Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) As Control Agent Against Termite

SPECIAL SCIENCE CLASS DEPARTMENT
Zarraga National High School

Jalaud Norte, Zarraga, Iloilo
Approval Sheet
This SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT entitled:
“MALUNGGAY (Moringa oleifera) PLANT EXTRACTS AS AN ALTERNATIVE CONTROL

AGENT AGAINST TERMITES (Coptotermes formosanus)”, prepared and
submitted by Charisse Anne Poli, Ma. Elisa Pumarin, Marianne Alexa
Saban, Joanna Grace Canque, Ramina Escalera and Crystel Jade Delos
Reyes, in partial fulfilment for the subject RESEARCH II, has been
examined and is recommend for Oral Examination.
MA. LENNY F. PATRON

Research II Teacher
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED.
EVELYN P. NORIEGA
Panelist
RITA D.SUMAGAYSAY JOMAR VON R. LAFORTEZA
Panelist Panelist
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the graduation in the Special Science Class of Zarraga National High
School,Jalaud Norte,Zarraga,Iloilo.
EVELYN P. NORIEGA
Chairman, Special Science Department
ATTY. FEVI S. FANCO, Ed.D.

Officer-In-Charge
Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Plant Extracts As Control Agent Against Termite

Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt
gratitude and appreciation to those whom in one way or another
contributed to the fulfillment of this study.
First and foremost, to the Almighty God, who gave His
abundant blessings and graces and who continued directing and
assisting them from the beginning until the completion of the
study.
To their parents, Mr. and Mrs. Poli, Mr. and Mrs. Pumarin,
Mr. and Mrs. Saban, Mr. and Mrs. Canque, Mr. and Mrs. Escalera
and Mr.and Mrs. Delos Reyes, and for all their family members
for the love, support, care, understanding, encouragement and
for the financial support which kept them standing everytime
they failed.
To their research adviser, Ms. Ma. Lenny Patron, who devoted
her time and wisdom correcting, guiding and improving their
work, for the corrections, suggestions, recommendations and

editing. The researchers also want to express their heartfelt
gratitude for all things that she made, from big to small ones.
To their research editor, Ms. Karen Sustituido, for the
editing of their papers.

To their research statistician, Mr. Mario Rivas, for all the
efforts in guiding the researchers in improving their work.
To Mrs. Myla Fe Pinuela for helping the researchers in
collecting Malunggay.
To the panellist, Mrs. Evelyn Noriega, Mrs. Rita Sumagaysay
and Mr. Jomar Von Laforteza, for the approval of their study.
Lastly, to their classmates, friends and relatives and to the
rest who contributed in their own way to finish this study,
thank you so much.
The researchers owe you the success of their research. Thank
very much and God Bless.
The Researchers

Abstract


Table of Contents
Page
Title page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Research Paradigm
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Scope and Limitations
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Statistical Tool
Materials

Procedure
Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Chapter 5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A Letter to the Research Adviser
B Letter to the Statistician
C Letter to the Research Editor
D Matrix of Activities
E Budget Plan Proposal
F SPSS Results
G Documentation
H Curriculum Vitae

Chapter I
Introduction of the Study
Background and Theoretical Framework
Termites (Coptotermes formosanus) also known in the local
dialect as “anay”, are considered as serious structural pests of
homes and wood structures in the Philippines (Synder and
Francia, 1960).Termites are one of those pests that cause
substantial damage and nuisance to humans as they cause wood
damage, destroying wood furniture and commercial buildings.
Thus, it has been estimated a hundred million of dollars as they
costs of repairs due to termites damage annually (Yudin, 2002).
In recent years, the use of baiting techniques and repellent
insecticides, have resulted in successful control or elimination
of invading termite colonies. However, chemicals are expensive
and have many harmful effects (Sohail, 2015). Overuse of these
chemicals insecticides may lead to various problems including
environmental pollution, pest’s resistance to chemical
pesticides, pest resurgence, and secondary pest outbreaks and
direct hazard to users. One of an attractive alternative to
control termites is the development and adoption of


ecologically-rational pest management strategy (Shiberu et al.,
2013). Many of these plants have been found to contain chemicals
but their potential has not been explored for field use (Logan
et al., 1990). Some of these plant parts and plant extracts can
be used effectively because these are less expensive and
biodegradable and hence environmentally suitable.
A typical environmentally friendly plant and attractive
alternative to synthetic chemical is Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera). Moringa oleifera belongs to the family Moringaceae,
locally known as “malunggay”, considered as miracle plant tree
as all of the parts of this plant are useful for human health.
It is commonly used medicinally in Guinea, Madagascar, Burma and
even in the Philippines. It is reported that Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) is oil rich in amino acids, Potassium, Calcium, iron,
ascorbate and growth regulating hormones like zeatin and has
potential uses including wound healing, anti-tumor,
antiepileptic, anti-diuretic, anti-inflammatory and venomous
bite characteristic (Peltzer et al., 2008).

