Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 12 / Class Summary

A THAI FOOD TRUCK

Un Camión de Comida Thai

 My favorite restaurant, Chameleon, closed last
week. The owners must have gotten tired of
running a restaurant. It’s a lot of work.
 Remember
 Use modals + have + past participle for speculating
about the past.
 I had been thinking about opening a Mexican
restaurant for years.
 Use past perfect continuous to talk about an
activity that was in progress over a period of
time, up to a specific point in the past.
 Past perfect continuous = had + been + verb-ing

 Modals include: must, might, can, could, mustn’t,

 However, due to the delicious Thai food served
can’t, should
at Chameleon, I changed my mind.

 I wish they were still open. And I wish they had
told us they were going to close; I would have
gone more often!
 Use wish + past simple to express present wishes.
 Use wish + past perfect to express wishes about
the past.
 Use due to and because of + noun and since or
because + clause to show cause and effect.
 Hopefully, by this time next year I will have
bought the food truck and started my business.
 Use the future perfect to talk about something
that will be done before a certain time in the future.

 My goal is to open a food truck that serves  Future perfect = will + have + past participle
Thai food.

 Use the nouns goal, aim, hope, plan, etc. + to be +

verb to talk about future hopes and intentions.

 Mi restaurant favorito, Chameleon, cerró la semana pasada. Los dueños deben haberse cansado de dirigir un
restaurant. Es mucho trabajo. / Desearía que estuvieran abiertos todavía. Y desearía que nos hubiesen dicho que
iban a cerrar; ¡habría ido más seguido! / Mi meta es abrir un camión de comida que sirva comida Thai. / He estado
pensando acerca de abrir un restaurant de comida mexicana por años. / Sin embargo, debido a la deliciosa comida
Thai servida en el Chameleon, cambié de opinión. / Ojalá que para esta época el próximo año, habré comprado el
camión de comida y comenzado mi negocio.

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 Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 12 / Class Summary

FINALIZING A PRESENTATION
Terminando una Presentación

Since my alarm didn’t go off today, I didn’t

wake up on time.

There was a lot of rain and wind last

night, so it must have cut the electricity.

If only I hadn’t arrived so late to work! I’m

behind on my presentation and the goal is to have
everything done by 2 p.m. today. The videos still
need editing and I should upload the images.

I’ll be finishing up a report in

the next hour, so I can help you.

Thank you! By the time you finish your

report, I will have uploaded everything.
Could you review it all?

Of course. I had planned to review everything

before sending it to George, so don’t worry.

 Debido a que mi alarma no sonó hoy, no me levanté a tiempo. / Había mucha lluvia y viento anoche, así es que
debe haberse cortado la electricidad. / ¡Si solo no hubiese llegado tan tarde a trabajar! Estoy atrasada en
mi presentación y la meta es tener todo listo para las 2 de la tarde hoy. Los videos todavía necesitan edición
y yo debería subir las imágenes. / Estaré terminando un informe en la próxima hora, para poder ayudarte. /
¡Gracias! Para cuando termines el informe, yo habré subido todo. ¿Podrías tú revisarlo todo? / Por supuesto.
Había planificado revisar todo antes de mandárselo a George, así es que no te preocupes.

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 Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 12 / Key Tables

Modals of Deduction LANGUAGE BUILDER

Use modal + have + past participle to speculate about the past.

100% Certain 50% Certain

 She must’ve turned off her phone. She might’ve gotten stuck in traffic.
She could’ve gone to a different cafe.

 She can’t have forgotten! She might not have set her alarm.

Asking about the Past

 Could she have forgotten the meeting?

Might she have gone to a different cafe?

 Remember
 Must’ve = must have, might’ve = might have, could’ve = could have, should’ve = should have

 Do not use can have: She can have forgotten the meeting. She could’ve forgotten the meeting.

 Only use can in the negative when you are very sure about something: She can’t have gone to a different
cafe; I sent her the address last night.

