferric chloride is still a better sludge conditioner than moringa seed marc.
For the digested domestic sludge used, optimum conditioning dosages were found to be 0.6, 0.80, and
1.10% of the total solids for ferric chloride, marc of the moringa seed, and ordinary moringa seed,
respectively. Since little or no operational material is lost in the extraction process, the moringa seed
marc is a promising conditioner in place of the ordinary seed. (Ademiluyi et al, 1990)
Moringa oleifera seeds, the crop of interest in this work is an oil-bearing seed which is a viable
source of biodiesel. Moringa seed is an oil-bearing seed with great potentials and this has necessitated
the development of a machine that can be used to shell the seed. In this work, moringa seed shelling
machine was designed and constructed. The major components of the machine include hopper,
Tangential Impact shelling Device (TISD), screen, fan compartment and outlets for both the kernels and
shells. The performance evaluation of the machine was carried out. The machine was tested by varying
the moisture content of the seed from 8.43% (w.b.) to 34.59% (w.b.) at five moisture levels (viz. 8.43,
11.38, 23.69, 29.56 and 34.59%) while dependent parameters such as machine capacity, shelling
efficiency, percentage whole kernel recovered, percentage broken kernel recovered, percentage
unshelled seeds and overall machine efficiency were determined. The machine capacity, shelling
efficiency and overall efficiency were found to have maximum values of 5.39 kg/hr, 86.00% and 57.98%
respectively at different moisture content levels while the percentage whole kernel recovered, broken
kernel recovered and unshelled seed recovered were found to be 52.38%, 23.00% and 7.67%
respectively at various moisture content levels. The values of parameters obtained showed the varying
effects of moisture content on the performance of the machine when using TISD for shelling moringa
seed. (Fadele et al, 2016)
Moringa oleifera is known as “horseradish tree” or “drumstick tree”, native to India, is one of the
best useful trees and an enormous amount of benefits in the world. Numerous Research reports have
appeared in different national and international scientific journals by studying its nutritional and
medicinal properties of Moringa over the past decades. Different reports show that due to its
multipurpose uses Moringa tree has recently grown attention in Ethiopia. Moringa oleifera is a tree that
is sometimes called a “Miracle Tree” because of all its parts are used for nutritional, pharmacological

37 | P a g e
properties. Moringa is a very valuable food crop (it is highly nutritive, grows very fast and drought
resistant) and even beyond food it serves many benefits in developing countries such as having an ability
to be used for some crafts (due to be a tree) and cleaning water. The Moringa tree can also play an
important role in soil and water conservation and mitigating climate change. This study provides a brief
overview about multipurpose of Moringa oleifera tree and its implication for climate Change mitigation.
The purpose of this brief reviews was to assess the published scientific journal suggestion on
multipurpose Moringa oleifera, to over view its medicinal and nutritional properties, suggest future
directions for policies, research, market and development strategies and finally to review its implication
for climate change mitigation. (Daba, 2016)
Coagulation of water involves the use of coagulating agents to bring the suspended matter in the
raw water together for settling and the filtration stage. Present study is aimed to examine the effects of
aluminum sulfate as coagulant in conjunction with Moringa Oleifera Coagulant Protein as coagulant aid
on turbidity, hardness, and bacteria in turbid water. A conventional jar test apparatus was employed for
the tests. The best removal was observed at a pH of 7 to 7.5 for all turbidities. Turbidity removal
efficiency was resulted between % 80 to % 99 by Moringa Oleifera Coagulant Protein as coagulant aid.
Dosage of coagulant and coagulant aid decreased with increasing turbidity. In addition, Moringa
Oleifera Coagulant Protein significantly has reduced the required dosage of primary coagulant. Residual
Al+3 in treated water were less than 0.2 mg/l and meets the environmental protection agency guidelines.
The results showed that turbidity reduction of % 85.9- % 98 paralleled by a primary Escherichia coli
reduction of 1-3 log units (99.2 – 99.97%) was obtained within the first 1 to 2 h of treatment. In
conclusions, Moringa Oleifera Coagulant Protein as coagulant aid can be used for drinking water
treatment without the risk of organic or nutrient release. We demonstrated that optimal design method is
an efficient approach for optimization of coagulation-flocculation process and appropriate for raw water
treatment. (Bina et al, 2007)
Moringa oleifera is a nutritious vegetable tree with varieties of potential uses, as almost every
part of the Moringa oleifera tree can be used for food. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria,
to find out the level of acceptability of Moringa oleifera diversified products among rural and urban
dwellers. Purposive sampling was used to select two local governments’ areas. Stratified sampling
technique was also used to select one community each from rural and urban areas while snowball
sampling technique was used to select ten respondents each from the two communities, making a total
number of forty respondents. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, Chi-square, Pearson
Product Moment Correlation and regression analysis. Result from the study revealed that majority of the
respondents (80%) fell within the age range of 20-49 years and 55% of them were male, 55% were
married, 70% of them were Christians, 80% of them had tertiary education. The result also showed that
85% were aware of the Moringa plant and (65%) of them have consumed Moringa oleifera and the
perception statements on the benefits of Moringa oleifera indicated that (52.5%) of the respondents rated
Moringa oleifera to be favorable, most of them had high acceptability for Moringa egusi soup, Moringa

