INTRODUCTION

• WHAT IS GALAXY?

• Galaxies are collections of stars, dust, and gas rotating around super
massive black holes. It is believed that there are 200 million or more
galaxies in the known universe. A galaxy can range in the number of stars
as well as its size.
• The diameter of an average galaxy can reach 326,000 light years, meaning
that it would take light 326,000 years to cross the average galaxy.

• In 1929, Edwin Hubble began to organize and classify the different types of
galaxies that were being observed by astronomers. The result was the
Hubble Classification System, which categorizes galaxies into three main
categories: spiral, elliptical, and irregular
HUBBLE’S EXPERIMENT/ RESULT

• Edwin P. Hubble revolutionized cosmology by proving that the

clouds of light astronomers saw in the night sky were actually other
galaxies beyond our Milky Way.
• His greatest discovery was in 1929, when he identified the
relationship between a galaxy's distance and the speed with which
it is moving. The farther a galaxy is
• from Earth, the faster it is moving away from us. This is known as
Hubble's Law. He also constructed a method of classifying the
different shapes of galaxies.
• Formula: v = Ho d where: v = velocity of a galaxy, in km/s. Ho
=Hubble Constant measured in km/s/mpc
 HUBBLE’S TUNING FORK
After discovered what galaxies really were, Edwin Hubble became the first
person to classify galaxies. Astronomers use his system, called the "Hubble Tuning
Fork," even today.
❖ Elliptical galaxies are classified by how round or flat they look. An E0 galaxy is
very round and an E7 galaxy is very flat. In detail, the number after the "E" is
determined by the galaxy's ellipticity the ratio of the ellipse's major axis to
minor axis. Galaxies with higher ellipticities have higher numbers.
❖ Hubble noticed that some spiral galaxies have a bright line, or bar, running
through them. He called these galaxies "barred spiral galaxies." Galaxies with
spiral arms, but without the bar, are just called "spiral galaxies."
❖ Some galaxies are a transition type between the elliptical and spiral galaxies,
labelled S0 on the tuning fork. These are called "lenticular galaxies."
❖ The third class of galaxies is irregular galaxies. Irregular galaxies are neither
spiral nor elliptical, and can have any number of shapes. They are frequently
the product of two galaxies colliding with each other, or at least affecting
each other through the force of gravity.
 Types And Classification of GALAXY
Elliptical galaxies:- Ellipticals vary in shape from round to fairly
elongated in form. They are labelled by the Hubble type En, where the
number n describes the apparent axial ratio (b/a) by the formula:-
n=10 [1 – (b/a)], where a and b represent the length of the
semi‐major and semi minor axis.

Elliptical galaxies
Spiral galaxies:- Spiral galaxies have three main components: a
bulge, disk, and halo. The bulge is a spherical structure found in the
centre of the galaxy. The disk forms arm structures. Our Sun is
located in an arm of our galaxy, the Milky Way. The halo of a galaxy
is a loose, spherical structure located around the bulge and some of
the disk. spiral arms generally follow a logarithmic spiral form such
that log r = a − bϕ, where ϕ is a position angle measured from the
centre to the outermost part of the arm, r is the distance from the
incentre of the galaxy, and a and bare constants. Spiral galaxies
Irregular Galaxy:-
Irregular galaxies have no regular or symmetrical
structure. They are divided into two groups, Irr I
and Irr II.

Lenticular galaxy:-
Irregular Galaxy
When viewed edge on, lenticular galaxies
(alternatively called S0 galaxies) have a shape
reminiscent of a lens
Located at the fork in the Hubble classification
diagram and labelled S0 or SB0, they have a
structure that appears intermediate between
elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxies. Lenticular galaxy
Active galactic nuclei:-
Many galaxies have very bright nuclei, so bright that the central region can be
more luminous than the remaining galaxy light. These nuclei are called active
galactic nuclei, or AGN for short.
Much of the energy output of AGNs is of a non thermal (nonstellar) type of
emission, with many AGN being strong emitters of x rays, radio and ultraviolet
radiation, as well as optical radiation.
Carl Seyfert discovered the first class of AGN, that are now named after him.
The nuclei of Seyfert galaxies display emission lines.
Type 1 Seyfert galaxies have both narrow and broadened optical spectral
emission lines.
Seyfert type 2 galaxies have narrow emission lines only
These narrow lines are due to low density gas clouds at larger distances
from the nucleus.
Radio galaxies, as their name implies, are strong emitters of radio emission.
These are elliptical galaxies with nuclear radio emission
Quasars are the most luminous AGN.
CENTRE OF GALAXY OR GALACTIC CENTRE

The Galactic Centre, or Galactic Centre, is the rotational centre

of the Milky Way. It is 8,122 ± 31 parsecs (26,490 ± 100 ly) away
from Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius,
Ophiuchus, and Scorpius where the Milky Way appears
brightest. It coincides with the compact radio source Sagittarius
A*.

There are around 10 million stars within one parsec of the

Galactic Centre, dominated by red giants, with a significant
population of massive super giants and Wolf Rayet stars from a
star formation event around one million years ago, and one
supermassive black hole of 4.100 ± 0.034 million solar masses at
the Galactic Centre, which powers the Sagittarius A* radio
source. GALACTIC CENTRE
Cosmic distance ladder
The cosmic distance ladder (also known as the extragalactic
distance scale) is the way astronomers measure the distance of
objects in space.

Parallax is the use of trigonometry to discover the distances

of objects near to the solar system.

Why Are These Distances Important To Astronomers?

Distance is a useful tool on the galactic scale. If you can measure

the average speed of stars as they move around the Galactic Centre
and their distance from the Galactic Centre, you can make a plot
called a "rotation curve". The rotation curve, which describes the
Cosmic distance ladder
motion of the galaxy can be used to determine the amount of mass
within a given radius from the centre.
What is Black Hole?
A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting gravitational
acceleration so strong that nothing—no particles or even
electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from it.
Super massive black hole in galactic centre:-
A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH) is the largest
type of black hole, containing a mass of the order of hundreds of
thousands, to billions of times, the mass of the Sun (M☉).

Sagittarius A*:-Sagittarius A* (pronounced "Sagittarius A Star"

abbreviated Sgr A*) is a bright and very compact astronomical
radio source at the centre of the Milky Way, near the border of the
constellations Sagittarius and Scorpius. It is likely the location of a
supermassive black hole, similar to those generally accepted to be
at the centres of most if not all spiral and elliptical galaxies.
M87 :-
M87, in full Messier 87, also called Virgo A or
NGC4486, giant elliptical galaxy in the constellation
Virgo whose nucleus contains a black hole, the first
ever to be directly imaged.
In 2017 the Event Horizon Telescope obtained
images of the central region of M87 that showed an
asymmetric ring of radio emission surrounding a
M87( First direct image of a supermassive
dark object. blackhole in the centre of the galaxy M87 captured
The ring is brighter on one side because the black by the Event Horizon Telescope. April 10, 2019)

hole is rotating.