Plants contain chemicals such as terpenoids, flavanoids,
saponins or mixtures of chemicals that repel or kill termites or
interfere with their gut flora (Boue SIM, Raina AK, 2003).
It is in this aspect that the researcher would like to
investigate if Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) plant extracts can
be an effective control agent against termites Formosan
Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes formosanus).

Statement of the Problem
Termites are known to attack all sorts of plant materials
such as timber, wooden structures and crops. They are considered
a nuisance in almost all parts of the world that causes billions
in damage.
In past years, the uses of repellent (Potter and Hillery,
2002), have resulted in successful control and elimination of
invading termite colonies. However, these repellent insecticides
are quite expensive and may lead to various problems including
environmental pollution, pest resurgence and pest’s resistance
to chemical pesticides. One of an attractive alternative to
control termites is the development and adaptation of
ecologically-rational pest management strategy (Shiberu et al.,
2013).
This study aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) leaf, bark and root extract can be an effective
control agent against termites.
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the mortality rate of termites (Coptotermes
formosanus) in terms of:
a) Level of concentration of treatments (30%, 60%, 90%);
b) Type of the treatment (Moringa oleifera) leaf, bark, root
2. Which has the highest mortality rates after 24 hours
intervention?
a) Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) extract compared to
commercial termite repellent.
b) Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) extract compared to no
treatment.
3. Is there a significant difference in the mortality rate of
termites (Coptotermes formosanus) with different
concentrations of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) (30%, 60%,
90%)?
termites (Coptotermes formosanus) given with different
parts of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)?
termite treated with malunggay extract and commercial
termite repellent?

Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the mortality rate of
termites given the Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) plant extracts
concentration compared to the mortality rate of termites with
commercialized termite repellent after 24 hours of
intervention.
 There is no significant difference in the mortality
rate of termites (Coptotermes formosanus)with
different concentrations of Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) (30%,60%,90%).
rate of termites given with different parts of
malunggay (Moringa oleifera)
rate of termite treated with Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) extract and commercialized termite
repellent.
rate of termite treated with Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) extract and no treatment.

Significance of the Study
This study will prove its purpose and will benefit the
following:
Human Health
Several methods have been used in order to control and

prevent termites including the use of chemicals. However, these
chemicals can also be dangerous to human health as it can leave
toxic residues and may cause human disease as these chemicals
can lead to ground water contamination. Through the use of this
alternative anti-termite plant, Moringa oleifera, which has no
harmful or hazard effect to human health, we could avoid all of
the problems from happening.
Environment
Repellent chemicals or insecticides that are currently in

use have a harmful effect in our environment as it can leave
toxic residues. Through the use of plant extract of Moringa
oleifera which is environmentally suitable, termites can be
prevented and control without affecting and causing harmful
effect in the environment.
House Owners and Ordinary People
These can be very beneficial to all the people as it helps

control, prevent and eliminate termite, it is also much cheaper
compare to those expensive chemicals that are currently in use.
It can protect wood furniture, buildings and other wood products
in a cheaper way.

Business related To Woods and To Businessmen
These termites can also destroy the industry or can be a
problem in the field of business. Termites can damage wood
furniture and can be a cause of financial loss for some
businessmen. This study can beneficial because it can help
control or eliminate termites in commercial buildings.
Future Researchers
This study can help as reference for further investigation
regarding Moringa oleifera as anti-termite or as control agent
against other insects.

Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined conceptually and

operationally for the purpose of accuracy and clarity of the
following terms.
Termites
A kind of soft, white insect that lives in group,eats

wood and cause a lot of damage to wooden structures.(Merriam-
Webster).
In this study, it refers to the dependent variable wherein

the researcher will measure its mortality after the treatment
which will be observe in its time duration (24 hrs,48 hrs,72
hrs.).
Malunggay Plant
An important medicinal herb. It is highly nutritive

multipurpose plant grown for fresh vegetable, livestock fooder,
green manure, biogas, medicine, biopesticide, and seed
production. (Fuglie,1999).
In this study, it refers to the independent variable which

the researcher will observe if the malunggay plant parts extract
(leaf, bark, root) can be a control agent against termite.
Solignum Aerosol
A commercialized termite repellent that provides protection

against termite (JDI,2010).

In this study, it refers to positive control group that
will be given to the termites and to compare it to the malunggay
(Moringa oleifera) plant extracts.
Woody Plants
Having stems and branches that are made of wood. (Merriam-
Webster).
In this study, it refers to the woody plants which turn
into bits that will be given to the termites as their food to
avoid starvation during the experiment.
Mortality
The number of deaths that occur in a particular place or
time.(Merriam-Webster).
In this study,it refers to the mortality rate of termites
after it has been treated by Malunggay plant extracts,
commercial termite repellent, and a termite with no treatment
applied.
Extract
A product (such as an essence or concentrate) prepared by
extracting;especially: a solution (as in alcohol) of essential

constituents of a complex material ( such as meat or an aromatic
plant) (Merriam- Webster).
In this study, it refers to malunggay plant parts (leaf,
bark, root) which extracted at 30%,60%,90% concentrations.