38 | P a g e
tea, Moringa pap and yam pottage with Moringa. The result of the hypotheses testing showed that there
is a significant relationship between sex of the respondents and acceptability of the diversified Moringa
oleifera products (x2=6.465, p = 0.011). There is also a significant relationship between family size of
the respondent’s level of acceptability of the Moringa oleifera products (r = 0.327, p = 0.040). Based on
the level of acceptability of Moringa oleifera diversified products; the plant is of great economic
importance to the populace. Therefore, there should be more public awareness through the media to
enlighten people on the beneficial effects of Moringa oleifera. (Oyewole et al, 2007)
In this study, statistical optimization design was used to study the optimum disinfection
parameters using defatted crude Moringa oleifera seed extracts against Escherichia coli (E. coli)
bacterial cells. The classical one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) was
used. The possible optimum range of dosage contact time and mixing rate from the OFAT study were
25mg/l to 200mg/l, 30minutes to 240 minutes and 100rpm to 160rpm respectively. Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) of the statistical optimization using faced centered central composite design showed that
dosage, contact time and mixing rate were highly significant. The optimum disinfection range was
125mg/l, at contact time of 30 minutes with mixing rate of 120 rpm. (Muyibi, 2007)
The present study aims to investigate the performance of Moringa oleifera seed extract as natural
coagulant in clarification of secondary wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) located in East of Algiers,
Algeria. Coagulation flocculation performance of Moringa oleifera was evaluated through supernatant
residual turbidity after jar test trials. Various influence parameters namely Moringa oleifera dosage and
pH have been considered. Tests on Reghaia wastewater, having 129 NTU of initial turbidity, showed a
removal of 69.45% of residual turbidity with only 1.5 mg/l of Moringa oleifera. This sufficient removal
capability encourages the use of this bioflocculant for treatment of turbid waters. Indeed, Moringa
oleifera which is a natural resource available locally (South of Algeria) coupled to the non-toxicity,
biocompatibility and biodegradability, may be a very interesting alternative to the conventional
coagulants used so far. (Zemmouri et al, 2007)
Ground water harvesting is a method of collecting surface runoff from a catchment’s area and
storing it in surface reservoirs. The water harvested is usually contaminated and turbid. Methods used to
purify water include filtration, sedimentation, boiling and chlorination. This project was carried out in
Nyatike district, Western Kenya where water is scarce and water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid
and dysentery are prevalent. The main objectives of the research were to disseminate water harvesting
technology using hand-dug water pans and to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera seed extract as
water purifier. Sites were identified for construction of demonstration water pans. Moringa seeds were
milled after which methanol was used to extract water soluble components. Representative water
samples from Victoria Lake, Kuja River and Otho pond were collected and subjected to purification
studies using M. oleifera seed extract and aluminum sulfate. M. oleifera was also tested for antibacterial
activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) Salmonella typhii and Vibrio cholerae (ref. Romel Cary
Blair Lot. 452610). A total of 452 farmers were trained in water harvesting and purification