Past Perfect vs. Past Perfect Continuous LANGUAGE BUILDER

Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

Use the past perfect to emphasize that an action
is completed.
had + past participle
I hadn’t driven very far, so my husband picked me up.
Use the past perfect continuous to emphasize
the duration of a past activity.
had been + verb -ing
I hadn’t been driving for more than 2 minutes when
I got a flat tire.

 Remember
 Many times either the past perfect or the past perfect continuous can be used: I’d worked there for
2 years when the new boss started. I’d been working there for 2 years when the new boss started.

 I’d = I had; you’d = you had; he’d = he had; she’d = she had; we’d = we had; they’d = they had

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 Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 12 / Key Tables

Future Tenses LANGUAGE BUILDER

Predictions Predictions with Evidence Promises Offers

will + simple verb be going to + simple verb will + simple verb will/shall + simple verb

Next year will be tough. Based on figures, next year
I probably won’t have is going to be tough.
a job. I saw the other team. It’s
not going to be an easy win.
Requests Decisions Made at the
Moment of Speaking
will + simple verb will + simple verb
I’ll talk to you soon.
I won’t tell anyone!
Plans Decided on
in the Past
be going to + simple verb
I’ll help you!
Shall I choose any
vineyard or do you have
a favorite?
Arrangements
present continuous

Will you buy a me a good (The phone is ringing) I’ll Do you have new clients In fact, I’m traveling next
bottle of Malbec wine? get it! you’re going to visit? week to Buenos Aires.
Will you tell Susan I’d like “I need some help.” “I’ll She isn’t going to attend We’re meeting Carlos
to speak with her? do it!” the event tonight. later today.

 Remember
 When making a prediction, will and be going to are often interchangeable.

 Shall is often used in formal questions.

Future Simple vs. Future Continuous LANGUAGE BUILDER

Future Simple Future Continuous

will + base verb will + be + verb -ing

Use the future simple to describe general Use the future continuous to focus on ongoing
future actions. actions in the future.
In the future simple, a specific time is used to show In the future continuous, a specific time interrupts
the time an action will begin or end. the ongoing, continuous action.

Tomorrow I will give a presentation at 10 a.m. I’ll be giving my presentation tomorrow at 10:30 a.m.
(My presentation starts at 10 a.m.) (I’ll be in the middle of my presentation at 10:30 a.m.
because it started at 10 a.m.)

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 Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 12 / Key Tables

Showing Cause and Effect LANGUAGE BUILDER

Show Cause

Because/Since/Given that/Seeing As/As + Subject + Verb Because Of/Due To + Noun

My son Chris was so grouchy because we didn’t do anything. Due to the heavy rain, on the road, I
Since it was a holiday, we couldn’t get into another cabin or get a hotel room. crashed into a tree.
I’m waiting for a new bus to come given that the bus I was on broke down. Because of bad weather, we never
went to the beach.
Seeing as I left in a hurry this morning, I forgot my wallet.
I was able to ride today as I left my bus pass in my coat pocket and
not my wallet.

Show Effect

Phrases + Effect

Jack’s bus broke down and As a result, we can’t push the ...and as a result I’ll need a few extra
consequently he is running late. meeting back by much. minutes to...

Therefore, we’ll be in my office… ...changes to the presentation last ...who drove this project, that’s why
night, so I need at least 20 minutes... I feel a little uncomfortable getting
started without him.

Opinions PHRASES AND CONVERSATIONS

Asking for Opinions Giving an Opinion Agreeing Completely Agreeing, but

not Completely

What do you think... ? I don’t think... I agree.. That’s true, but...

Don’t you think that... ? I think they should... I couldn’t agree more. Hmm, I’m not sure
Do you agree? If you ask me... Good point / idea. about that.
(I didn’t think of that.) Yes, but...
That’s a good point, but...
I suppose so.
I see what you mean.

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