Research Paradigm
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Experimental Group
Moringa oleifera Plant
Extracts
(30%, 60%, 90% concentration)
a.) Bark
b.) Leaf
c.) Root
Mortality Rate of
Termites
Positive Control Group
(number of termites
Commercial Termite died)
Repellent
Negative Control Group

(No treatment applied)
The figure above shows the dependent and independent
variable used in the study. Under the independent variable
are the experimental group which include the Malunggay
(Moringa oleifera) leaf, bark and root extracts with

different concentrations of 30%,60% and 90% the negative
control (no treatment applied)and the positive control with
commercialized termite repellent. While the dependent
variable in this study is the mortality rate of termites or
the number of termites alive in the study.

Scope and Limitation
This study is limited only on the effect of Malunggay
(Moringa oleifera) plant parts such as bark, leaf and root
extracts as control agent against termites. The independent
variables of this study are the Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)
plant parts such as bark, leaf and root extracts with different
concentrations of 30%, 60% and 90% as the experimental group,
the commercial termite repellent as the positive control group
and the negative control group wherein no treatment is applied,
while the dependent variable of this study is mortality rate of
20 termites (Coptotermes formosanus) after 72 hours of
intervention.
The researchers conduct this experiment to test the
effectiveness of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)plant parts
extract. The test will focus only on the effect of 30%, 60% and
90% concentration level of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)plant
parts extract as control agent against 20 termites (Coptotermes
formosanus) population after 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours of
application.
This study was conducted from the month of August, 2017 at
Zarraga National High School.

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Protection of wood and wood-based product against
biological agents (e.g. termite insects) requires various
synthetic chemicals worldwide. However, synthetic chemicals
create environmental problems and negatively affect many
beneficial insects and organisms. Extractives isolated from
naturally resistant hardwood and some plant species may provide
alternatives in pest control because of their bioactive
chemicals. In addition, plant extractives are biodegradable and
they seem to help resolve environmental problems cause of
synthetic pesticides. (Shiberu et al., 2013).
Plant extract offer a vast, virtually untapped reservoir of
chemical compounds with many potential uses. One of these uses
is in agriculture to manage pests with less risk than with
synthetic compounds that are toxicologically and environmentally
undesirable. Various experiments using plant extracts in human
and animal health protection, agriculture and household pest
management have been particularly promising. (Pascual-
Villalobos,M. and Robledeo, A. (1999).

The plant extracts with complex mixtures of such compounds
have been investigated for their insecticidal, repellent, and
anti-feedant properties (Blaske V.V. and Hertel, H. (2001).
The deterious effects of photochemical or crude plant
extracts on insects are manifested in several ways, including
suppression of calling behaviour, growth retardation, toxicity,
oviposition deterrence,feeding inhibition and reduction of
fecundity and fertility. (Wheeler, D.A. and Isman,M. (2001).
The researchers gathered the following facts and
information that would greatly help in conducting the
experiment. Different related literature and studies were also
made by different authors. The following related literature and
studies about the Moringa oleifera were also collected.
Termites are known to attack all sorts of plant materials
such as timber, wooden structures and crops. The termites digest
food and their food are pieces of wood, paper and other
materials containing cellulose. Termites do much damage
tunnelling through woods. They destroy furniture and damage
sugarcane (Hickin, N.E. (1971). Termites: A World Problem.

Hutchinson, London.)Researchers indicate that with
increasing use and overuse of chemical pesticides, many insect-
pests develop resistance. The use of several plant extracts has
been reported to be effective. In the study, Moringa oleifera
extracts have been found to have a varied level of protection
against termite attack on wood when compared with untreated
control. This also conforms to the finding reported in this
study where Moringa oleifera extracts at varying level of
application resisted termites attack within the shortest
duration of application when compared with the untreated wood
(Ekhuemelo et., al. (2015).
Moringa oleifera belongs to the family Moringaceae and
considered as a miracle plant. It is commonly used medicinally
as antibiotic, antitrypanosomal, hypotensive, antispasmodic,
antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic and
hypoglycaemic (Fahey,2005). Moringa benefits are quite
plentiful, and these are clearly evident in its exceptional
nutitional values and remarkable medicinal properties. This
miracle plant is overflowingwith vitamins such as Vitamin
A,B,C,D, and E and minerals which include potassium, calcium,
iron, selenium and magnesium.

Plant materials were reported to be effective, cheap and
easily available for the control of stored product pests
(Onifade and Albabi, 1998). Akinwumi, et al., (2007), have
reported the efficacy of several plant products against the
control of insect pests of agricultural importance.
Plants contain chemicals such as terpenoids, flavanoids,
saponirs or mixtures of chemicals can repel or kill termites or
interfere with their gut flora (Boue S.M.,and Raina A.K., 2003).
Table I Phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera leaf and

seed.
Interference
Phytochemical Leaf Seed
Alkaloids - +
Carbohydrates + +
Reducing Sugars - +
Suponins + +
Phytosterols - -
Tannins - -
Phenolic compounds + +
Flavonoids + +
Proteins - +