39 | P a g e
technologies. Studies on water purification indicated that Alum lowered the water pH from 7.4 to 4.4
while samples treated with Moringa extract did not affect water pH. Alum was the better water purifier
whereby application of 0.25 g/L decreased water turbidity from 310.7 to 1.1 NTU while M. oleifera
decreased turbidity to 45.6 NTU. M. oleifera extract showed antibacterial activity. S. typhii was the most
sensitive while V. cholera was the least sensitive. (Futil et al, 2011)
The use of Moringa oleifera seed extracts both as primary coagulant aid and its conjunctive use
with alum in treating low turbidity waters was studied. The laboratory-based studies used the natural
polyelectrolyte to treat waters with turbidities between 23 and 90 ntu, obtained from three surface water
sources in Kano, Nigeria. On the average, 50% turbidity removal was achieved when Moringa oleifera
was used as primary coagulant. In combination with alum, the rates at which flows were formed were
the same or often faster than with alum alone. In this study, between 40 and 80% savings in alum was
observed. When used as a coagulant aid, the optimum dose was found to be 10 mg/1 while that of alum
was 20 mg/1. Finally, it was observed that the time Moringa oleifera is applied (after slow mixing), is
critical in determining the efficiency of coagulation. The optimum time for this was found to be 50
seconds after slow mixing. (Okuofu et al, 1994)
This research aims to find an optimum mixture ratio that consists of natural and chemical
coagulants and using it for sludge dewatering. Moringa oleifera seed extract by NaCl solution (1 M) was
used as natural coagulant due to its characteristics such as availability, low cost, biodegradable, and it is
environmentally friendly. This natural coagulant was combined with aluminum sulphate
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O (alum) as chemical coagulant. Sludge samples were prepared from kaolin suspension
(5% w/v) with distilled water. The purpose of the mixed coagulant is to produce a mixture with low
chemical content and high dewatering efficiency, and to involve the natural coagulant in sludge
dewatering process. The use of mixed coagulant can achieve less hazardous impacts to human health and
environment. Optimization of process conditions (the first optimization) was done using three factors:
M. oleifera dosage, pH, and mixing time. The second optimization was done to determine the optimum
mixture ratio between alum and M. oleifera using Quadratic Mixture Model optimization. This
optimization (mixture ratio optimization) was run under the same optimum values of dosage, pH, and
mixing time obtained from the first optimization to optimize the coagulation efficiency of M. oleifera
seed extract. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was used as response for both optimization steps,
and the results were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) approach by Design-Expert v9
software. Results showed that the optimum SRF value obtained from the first optimization was 1.1E+11
m/kg at dosage of 235.58 mg/L, pH of 6.5, and mixing time of 21.2 min at R2 = 95.8%. For the second
optimization, the optimum SRF value was 0.8E+11 m/kg for the ratio of 50:50 for alum and M. oleifera
seed extract. At this ratio, dewatering efficiency was the same as the efficiency of alum alone (0.8E+11
m/kg). Using mixed coagulant at ratio of 50:50 for alum and M. oleifera seed extract, sludge dewatering
efficiency can be high with 50% elimination of alum use. (Abdulazeez et al, 2016)
An experiment was conducted to study the influence of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) as a functional

40 | P a g e
feed additive on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum lipid profile of broiler
chickens, 288-day-old commercial broiler chicks randomly divided into three equal groups containing 2
replicates of 48 chicks were offered a standard broiler diet (C) or Moringa oleifera leaves supplemented
diet at 0.25% (MOL-1) and 0.40% (MOL-2) on dry matter basis by partial replacement of sesame cake
of control diet for 42 days. Incorporation of MOL at both 0.25% and 0.40% levels significantly (p<
0.01) improved the body weight and feed efficiency. There was significant (p< 0.01) reduction in
mortality rate and serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and increase in HDL-cholesterol
in MOL supplemented birds. However, non-significant (p> 0.05) variation was observed between the
birds fed MOL-1 and MOL-2 diet. The cost of broiler production was reduced (15%) due to
supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaves. (Viswavidyalaya et al, 2013)
Compressive strength, gas permeability and carbonation of high-performance concrete (HPC)

