Number and Algebra 291

Chapter summary
Direct proportion Finding the equation of a line Midpoint and length of line segment
y = mx means y is directly proportional to x. Gradient–intercept form (y = mx + c) Midpoint is halfway between segment
y = gradient; the rate of change of y with Require gradient and y-intercept or endpoints.
respect to x. any other point to substitute. x +x y +y
M= 1 2, 1 2
e.g. travelling at 60 km/h for t hours, E.g. 2 2
distance d =60t. y E.g. midpoint of segment joining
m = rise = 2 = 2 (−1, 2) and (3, 6)
run 1
x y-int is −2
1 x = −1 + 3 = 1
Gradient −2 ∴ y = 2x − 2 2
This measures the slope of a line. y = 2 + 6 = 4, i.e. (1, 4)
y y 2
Length of segment
Use Pythagoras’ theorem c 2 = a 2 + b 2
x E.g.
x Linear modelling (3, 7)
Define variables to represent the c 5 c 2 = 42 + 52
problem and write a rule relating (−1, 2)
Positive Negative 4 c = √41
y y the two variables.
c = 6.4 (to 1 d.p.)

x x Straight line
y = mx + c Lines with one intercept
Zero Undefined
Gradient m = rise y-intercept y
gradient
run y
e.g. In the form ax + by = d, 3
Horizontal line y = c
m = 42 = 2 (2, 6) rearrange to y = mx + c form e.g. y = 3 x
to read off gradient and
rise = 4
y-intercept. y
2
run = 2 Vertical line x = b 2 x
x
e.g. x = 2

y
x- and y-intercepts y = mx passes through
the origin, substitute (1, 3)
e.g. for 2x + 3y = 6 x
y x-intercept y-int (x = 0) Linear x = 1 to find another
where line cuts point, e.g. y = 3x
x-axis
2(0) + 3y = 6 relations
3y = 6
y=2
x
y-int is 2
y-intercept A linear relation is made
where line cuts x-int (y = 0) up of points (x, y )
y-axis 2x + 3(0) = 6 that form a straight
2x = 6 Coordinates and the Cartesian plane line when plotted,
x-intercept has y-coordinate O.
x =3 Each point on the plane is a coordinate e.g. y = 2x + 1
y-intercept has x-coordinate O.
x-int is 3 pair (x, y ). x −2 −1 0 1 2
y y −3 −1 1 3 5
Sketching linear graphs 2 B y
y-axis
Sketch with two points. Often we find the 1 5
C
x-intercept (y = 0) and y-intercept (x = 0) x 4
−2−1 O
−1 1 2
e.g. y = 2x – 4 y A 3
x-intercept −2 2
y-int: x = 0, y = 2(0) – 4 x-axis
= –4 1
x (0, 0) is the origin. x
x-int: y = 0, 0 = 2x – 4 2
A has coordinates (2, −1). −2 −1 0 1 2
2x = 4 −1
−4 B has coordinates (1, 2). −2
x=2
C has coordinates (−2, 0). −3
Plot these points and join in a line. y-intercept