According also to the study of (Ndubuaku,U.M., ndubuaku,
T.C.N., Ike, E and Ezeaku, P.I. (2015).Effects of Moringa
oleifera leaf extracts on morphological and psychological growth
of cassava and its efficacy in controlling Zonocerus varietus.
African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 14(13), pp. 2494-
2500.)Results of studies on the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf
extract cited that M. oleifera leaf extract is comparable when
used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program but requires
higher concentration and undiluted form of M. oleifera leaf
extracts to ascertain the level that can control the population
of an insect.
Furthermore in the research study of (Abbas et al. (2013).
Based also to the study of Idoko et al. (2005) entitled
“Comparative Efficacy of Some Insecticidal Plant Materials
against Dry Wood Termites (Cryptotermes cavifrons Banks
(Insecta: Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) Infestation”, they conduct
the study to determine the efficacy of six plant extracts
Gmelina arborea Roxb (Verbenaceae) leaf, Aframomum melegueta
(Roskoe), K. Schum. Zingiber officinale Rosc. , Morinda lucida
(L.) (Rubiaceae), Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) (seed and

leaf), and Garcinia kola Heckhel (Guttiferae) on the
managementof African wood termite under ambient temperature and
relative humidity (30°C and 72%). Twenty termites were
introduced into a covered container and treated with three
levels (0.0 g, 0.5g, 1.0 g) of the various plant extracts. A.
melegueta and G. kola were effective at 60 hours of exposure for
0.5g rate of application recoding 95% mortality while Z.
officinale, M. oleifera recorded 100% mortality rate after 84%
of exposure. At 1.0g rate of application, M. oleifera seed and
A. melegueta were efficacious after 12 hours; however, M.
oleifera recorded 95% mortality rate after 60 hours and 100% at
72 hours while A. melegueta and M. lucida recorded 95 and 75%
mortality at 48 hours of exposures respectively. No mortality
was recorded untreated experiment. Conclusively, A. melegueta,
M. lucida and M. oleifera seed and leaf can be used in the
control of wood termite due to higher mortality recorded on
application and as a substitute for synthetic insecticides.
Also in the study of (Ekhuemelo,D.O. and
Musa,M.(September,2015).Cited that Ceiba pentandra wood was more
susceptible to termite compared to Gmelina arborea wood. The
result conforms to the study on the effectiveness of using bio

based preservatives as a controlling measure to biodetoriation
from fungi and termite for wood in service using wood samples of
Gmelina arborea, Ceiba pentandra. In the study, though Ceiba
pentandra has the highest retention for the preservatives, it
was the most susceptible to fungal and termite attack while
Gmelina arborea with the lowest retention had resistance to
termite and fungal attack. This implies that Ceiba pentandra
wood need serious protection before use to avoid deterioration
within a short time while Gmelina arborea should be grown on a
faster rate to meet the ever increasing demand of wood and wood
products in our communities as a result of high resistance
against termites attack. In this study, Moringa oleifera
extracts have been found to have a varied level of protection
against termite attack on wood. Based on the results, the
effectiveness of treatments were ranked as 20% Moringa oleifera
root extract > 20% Moringa oleifera bark extract > 10% Moringa
oleifera leaf extract > 10% Moringa oleifera bark extract > 10%
Moringa oleifera root extract > 20% Moringa oleifera leaf
extract > Chlorpyrifos > control. Ceiba pentandra wood was more
susceptible to termite attack than Gmelina arborea wood. The use
of plant extracts could be exploited to develop new wood

preservatives to protect wooden structures, timbers, plant and
trees, as these are less harmful to the environment and human.

Chapter III
Methodology
Research Design
The main purpose of the study is to determine the
effectiveness of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaf, bark and
root extracts as control agent against termites (Coptotermes
formosanus). The independent variables of this study are the
Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)plant parts such as the bark, leaf
and root extracts with different concentrations of 30%, 60% and
90% as the experimental group, the commercial termite as the
positive control group and the negative control group wherein
no treatment is applied, while the dependent variable of this
study is the mortality rate of 20 termites (Coptotermes
formosanus)after 24 hours of intervention.
The experiment was made up of three factors laid out in a
completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial arrangement
of treatment replicated 3 times. Factorn A, which is the level
of concentration of each treatment (30%, 60%, 90%), and Factor B
which is the type of treatment (Moringa oleifera leaf, bark and
root).

Experimental Design
M. oleifera M. oleifera M. oleifera Positive

Leaf Extracts Leaf Extracts Leaf Extracts Control
(30%) (30%) (30%) Group
(commercial
Set-up 1 Set-up 4 Set-up 7 termite repellent)
Set-up 12 Set-up 15 Set-up 18

Set-up 7
Set-up 18
M. oleifera M. oleifera M. oleifera Set-up 29
Leaf Extracts Leaf Extracts Leaf Extracts
(60%) (60%) (60%)
Negative
Control
Group
Set-up 24 Set-up 227 Set-up 30 (no treatment
applied)
M. oleifera M. oleifera M. oleifera Set-up 11

Leaf Extracts Leaf Extracts Leaf Extracts Set-up 22
(90%) (90%) (90%) Set-up 33


In this study, CRD was used for the determination of the
anti-termitic effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) plant
parts extracts. There will be 11 treatments; the
experimental, positive control and the negative control.
Overall there will be 33 set-ups.