with fly ash (FA) or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were experimentally investigated
and the relationships among them were analyzed. Test results showed that influences of FA with
replacement up to 60% on these properties investigated are significantly affected by water–binder (w/b)
ratios. However, unlike FA, influences of GGBFS on HPC are little affected by w/b ratios, similar
changing trends could be observed for both w/b ratios selected. Moreover, HPC with GGBFS shows
much better performance than that with FA at the same w/b ratio. In general, replacing FA/GGBFS with
cement could not benefit the properties investigated, especially at the higher w/b ratio selected and
relationship between compressive strength and gas permeability of HPC greatly depends on w/ ratios
and mineral admixture types. Carbonation is obviously related to gas permeability for both HPC with
FA/GGBFS. (Shi et al, 2009)
This research focuses on studying the effect different admixtures materials (silica fume, fly ash,
slag, and their combinations) on strength and durability of concrete cured for a short period of time—14
days. This work primarily deals with the characteristics of these materials, including strength, durability,
and resistance to wet and dry and freeze and thaw environments. Over 16 mixes were made and
compared to the control mix. Each of these mixes was either differing in the percentages of the additives
or was combinations of two or more additives. All specimens were moist cured for 14 days before
testing or subjected to environmental exposure. The freeze–thaw and wet–dry specimens were also
compared to the control mix. Results show that at 14 days of curing, the use of admixtures materials
reduced both strength and freeze–thaw durability of concrete. The combination of 10% silica fume, 25%
slag, and 15% fly ash produced high strength and high resistance to freeze–thaw and wet–dry exposures
as compared to other mixes. This study showed that it is imperative to cure the concrete for an extended
period, especially those with fly ash and slag, to obtain good strength and durability. Literature review
on the use of different supplementary cementitious materials in concrete to enhance strength and
durability was also reported. (Toutanji et al, 2004)
Placing characteristics of concrete can be enhanced by using plasticizing and super plasticizing
admixtures without any change in the water-cement ratio with respect to the plain mixture. The main
ingredients used in superplasticizers are based on sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF) condensate
or naphthalene formaldehyde (SNF) condensate. More recently, a new family of products, based on
acrylic polymers (AP), has been proposed. These polymers are more effective than those based on SMF
or SNF in terms of lower base water-cement ratio at a given slump and lower slump loss. Moreover, the
effectiveness of the AP-based superplasticizers does not depend significantly on the mode of addition,

41 | P a g e
whereas the slump level of concrete mixes with SMF- and SNF-based admixtures is much higher with a
delayed addition of superplasticizer with respect to that of mixing water. The dispersion of cement
particles responsible for the fluidity increase, caused by the superplasticizer addition, is not necessarily
related to the electrostatic repulsion associated with zeta potential measurements, as it was found for
SMF- and SNF-based admixtures. For the AP-based superplasticizers, the polymer adsorption, rather
than the electrostatic repulsion, is responsible for the dispersion of large agglomerates of cement
particles into smaller ones, which results in a remarkable increase in the fluidity of cement mixes.
(Collepardi, 1998)
This chapter reviews admixtures in concrete. Recent progress occurring in cement and concrete
technology is related to the use of admixtures. Admixtures are inorganic or organic products, which,
when added in small amounts, modify some properties of the comminuted, dry or dispersed-in-water
materials. The great number of products proposed as admixtures and the various effects that each of
them can produce make their classification difficult. These products are generally subdivided into
admixtures for cement and admixtures for concrete. The former is used to improve the technological
process of the cement production; the latter modify properties of concrete, by reducing or enhancing
them. However, this subdivision is not strict as the same admixture can be used in cement and concrete
for different purposes. A second criterion of classification subdivides admixtures according to the
primary function they have. (Massazza, 1983)
The manufacture of very high strength concrete (28-day compressive strength higher than 80
MPa) often involves the addition of ultrafine particles together with large proportions of organic
admixtures. This article compares the effectiveness of different fillers and their mixture. Silica fumes are
found to be the most effective addition, and they are investigated more particularly in terms of their
effect on the properties of mortars according to their proportion (optimum proportion) and quality
(chemical composition). (De Larrard, 1989)
In the design of concrete hollow‐block masonry, different codes recommend different procedures for
determination of the compressive strength of masonry. There is yet no acceptance of a single standard
test. Reviewing the present specifications and the various theoretical and experimental research in this
area, the need for a detailed study of the important parameters influencing the compression behavior of
concrete hollow‐block masonry prisms is brought out. A theoretical investigation has been undertaken
using a three‐dimensional finite element analysis. The effects of different parameters (such as type of
hollow‐block geometry, bonding arrangements, type of mortar bedding, and mortar material properties)
on the behavior of masonry prisms under axial compression are discussed. Recommendations are made
to evolve more rational specifications and a uniform test procedure. (Ganesan et al,1992)
The property of expansion and drying shrinkage of small concrete hollow blocks is one of the main
causes that results in cracks of a block building; and people have attached importance to their harm.
Tests were conducted with walls of the same dimension in a room designed by us to ensure invariable
relative humidity. Through the tests, the influence of relative humidity, time, duration surfacing materials
on deformation of block walls was investigated. Also, the shrinkage ratio of block walls was achieved
under 65% relative humidity and 45% relative humidity, which may be a reference for the design of such

42 | P a g e
walls. (Zhou Jin et al, 2004)
The application of recycled aggregates into producing concrete hollow blocks is an important issue
for the building energy conservation and the innovation of wall materials as well as the high efficiency
recycling of waste concrete. This study deals with the compressive performance of concrete hollow
blocks produced with recycled aggregates. The influence of recycled aggregate different gradation fly
ash and polypropylene fibers contents on compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks are
experimentally investigated. It was found the concrete hollow blocks produced with recycled aggregates
can achieve ideal strength and can be used as bearing units in the masonry structure through a reasonable
selection of the recycled aggregate, fly ash and polypropylene fibers contents. (ZHOU Xian-wen, 2007)
In order to study the possibility of constructing nine-story masonry building with concrete block in
seismic regions of intensity Ⅷ, a new bearing wall system of small-size hollow concrete blocks, with
installed tie columns and grouted reinforced cores, was proposed and a 1/4 scale model was built. The
circlic static load test and shacking table test were carried out. Some results, such as earthquake-
resistance capacity and collapse mode of the test model, are obtained. The test results show that the
concrete block masonry buildings with installed tie columns and grouted reinforced cores have good
seismic performance and the construction of nine-story concrete block masonry buildings in the regions
of intensity Ⅷ is quite feasible. (MIAO Qisong et al, 2004)
This paper deals with correlations among mechanical properties of hollow blocks and those of
concrete used to make them. Concrete hollow blocks and test samples were molded with plastic
consistency concrete, to assure the same material in all cases, in three different levels of strength
(nominally 10 N/mm², 20 N/mm² and 30 N/mm²). The mechanical properties and structural behavior in
axial compression and tension tests were determined by standard tests in blocks and cylinders. Stress and
strain analyses were made based on concrete’s modulus of elasticity obtained in the sample tests as well
as on measured strain in the blocks’ face-shells and webs. A peculiar stress-strain analysis, based on the
superposition of effects, provided an estimation of the block load capacity based on its deformations. In
addition, a tentative method to preview the block deformability from the concrete mechanical properties
is described and tested. This analysis is a part of a broader research that aims to support a detailed
structural analysis of blocks, prisms and masonry constructions. (Barbosa et al,2009)
The high-water consumption and large amount of wastewater generated in the concrete industry has
received special attention as an environmental issue. When untreated, the concrete wastewater has
characteristics that prevent it from being safely disposed or even reused. This paper proposes a
complementary treatment for wastewater from a concrete plant, which has a conventional treatment
system composed by sedimentation tanks. The proposed process uses Al2(SO4)3 and Moringa
oleifera (MO) as coagulants. With this combination of coagulants, more than 90% of the turbidity was
removed, and a ratio of 20:80 (w/w) was obtained for MO and Al2(SO4)3. After treatment, the

43 | P a g e
wastewater was suitable for reuse in washing vehicles or flushing toilets. (de Paula et al,2014)
The existence of an environmental crisis resulting from the unbalanced exploration of natural resources
is a concerning situation and entails the need for sustainable development. In the paving sector, warm
asphalt mixtures, which are produced in lower temperatures than conventional mixtures, reduce the
impacts to the environment and workers health, and the energy consumption. Among the techniques
developed to the production of warm mixtures, it is highlighted the addition of an oil, usually organic, to
the conventional binder, decreasing its viscosity. Moringa oleifera Lam seeds have an oil content
varying between 38 and 40% and have antioxidant and lubricant properties. The present work aimed to
analyze the rheological properties of asphalt binder and the mechanical properties of asphaltic mixtures
using modified binders by the addition of Moringa oil in the contents of 0.5 and 1.0%. It was performed
the physical characterization of binders and aggregates used. The Marshall Mix design method was
performed and specimens for mechanical tests were produced. The results for Marshall Stability, Flow,
Cantabro Loss, Indirect Tensile Strength, Resilient Modulus, Fatigue Life and Dynamic Creep tests were
satisfactory when compared to results for the reference sample (using pure binder). (Rodrigues et al,
2017)
Definition of Terms:
 Admixture - ingredients in concrete other than Portland cement, water, and aggregate that are
added to the mix immediately before or during mixing
 Seeds - a flowering plant's unit of reproduction, capable of developing into another such plant.
 Coarse Aggregate - any particles greater than .187-inch (4.75mm) but generally range between
3.8 and 1.5 inches (i)5mm to 37.5 in diameter.
 Curing – is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within
a reasonable temperature range. The period in which the concrete mixed can reach design
strength. The usual curing period is 7, 14, 28-day period.
 Fine Aggregate – is a natural sand but in some area crushing stone or gravel manufacturing it.
 Natural Aggregates – consist of crushed stone and sand and gravel, are among the most
abundant natural resources and a major basic raw material used by construction
 Portland cement – is the most common type of cement - 'basic cement', if you like. Ordinary
Portland cement is the normal, grey, cement with which most people are familiar.
 Slump – a measure of consistency of concrete.
 Specific Gravity – ratio of mass (or the weight in air 0 of a unit volume of materials to the mass
of the same volume of water.
 Universal testing machine (UTM) -also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine
or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials.
 Water Cement Ratio – is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a
concrete mix