Procedural Design
Preparation for
Experimental Set-ups
Collection and Preparation Collection of Termites

Concentrations of Moringa (Coptotermes formosanus)
oleifera Extratcs
Preparation of set-ups
Application of
treatments
Measurements of Mortality Rate

of Termites
Proper Disposal of
Waste Materials
Analysis of Data
The study was conducted at Balabag, Dumangas, Iloilo in
Linghon’s residence last August 30- September 5,2017.

Materials
 Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)
 Termites (Coptotermes formosanus)
 Plastic Container
 Gloves
 Sprayer
 Beaker
 Trowel
 Cloth
 Water
 Blender
 Woody Plants

Methods
Collection and Preparation
Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) plant parts were collected
from Zarraga National High School campus. The plant parts were
washed by water in order to remove soil debris. The plant parts
were blended until it turned into fine powders. Hot water
extraction was used accordingly to the method of Hosseinzadeh et
al.(2007). For preparation of aqueous extract,30% concentration
of powdered root, leaf and bark (30g)was boiled in 100 ml, 60%
concentration of powedered root, bark and leaf (60g) was boiled
in 100ml and 90% concentration of powdered root, bark and leaf
(90g) was boiled in 100ml respectively for 10 minutes. Then the
mixtures were filtered through the use of a cloth. The method in
preparing Moringa oleifera extracts was adapted from the study
of (Ekhuemelo, D. O. and Musa, M. (September,2015). Antitermitic
Effect of Moringa oleifera Extracts on Gmelina arborea and Ceiba
pentandra. Federal University of Agriculture.)
For the collection of termites, about 700 population of
termites were obtained from inside the school campus of Zarraga
National High School. The termites were transferred into plastic

containers. 20 termites were put inside plastic containers.
Overall there are 33 containers containing 20 termites. The
plastic containers were covered by plastic covers with holes on
top of it. Woody plants were put inside the plastic containers
which will served as their source of food and avoid starvation.
Application of Treatments
Treatments were applied for each set-up. For the experimental
group, 1ml level of concentration of different Moringa oleifera
plant parts extract were sprayed to different set-ups.
Gathering of Data
Mortality of termites was checked after 24 hours,48 hours
and 72 hours of the application of treatments. The number of
termites present or still alive was counted from each container.
The mean of the mortality was used to determine the average
of mortality of the termites in different treatments. The data
obtained from the study were subjected to Analysis of Variance
and significantly different treatments were separated with least
significant difference.

Chapter IV
Results and Discussion





Chapter V
Summary, Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary of the study. It also
includes the findings, conclusions and recommendations.
Summary
This experimental study aimed to investigate if Malungggay
(Moringa oleifera) plants extracts can be an effective control
agent against termites Formosan Subterranean Termites
(Coptotermes formusanus).The researchers used termites Formosan
Subterranean termites as a subject of the study. The statistical
used is one-way ANOVA. The used of SPSS is also availed.In
general the result of the study shows that Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera) Plants as Control Agent against Termites can be
substituted to any commercialized termite repellent.

Findings
Experimental finding were as follows:
The Researchers found out that the malunggay plant parts extract
(leaf,bark,root)were effective to control termites but when it
compared to commercialize termite repellent it become less
effective but still Malunggay extracts can be used as a control
agent against termite.
The Malunggay root extract were more potent compared to other
plant parts.
The Malunggay leaf was less effective followed by bark and root
as the most effective.
The higher the concentration of extracts the more it become
effective.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following
recommendations are hereby presented:

The researchers recommend to use Malunggay plants as a control
agent against termite because it is less expensive,biodegradable
and environmentally suitable.
The researchers also recommend to focus on the root part of
malunggay plants which is more potent to control termites.

Abbas, M., Salahid, M. and Shariff. (10 June, 2013).
Antitermitic activity and Phytochemical analysis of fifteen
medicinal plant seeds. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research.
vol. 7(22), pp. 1608-1617.
Su, N.Y. (1994). Field evaluation of hexa flumura bait for
population suppression of subterranean termites. J. Econ.
Entomol. 87, 389-97.
Robert, O., Sarah, A. And Bernadina, O. (2014). Assessment of
Antibacterial activity of crude leaf and root extracts of cassia
alata against Neisseria gonorrhoea. African Health Science. Vol.
14, Issue 4.
Sohail,A., Asif, N., and Shakil, F. (2005). Comparative Efficacy
of Botanical and Insecticides on termites in Sugarcane at
Faisalad Pat. Entomol. vol. 27, no.1.
Sbeghen, A.C., Dalforo, V., Serafini, L.A., and Barros, N.M.
(2002). Repellence and Toxicity of Basil,Citronella, Ho-she and
Rosemary oils for the Control of Termites (Cryptotermes brevis).
Socio-biology 40, pp. 585-594.

Logan, J.W.M., Cowei, R. H. And Wood, T.G. (1990). Termite
(Isoptera). Control in Agriculture.
Hosseinzadeh, H., Hosseini, A., Nassiri- ASL, M. and Sadeghnia,
H.R. (2007). Effect of Salvia Ieriifolia Benth, root extract on
ischemia-repenfusion in rat skeletal muscle. BMC Complementary
and Alternative Medicine 7: art, 23.
Tsumoda,K. (2003). Economic importance of Formosan termite and
control practices in Japan. Sociobiology 41:27-36.
Khan, Z.R. and saxena, R.C., (1986). Effect of steam distillate
extracts of resistant and susceptible rice cultivars on
behaviour of Sogatella furcifera ( Homoptera: Delphacidae).
Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 928-935.
Breuer, M. and Schmidth, G.H. (1995). Influence of a short
period treatment with Melia azedarach extract on food intake and
growth of the larrae of spodotera
frugiperde(Lepidoptera;Noctuidae). Journal of Plant Diseases and
protection 102: 633-654.

APPENDICES
Appendix A
Letter to the Research Adviser
MS. MA. LENNY F. PATRON

October 10, 2017
Teacher I
Madam:
Greetings! We the researchers from the Grade 10 Special Science Class
with the study entitled “Malunggay (Moringa oleifera ) Plant Extracts as
Control Agent Against Termites ( Coptotermes Formosanus) “ would like
to request you to be our Research Adviser.
We are hoping for your positive response regarding to this matter.
Respectfully yours,
Charisse Anne Poli
Ma. Elisa Pumarin
Maranne Alexa Saban
Joanna Grace Canque
Ramina Escalera
Crystel Jade Delos Reyes
Noted by:
MA. LENNY PATRON
Research II Teacher
EVELYN NORIEGA
SSC DEPARTMENT CHAIRMAN
Approved by:

Officer-In-Charge

APPENDICES
Appendix B
Letter to the Research Editor
MS. KAREN S. SUSTITUIDO

Teacher I
Madam:
to request you to be our Research Editor.
Respectfully yours,
Charisse Anne Poli
Ma. Elisa Pumarin
Maranne Alexa Saban
Joanna Grace Canque
Ramina Escalera
Noted by:
Crystel Jade Delos Reyes
MA. LENNY PATRON
Research II Teacher
EVELYN NORIEGA
Approved by:

Officer-In-Charge

APPENDICES
Appendix C
Letter to the Research Statistician
MR. MARIO P. RIVAS

Teacher I
Madam:
to request you to be our Research Statistician.
Respectfully yours,
Charisse Anne Poli

Ma. Elisa Pumarin
Maranne Alexa Saban
Joanna Grace Canque
Ramina Escalera
Noted by: Crystel Jade Delos Reyes
MA. LENNY PATRON
Research II Teacher
EVELYN NORIEGA
Approved by:

Officer-In-Charge

Appendix D
MATRIX OF ACTIVITIES
August 29, 2017- Preparation of Materials
-Collection of Malunggay oleifera
August 30, 2017- Blending of Malunggay Plant Parts into powder
September 3, 2017-Extraction of Malunggay powder
September 5, 2017- Collection of Termites and put it inside the
transparent container
- Feeding the termites with woody plants.
September 6, 2017- Application of Malunggay Plant extracts on
Termites
September 7, 2017-Measuring the mortality of termites for 24 hours

Appendix E
BUDGET PLAN PROPOSAL
Plastic cover- 14.00
Malungggay- (sponsored)
Basin- 120.00
Commercial termite repellent- (sponsored)
Hardbound- 2,500.00
Total 2,634.00

Appendix F
SPSS Result
Data Analysis among parts of malunggay plant
Descriptives
N Mean Std. Std. 95% Confidence Minimum Maximum
Deviation Error Interval for
Mean
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
leaf 3 9.2200 2.83307 1.63568 2.1823 16.2577 6.00 11.33
bark 3 10.5557 3.94883 2.27986 .7462 20.3651 6.00 13.00
leaf
root 3 16.4433 .50954 .29418 15.1776 17.7091 16.00 17.00
Total 9 12.0730 4.12892 1.37631 8.8992 15.2468 6.00 17.00
leaf 3 8.1090 1.95180 1.12687 3.2605 12.9575 6.67 10.33
bark 3 12.3333 .88217 .50932 10.1419 14.5248 11.33 13.00
bark
root 3 17.8880 1.34519 .77664 14.5464 21.2296 16.67 19.33
Total 9 12.7768 4.43174 1.47725 9.3702 16.1833 6.67 19.33
leaf 3 10.1090 2.33934 1.35062 4.2978 15.9202 7.67 12.33
bark 3 15.4443 1.83553 1.05975 10.8846 20.0041 13.67 17.33
root
root 3 19.5553 .38509 .22233 18.5987 20.5120 19.33 20.00
Total 9 15.0362 4.36720 1.45573 11.6793 18.3931 7.67 20.00

ANOVA
Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between
88.625 2 44.313 5.567 .043
Groups
leaf Within
47.758 6 7.960
Groups
Total 136.384 8
Between
144.328 2 72.164 33.841 .001
Groups
bark Within
12.795 6 2.132
Groups
Total 157.123 8
Between
134.599 2 67.300 22.458 .002
Groups
root Within
17.980 6 2.997
Groups
Total 152.579 8

Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Dependent (I) (J) Mean Std. Sig. 95% Confidence

Variable variable variable Difference (I- Error Interval
J) Lower Upper
Bound Bound
bark -1.33567 2.30358 .836 -8.4037 5.7324

leaf
root -7.22333* 2.30358 .046 -14.2914 -.1553
leaf 1.33567 2.30358 .836 -5.7324 8.4037

leaf bark
root -5.88767 2.30358 .095 -12.9557 1.1804
leaf 7.22333* 2.30358 .046 .1553 14.2914

root
bark 5.88767 2.30358 .095 -1.1804 12.9557
bark -4.22433* 1.19232 .028 -7.8827 -.5660
leaf
root -9.77900* 1.19232 .000 -13.4374 -6.1206
leaf 4.22433* 1.19232 .028 .5660 7.8827
bark bark
root -5.55467* 1.19232 .008 -9.2130 -1.8963
leaf 9.77900* 1.19232 .000 6.1206 13.4374
root
bark 5.55467* 1.19232 .008 1.8963 9.2130
bark -5.33533* 1.41343 .022 -9.6721 -.9985
leaf
root -9.44633* 1.41343 .001 -13.7831 -5.1095
leaf 5.33533* 1.41343 .022 .9985 9.6721

root bark
root -4.11100 1.41343 .061 -8.4478 .2258
leaf 9.44633* 1.41343 .001 5.1095 13.7831

root
bark 4.11100 1.41343 .061 -.2258 8.4478
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Data analysis on the different concentrations
Descriptives
N Mean Std. Std. 95% Confidence Minimum Maximum
Deviation Error Interval for Mean
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
30% 3 6.7780 .83903 .48441 4.6937 8.8623 6.00 7.67
60% 3 10.3333 3.93004 2.26901 .5706 20.0961 6.00 13.67

percent30
90% 3 17.6667 1.66650 .96215 13.5269 21.8065 16.00 19.33
Total 9 11.5927 5.27771 1.75924 7.5359 15.6495 6.00 19.33

30% 3 9.3330 1.73205 1.00000 5.0303 13.6357 7.33 10.33
60% 3 13.5557 1.53922 .88867 9.7320 17.3793 12.67 15.33
percent60
90% 3 17.4443 1.64414 .94924 13.3601 21.5286 16.33 19.33
Total 9 13.4443 3.78964 1.26321 10.5314 16.3573 7.33 19.33
30% 3 11.3330 1.00000 .57735 8.8489 13.8171 10.33 12.33
60% 3 14.4443 2.50166 1.44433 8.2299 20.6588 13.00 17.33

percent90
90% 3 18.7777 1.57521 .90945 14.8646 22.6907 17.00 20.00
Total 9 14.8517 3.59445 1.19815 12.0887 17.6146 10.33 20.00
ANOVA
Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares
Between Groups 184.981 2 92.491 14.661 .005
percent30 Within Groups 37.853 6 6.309
Total 222.834 8
Between Groups 98.746 2 49.373 18.349 .003
Total 114.891 8
Between Groups 83.881 2 41.941 12.919 .007
Total 103.360 8

Tukey HSD
Dependent (I) (J) Mean Std. Sig. 95% Confidence

Variable concentration concentration Difference Error Interval
(I-J) Lower Upper
Bound Bound
60% -3.55533 2.05082 .269 -9.8478 2.7371

30% -
90% -10.88867* 2.05082 .004 -4.5962
17.1811
30% 3.55533 2.05082 .269 -2.7371 9.8478

percent30
60% -
90% -7.33333* 2.05082 .027 -1.0409
13.6258
30% 10.88867* 2.05082 .004 4.5962 17.1811

90%
60% 7.33333* 2.05082 .027 1.0409 13.6258
60% -4.22267* 1.33935 .045 -8.3322 -.1132
30% -
90% -8.11133* 1.33935 .002 -4.0018
12.2208
percent60 30% 4.22267* 1.33935 .045 .1132 8.3322
60%
90% -3.88867 1.33935 .061 -7.9982 .2208
30% 8.11133* 1.33935 .002 4.0018 12.2208
90%
60% 3.88867 1.33935 .061 -.2208 7.9982
60% -3.11133 1.47117 .167 -7.6253 1.4026
30% -
90% -7.44467* 1.47117 .006 -2.9307
11.9586
percent90 30% 3.11133 1.47117 .167 -1.4026 7.6253

60%
90% -4.33333 1.47117 .058 -8.8473 .1806
30% 7.44467* 1.47117 .006 2.9307 11.9586

90%
60% 4.33333 1.47117 .058 -.1806 8.8473

Data Analysis of the 3 variables (experimental, control and

negative)
Descriptives
N Mean Std. Std. 95% Confidence Minimu Maximu

Deviatio Error Interval for m m
n Mean
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
experimenta 11.635
3 9.1467 1.00201 .57851 6.6575 8.11 10.11
l 8
12.777 1.4284 18.923

control 3 2.47415 6.6315 10.56 15.44
experimen 7 5 8
t 17.962 14.095 21.830
negative 3 1.55681 .89882 16.44 19.56
7 3 0
13.295 1.3788 10.116 16.475

Total 9 4.13655 8.11 19.56
7 5 0 3
experimenta 20.000 20.000 20.000
3 .00000 .00000 20.00 20.00
l 0 0 0
20.000 20.000 20.000
control 3 .00000 .00000 20.00 20.00
0 0 0
control
20.000 20.000 20.000
negative 3 .00000 .00000 20.00 20.00
0 0 0
20.000 20.000 20.000
Total 9 .00000 .00000 20.00 20.00
0 0 0
experimenta
3 2.9223 .27892 .16103 2.2295 3.6152 2.67 3.22
l
control 3 5.9233 .52548 .30339 4.6180 7.2287 5.33 6.33

negative 18.185 16.076 20.293
negative 3 .84876 .49003 17.44 19.11
0 6 4
2.3406 14.407
Total 9 9.0102 7.02186 3.6127 2.67 19.11
2 7

ANOVA
Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between
117.790 2 58.895 18.503 .003
Groups
experim
Within
ent 19.098 6 3.183
Groups
Total 136.888 8
Between
.000 2 .000 . .
Groups
control Within
.000 6 .000
Groups
Total .000 8
Between 547.74
392.303 2 196.152 .000
Groups 6
negativ
Within
e 2.149 6 .358
Groups
Total 394.452 8

Tukey HSD
Dependent (I) extract (J) extract Mean Std. Sig. 95% Confidence
Variable Difference Error Interval
(I-J) Lower Upper
Bound Bound
control -3.63100 1.45672 .103 -8.1006 .8386

experimental -
negative -8.81600* 1.45672 .002 -4.3464
13.2856
experiment experimental 3.63100 1.45672 .103 -.8386 8.1006

control
negative -5.18500* 1.45672 .028 -9.6546 -.7154
experimental 8.81600* 1.45672 .002 4.3464 13.2856

negative
control 5.18500* 1.45672 .028 .7154 9.6546
control -3.00100* .48861 .002 -4.5002 -1.5018
experimental - -
negative -15.26267* .48861 .000
16.7619 13.7635
experimental 3.00100* .48861 .002 1.5018 4.5002

negative
control - -
negative -12.26167* .48861 .000
13.7609 10.7625
experimental 15.26267* .48861 .000 13.7635 16.7619

negative
control 12.26167* .48861 .000 10.7625 13.7609







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SPECIAL SCIENCE CLASS DEPARTMENT

Zarraga National High School

This SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT entitled:

“MALUNGGAY (Moringa oleifera) PLANT EXTRACTS AS AN ALTERNATIVE CONTROL

MA. LENNY F. PATRON

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED.

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

ATTY. FEVI S. FANCO, Ed.D.

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Plant Extracts As Control Agent Against Termite

The researchers would like to express their heartfelt

gratitude and appreciation to those whom in one way or another

contributed to the fulfillment of this study.

First and foremost, to the Almighty God, who gave His

abundant blessings and graces and who continued directing and

assisting them from the beginning until the completion of the

for the love, support, care, understanding, encouragement and

for the financial support which kept them standing everytime

To their research adviser, Ms. Ma. Lenny Patron, who devoted

her time and wisdom correcting, guiding and improving their

work, for the corrections, suggestions, recommendations and

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Plant Extracts As Control Agent Against Termite

editing. The researchers also want to express their heartfelt

To their research editor, Ms. Karen Sustituido, for the

editing of their papers.

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Plant Extracts As Control Agent Against Termite

To their research statistician, Mr. Mario Rivas, for all the

efforts in guiding the researchers in improving their work.

To Mrs. Myla Fe Pinuela for helping the researchers in

To the panellist, Mrs. Evelyn Noriega, Mrs. Rita Sumagaysay

Lastly, to their classmates, friends and relatives and to the

rest who contributed in their own way to finish this study,

thank you so much.

The researchers owe you the success of their research. Thank

very much and God Bless.

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Plant Extracts As Control Agent Against Termite

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Plant Extracts As Control Agent Against Termite

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Plant Extracts As Control Agent Against Termite

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitations

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Plant Extracts As Control Agent Against Termite

Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Chapter 5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A Letter to the Research Adviser

B Letter to the Statistician

C Letter to the Research Editor

E Budget Plan Proposal

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Plant Extracts As Control Agent Against Termite

Introduction of the Study

Background and Theoretical Framework

Termites (Coptotermes formosanus) also known in the local

dialect as “anay”, are considered as serious structural pests of

homes and wood structures in the Philippines (Synder and

Francia, 1960).Termites are one of those pests that cause