44 | P a g e
XI. Documentation
M
O RI
N G
A
OLEIFERA SEEDS WITH SKIN MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS WITHOUT SKIN

45 | P a g e
CEMENT MIXING OF MORINGA OLEIFERA TO

THE SAND,
WATER AND GRAVEL

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PUTTING THE AGGREGATES TO THE MOULDING MACHINE
CURING UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

XII. Reference
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removal from contaminated water (2017).
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Dey, A., De, P.S., Banga, U., & Viswavidyalaya, K. (2013) Influence of Moringa Oleifera leaves as a
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MA Jian-suo 1, CAI Huan-qin 2, BAI Run-shan 1, ZHANG Yu 1 (1. Hebei Insititute of Architectural and
Civil Engineering, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; 2. Zhangjiakou 1st Construction Engineering
Co.,Ltd.,Zhangjiakou 075000,China);Design and preparation of hard shell pumice concrete hollow block
Miao, Q., He, X., Zhou, B. Z., Liu, T. C., Wang, Z. P., & Gu, T. Z. (2000). Experimental study on
aseismic behavior of nine-story masonry building with small-size hollow concrete blocks. Journal of
Building Structures, 21(4), 13-21.
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concrete masonry prisms. Materials and Structures, 43(3), 331-344.
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comparison between vegetation, concrete hollow block, and panel concrete. Procedia Environmental
Sciences, 30, 217-221.
Ogunsina, B. S. (2014). Some engineering properties of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) seeds. JOURNAL
OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, 22(1), 52-65.
process by coagulation combining aluminum sulfate and Moringa oleifera powder. Journal of cleaner
production, 76, 125-130.
Rodrigues, Y. O., Costa, D. B., Lucena, L. C. D. F. L., & Lopes, M. C. (2017). Performance of warm
mix asphalt containing Moringa oleifera Lam seeds oil: Rheological and mechanical
properties. Construction and Building Materials, 154, 137-143.

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XIII. Appendix
I. Tables for Weight Data in grams
FOR 7 DAYS OF CURING
TRIAL
1 2 3
CASE AVERAGE
Controlled 7000 6999 7001 7000
Sample
5% with skin 6999.75 7001.75 7000.25 7000.58
5% without 6998.75 7000.50 6999.98 6999.74
skin
7.5% with skin 6998.75 6999.50 7002.25 7000.17
7.5% without 6998.25 6999.75 7000.25 6999.42
skin
TRIAL
CASE 1 2 3 AVERAGE
Controlled 7000.75 7000.50 6999.50 7000.08

Sample
5% with skin 7000.75 7000.25 7001.75 7000.92
5% without skin 6999 7000.50 7002.75 7000.75
7.5% with skin 7003 6999.75 7002.25 7001.67
7.5% without 6999.25 7000.50 7001 7000.25

skin

54 | P a g e
TRIAL
CASE 1 2 3 AVERAGE
Controlled 7001.25 7000.50 7000 7000.58

Sample
5% with skin 6999.75 7000.50 7001.75 7000.67
5% without skin 6999.50 7000.50 6999.50 6999.83
7.5% with skin 7002 6999.75 7001.50 7001.08
7.5% without 7000 7003.25 6999.75 7001

skin
II. Tables for Compressive Strength Data
CASE TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 AVERAGE
0% 0.66 0.69 0.82 0.723
5% WITH SKIN 1.38 1.22 1.43 1.343
5% WITHOUT 1.56 1.48 1.59 1.543

SKIN
7.5% WITH 1.67 1.69 1.74 1.7
SKIN
7.5% WITHOUT 1.76 1.81 1.97 1.847
SKIN

55 | P a g e
0% 1.23 0.98 0.92 1.043
5% WITH SKIN 1.80 1.78 2.01 1.863
5% WITHOUT 1.93 1.87 1.89 1.897

SKIN
7.5% WITH 2.06 1.84 2.03 1.977
SKIN
7.5% WITHOUT 2.20 2.05 2.36 2.203
SKIN
0% 1.16 1.08 1.20 1.15
5% WITH SKIN 1.99 2.01 2.00 2.00
5% WITHOUT 2.17 2.12 1.97 2.09

SKIN
7.5% WITH 2.04 2.17 2.61 2.27
SKIN
7.5% WITHOUT 2.22 2.40 2.61 2.41
SKIN
III.Tables for Load Data

56 | P a g e
0% 18.98 19.73 23.61 20.773

5% WITH SKIN 38.81 37.95 40.18 38.98
5% WITHOUT 42.41 41.49 43.55 42.483

SKIN
7.5% WITH 45.25 46.17 49.21 46.877
SKIN
7.5% WITHOUT 49.31 50.33 56.59 52.08
SKIN
0% 34.82 27.7 26.54 29.687

5% WITH SKIN 51.84 51.03 52.36 51.743
5% WITHOUT 56.90 53.98 56.80 55.893

SKIN
7.5% WITH 58.52 52.89 58.23 56.547
SKIN
7.5% WITHOUT 63.33 60.55 68.80 64.227
SKIN

57 | P a g e
0% 31.33 30.74 34.46 32.177
5% WITH SKIN 57.10 57.71 57.30 57.37
5% WITHOUT 62.33 60.66 56.59 59.86

SKIN
7.5% WITH 60.48 62.12 74.93 65.843
SKIN
7.5% WITHOUT 63.59 68.92 74.79 69.1
SKIN

58 | P a g e

The Effects of Horseradish Seeds To The Compressive Strength of A Hollow Block

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The Effects of Horseradish Seeds To The Compressive Strength of A Hollow Block

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Construction Materials and Testing 2019

III. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Horseradish is a fast-growing softwood tree indigenous to sub-Himalayan tracts of

A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the construction of walls. It is

Statement of the Problem:

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Significance of the Study:

Scope and Delimitation

Technological Institute of the Philippines

 Mortar and pestle

Mixing, Curing and Testing:

Procedure of Compressive Strength Test according to ASTM C39

Technological Institute of the Philippines

The experimental research is concerned primarily on determining the structural performance

Computing the Area of a Hollow Block

Technological Institute of the Philippines

VII. Data Results

SPECIFICATION OF THE HOLLOW BLOCK

Sand-Cement Ratio 1:3

CONVENTIONAL MIX DESIGN (7 DAYS)

MIX DESIGN (5% HORSERADISH SEED

MIX DESIGN (5 HORSERADISH SEED

Technological Institute of the Philippines

MIX DESIGN (7.5% HORSERADISH

MIX DESIGN (7.5 HORSERADISH

DATA GATHERED FROM TESTING AFTER 7 DAYS OF CURING

5% w/ skin 38.81 37.95 40.18 38.98

Technological Institute of the Philippines

7 DAYS: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)

Technological Institute of the Philippines

CONVENTIONAL MIX DESIGN

Technological Institute of the Philippines

MIX DESIGN (5% HORSERADISH SEED

MIX DESIGN (5% HORSERADISH SEED

MIX DESIGN (7.5% HORSERADISH SEED

MIX DESIGN (7.5% HORSERADISH SEED

Technological Institute of the Philippines

TRIAL AREA (MM2) LOAD (KN)

DATA GATHERED FROM TESTING AFTER 14 DAYS OF CURING

5% w/ skin 51.84 51.03 52.36 51.743

14 DAYS: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)

MIX DESIGN TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 AVERAGE

Technological Institute of the Philippines

CONVENTIONAL MIX DESIGN

Technological Institute of the Philippines

MIX DESIGN (5% HORSERADISH SEED

MIX DESIGN (5% HORSERADISH SEED

MIX DESIGN (7.5% HORSERADISH SEED

Technological Institute of the Philippines

DATA GATHERED FROM TESTING AFTER 28 DAYS OF CURING

5% w/ skin 57.10 57.71 57.30 57.37

28 DAYS: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)

MIX DESIGN TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 AVERAGE

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines