Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Monotonic and Cyclic Behavior Concrete Beams Steel Fibers - Caratelli - 2016
Monotonic and Cyclic Behavior Concrete Beams Steel Fibers - Caratelli - 2016
h i g h l i g h t s
Experimental tests on lightweight concrete beams with and without steel fiber reinforcement are developed.
The cement was partially substituted by ashes coming from the combustion of Municipal Solid Waste.
Both monotonic and cyclic loads are applied.
The results show the effectiveness of fiber reinforcement in improving the element performance.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Experimental tests on four lightweight concrete beams with and without steel fiber reinforcement,
Received 18 February 2016 subjected to monotonic and reverse cyclic loads, were set-up in order to investigate the influence of
Received in revised form 23 May 2016 the fiber reinforcement on the strength, ductility and energy dissipation. The tests were performed on
Accepted 14 June 2016
beams with 200 300 mm cross section and clear span of 3000 mm. Furthermore, in the framework of
Available online 21 June 2016
the definition of sustainable materials, the cement of the concrete matrix was partially substituted by
ashes coming from the combustion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), with pozzolanic reaction. The
Keywords:
obtained results are presented, discussed and compared.
Fiber reinforced beams
Cyclic loads
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Municipal Solid Waste
Experimental tests
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.045
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
24 A. Caratelli et al. / Construction and Building Materials 122 (2016) 23–35
Table 1 Table 2
Concretes mix design and density (amount in kg/m3). Concretes compressive mechanical properties.
Rcm [MPa]
premature brittle failure. On the contrary, specimens with fibers L-MSW
50
satisfied the performance requirements of Eurocode 8 for strength
and ductility, for concrete strength up to 60 MPa. For higher values L-FRC-MSW
of concrete strength, in spite of the significant improvement in 40
performance, the code requirements were not fulfilled in terms
of ductility.
Schumach [35] found that in some circumstances the 30
0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168
introduction of fibers for the enhancement of a particular struc-
time [days]
tural behaviour (e.g., shear, impact resistance, behaviour at service
load, crack control, etc.) can limit the ductility under flexure. This Fig. 2. Mean compressive strength at different curing times.
situation occurred in particular conditions, mainly when both steel
rebars with a low hardening ratio and a FRC having a high tough-
ness are adopted. The combination of these two aspects was found experimental tests have been carried out on beams with two con-
to be particularly detrimental with regard to the overall ductility. crete mixes, also in presence of lightweight aggregates, with and
In those circumstances, an increase in the rebar bond leads to a without fiber reinforcement. The full-scale specimens are
localization of deformations at a crack. Similar conclusions were subjected to cyclic loads and the effectiveness of the FRC material
found by Meda et al. [30]. solutions is remarked.
The lack of works dealing with the influence of the fiber
reinforcement on the cyclic behaviour of full-scale beams, and 2. Material properties and characterization
the emerging contrasting views, clearly show the need to provide
more experimental data and models. Four beams were cast with a lightweight concrete (with clay aggregate) and
with a partial replacement of the cement with ashes coming from the burning of
Recently, a comprehensive research on the adoption of fiber
Municipal Solid Waste. In two specimens, steel fiber reinforcement was added also.
reinforced concretes, with different mix designs, both in beam The specimens were subjected to monotonic and cyclic loads.
and slab elements [31] has been developed at University of Rome
Tor Vergata. The use of innovative concrete in RC structures is 2.1. Concrete mixes
receiving widespread attention, with particular reference to the
idea of reducing the environmental impact of new concrete Two concrete mixes were cast and adopted in the present research:
structures [24]. In this context, the possibility of partially replacing
– Lightweight concrete with ash from Municipal Solid Waste (L-MSW);
the cement with the product of incineration of the Municipal Solid – Lightweight fiber-reinforced concrete with ashes from Municipal Solid Waste
Waste (MSW) can be of great interest [23,6,12,28,1,3]. A research (L-FRC-MSW).
on innovative lightweight concrete with cement partially replaced
with ashes coming from the burning of MSW, having pozzolanic The fiber reinforced concrete is characterized by the addition of 30 kg/m3 of
properties, has been developed by the authors, and its possible hooked steel fibers with length (l) equal to 30 mm and diameter (d) of 0.30 mm
(aspect ratio l/d equal to 100). The steel wire strength is higher than 2000 MPa.
application in combination with steel fiber reinforcement is here
The mix design for the concretes used in the experimental program is shown in
proposed for beams subjected to cyclic loads. At this aim, Table 1.
L-MSW L-FRC-MSW
A Section A-A
hsp=125
125
150
150
A b=150
150
250
250 L=500
250
(a) 500
(b)
Fig. 3. Flexural test; a) specimen geometry; b) clip cage for CMOD measure.
Fig. 4. FRC tensile characterization; a) flexural test set-up (UNI EN 14651 [20]); b) reference strength values (MC2010).
6
fR3
fR2
Nominal stress [MPa]
CMOD2
CMOD4
CMOD3
3.93 3.02
1
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
CMOD [mm]
Fig. 5. Results of the flexural response of the fiber reinforced concrete, mean and characteristic values of residual flexural strength.
300
Fig. 8. Static schemes for monotonic and cyclic tests.
(a)
Fy
2/3 Fy
1/3 Fy
Fcr
(b)
load, the opening of the notch at the bottom face of the beam, named Crack Mouth
Opening Displacement (CMOD). This last quantity has been directly measured with
a clip gauge, as shown in Fig. 3b.
The Limit of Proportionality strength fL and the reference strength values fR1, fR2,
fR3 and fR4, defined by EN14651 and used by MC2010 for defining the constitutive
relationship or the material, are related to CMOD equal to 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5. These
quantities are evaluated from the F-CMOD relationship and shown in Fig. 4b.
In particular, in the hypothesis of linear stress distribution (r, Fig. 3a), and being
l the span length (500 mm) and b the specimen width (150 mm):
where:
fL is the limit of proportionality as defined in EN 14651;
fRj is the residual flexural tensile strength corresponding to CMOD = CMODj;
Fj is the measured load corresponding to CMOD = CMODj;
hsp the distance between the notch tip and the top of the specimen (125 mm).
The nominal stress–CMOD diagrams related to the five specimens are shown in
Fig. 5; the mean and characteristic residual strengths are remarked in the same
figure.
The characteristic values are evaluated in agreement with the EN 1990 [18]. In
Fig. 10. Testing system. particular, for each strength (fi), the average value (fm), the standard deviation (s)
and the coefficient of variation (Vx) have been evaluated:
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
X
n Pn 2
i¼1 ðfi fmÞ s
The concrete has been prepared in a truck mixer. For every batch a quantity of fm ¼ fi s¼ Vx ¼ ð2Þ
n1 fm
concrete equal to 2.5 m3 has been mixed and the mixer plant was 30–40 min from i¼1
the laboratory, where the specimens where prepared. The concrete rheology was
measured before starting the casting procedure through a slump flow test, carried being (n) the number of specimens (five in the analysed case).
out according to EN 12350 [21]. The results are shown in Fig. 1. In the hypothesis of normal distribution, the characteristic values can be
The combination of lightweight aggregate and fiber reinforcement allows calculated as:
keeping the material density lower than that of the ordinary normal weight
f k ¼ f m kn s ð3Þ
concrete (usually in the range 2300–2400 kg/m3). The adoption of lightweight
concrete in the beam L-MSW gives a dead load reduction of about 10–14%, with The value of kn is suggested by [18] as a function of the specimens, for unknown
respect to the ordinary normal weight concrete (see Table 1). and known coefficient of variation (Vx). In particular, for fiber reinforced concrete, it
can be considered (Vx) known from prior knowledge, and the coefficient kn can be
assumed equal to 1.8.
2.2. Concrete strength characterization Finally, the possibility of adopting the cast FRC as a structural material is
checked according to the ModelCode 2010 prescriptions, and then it is verified that
The average concrete strength measured on four cubes having a side of 150 mm, both the code requirements are widely fulfilled:
at different curing times is reported in Table 2 and plotted in Fig. 2. The last date
corresponds to the test age. It can be noted that after 28 days a lower value of f R1k =f LK ¼ 1:45 > 0:4
compressive strength is measured for the fiber reinforced mix (about 10% with
respect to L-MSW), but this difference becomes absolutely negligible with the time.
In particular after 160 days from the cast (date of the test), the compressive f R3k =f R1k ¼ 1:10 > 0:5
strengths of the L-MSW and L-FRC-MSW mixes are almost the same (65.60 MPa
and 65.00 MPa, respectively).
Finally, the tensile behaviour of the fiber reinforced materials was characterized 2.3. Steel characterization
through flexural test on beams (150 150 600 mm3), according to the UNI EN
14651 [20] (Figs. 3a and 4a). The beams where reinforced with 16 mm diameter steel rebars. All the bars
In particular, the nominal values of the material properties are defined by came from the same production and the tensile behaviour (Fig. 6) was characterized
performing a three point bending test on a notched beam (notch width and height through tensile tests on three specimen. The average yielding and ultimate
equal to 5 mm and 25 mm, respectively, Fig. 3a), and by measuring, besides the strengths were equal to 520 MPa and 650 MPa, respectively.
Fig. 11. Test set-up for cyclic loads: load transmission system a); b) detail.
28 A. Caratelli et al. / Construction and Building Materials 122 (2016) 23–35
(a) (b)
Steel pad
Neoprene layer
(a)
W1
W5
W2R
W3R
W4
(b)
W3L
W2L
3. Experimental tests
120
cyclic, respectively.
100
The beams have a length of 3.50 m (net span 3.00 m) and a
80
200 300 mm cross-section. The elements are reinforced with
60
3£16 symmetrical longitudinal reinforcement (Fig. 7). The
40
transversal reinforcement is made with £8 stirrups spaced
20
100 mm. A spacing equal to 50 mm is given close to the supports
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 and to the point load position (Fig. 7).
Both monotonic and cyclic tests are carried out, according to the
Displacement [mm]
schemes of Fig. 8. A grid (50 50 mm, see Fig. 8) was drawn on the
Fig. 14. Load-midspan displacement diagram. lateral surfaces in order to simplify the crack pattern detection.
A. Caratelli et al. / Construction and Building Materials 122 (2016) 23–35 29
Right side
25 300 25
Left side
25 300 25
Fig. 16. Beam OCM, Monotonic test: a) crack pattern at yielding (Fy = 140 kN); b) crack width at yielding; c) failure stage for concrete crush.
The loading history, related to the cyclic loads, is represented in part consists in two steel columns for reaching the fixed height,
Fig. 9. In particular, starting from the cracking load (Fcr), four while the upper part, constituted by secondary beams bolted to
triplets of cycles are given up to the yielding load (Fy), as shown the columns, allows the lodging of the support system.
in Fig. 9a. Then, (Fig. 9b) the triplet of cycles are given in terms The described set-up has been improved for the cyclic tests. In
of displacements (d), starting from the yielding one (dy) up to the particular for avoiding the lifting during the inverse loading, the
beam failure (du). testing system has been connected to the floor slab with
£20 mm steel threaded rebars. The load is transmitted through a
system shown in Fig. 11 composed of a main beam, two small
3.1. Test set-up and instrumentation beams and four ties, able to grant the same behaviour during the
up-loading and un-loading phases.
The test set-up is made with structural steel HEB300 (Fig. 10). All the tests have been performed under a contrast frame of
The lower part includes two main beams that can move on steel 4000 kN and the load is given by a 1000 kN electromechanical jack,
wheels and slide on suitable guides, allowing a simple positioning in displacement control.A steel pad is inserted between the
of the specimen under the load cell. A transversal beam connects cylindrical point load and the beam surface. Furthermore a layer
the main ones, and acts as stiffening element. The intermediate of neoprene is placed in correspondence of the point load, under
30 A. Caratelli et al. / Construction and Building Materials 122 (2016) 23–35
Right side
25 300 25
Left side
25 300 25
Fig. 18. Beam FRCM; Beam OCM, monotonic test – collapse state a) crack pattern; b) concrete crush; c) rebar failure.
the steel slab, for assuring a uniform contact (Fig. 12a). The support 4. Results of monotonic tests
system has been designed and made in order to allow the
horizontal displacements and the rotations with respect to the The experimental results of the monotonic tests developed for
support axis (Fig. 12b). both the ordinary (OCM) and fiber reinforced (FRCM) beams are
The displacements are measured through seven wire here summarised and discussed. It is worth remarking that both
transducers, placed as shown in Fig. 13 and in particular one close monotonic and cyclic tests were developed on beams with the
to the midspan (W1); four close to the point load (W2R, W2L, W3R, same geometry and support conditions.
W3L) and two located at 50 cm from the support (W4, W5). The The load-midspan displacement diagrams measured during
total load F is measured with a 1000 kN (±1%) cell. both the tests are compared in Fig. 14.
A. Caratelli et al. / Construction and Building Materials 122 (2016) 23–35 31
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
-20
-40
displacement [mm]
-60
OCM
-80
-100
-120
-140 FRCM
-160
x [mm]
200
OCM
150
OCC 100
50
Load [kN]
0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-50
-100
-150
-200
Displacement [mm]
Fig. 20. Load displacement diagram; reinforced concrete beams OCM and OCC: Comparison between monotonic and cyclic bejaviour.
Right side
25 300 25
Left side
25 300 25
Fig. 22. Beam OCC. Cyclic test: crack pattern for the first cycle (4 dy).
Fig. 23. Beam OCC. Cyclic load: Crack pattern for the second cycle (5 dy).
200
150
100
Load [kN]
50
0
-120 -10 0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 12 0 140 16 0
-50
-100
-150
-200
Displacement [mm]
Fig. 24. Load displacement diagram; Fiber Reinforced beams FRCM and FRCC: Comparison between monotonic and cyclic bejaviour.
The loads related to the first cracking (Fcr) and first yielding (Fy) were about 1.12 mm and 16 mm, respectively. The maximum load
of the beam OCM were equal to 19 kN and 140 kN. The related was about 196 kN, related to a midspan displacement of about
midspan displacements were about 0.6 mm and 15.5 mm, respec- 91 mm. The ultimate displacement was about 140 mm. The com-
tively. The crack pattern evolution measured during the test is plete crack pattern detected during the test is summarised in
summarised in Fig. 15. More in detail, the crack pattern at yielding Fig. 17. The failure was due to the contemporaneous effects of
stage is shown in Fig. 16a and the maximum crack width at the concrete crush and rebar failure. (Fig. 18a–c). In can be clearly
same load level, equal to about 0.2 mm, is shown in Fig. 16b. The noted the variation of failure mode due to the fiber presence. In
maximum load, almost coincident with the failure one, was about particular in the FRCM beam the fibers avoid the sudden and brittle
165 kN, and the ultimate displacement was about 82 mm. The concrete crushing, due to their capacity of improving the concrete
failure was due to the concrete crush (Fig. 16c). toughness in compression [30]. The fiber presence leads to an
With reference to the fiber reinforced beam FRCM, the load increase of the yielding and ultimate load of about 21% and 19%,
related to the first cracking (Fcr) and first yielding (Fy) were equal respectively, in agreement with other experimental tests [4,2].
to about 20 kN and 170 kN. The related midspan displacements The increase of the ductility defined as the ratio between the
A. Caratelli et al. / Construction and Building Materials 122 (2016) 23–35 33
Right side
25 300 25
Left side
25 300 25
Fig. 26. Beam FRCC. Cyclic test. Crack pattern: a) second cycle (5 dy); b) third cycle 5 dy; c) rebar failure.
ultimate and yielding displacements is equal to about 65%. Finally, 5. Results of the cyclic tests
the displacements, measured along both the beams, at yielding and
close to the failure stages are plotted and compared in Fig. 19. Some of the main results obtained from the cyclic tests
Negligible differences are found up to the yielding force, while a developed on both the ordinary reinforced concrete beam (OCC)
significant increase of displacements in the fiber reinforced beam and fiber reinforced one (FRCC) are here summarised and dis-
is measured for load values close to the ultimate one. cussed. The applied loading history has been discussed in Section 3.
34 A. Caratelli et al. / Construction and Building Materials 122 (2016) 23–35
200 FRCC
150
100
50
Load [kN]
0
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
OCC -50
-100
-150
-200
Displacement [mm]
Fig. 27. Beams OCC and FRCC: comparison of the cyclic behaviour.
10
9
8
FRCC
7
E [kN m]
6
5 OCC
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
cycle number
5.1. Reinforced concrete beam OCC Fig. 26a and b, with reference to the second cycle (5 dy) and
the last cycle (third 5 dy), respectively.
The load midspan displacement diagram measured for the The collapse took place at the third cycle (5 dy), as highlighted
beam OCC, is plotted in Fig. 20. In the same figure the monotonic in Fig. 26c, with a failure of the rebars at the bottom side.
response, discussed in the previous section, is superimposed.
The maximum cyclic load was about 151 kN. If compared to the
5.3. Comparisons
monotonic behaviour a decrease of this property of about 9.3% is
measured. On the contrary, an increase of the ultimate cyclic
The cyclic behaviour of the beams OCC and FRCC, expressed in
displacement is observed, of about 20%.
terms of load-midspan displacement, are finally superimposed in
The crack pattern evolution, detected during the test, is shown
Fig. 27.
in Fig. 21. The response of the beam related to the third cycle (4 dy)
In agreement with the monotonic behaviour an increase of
and to the second cycle (5 dy) is shown in Fig. 22.
about 14% of the maximum load was noted. The energy dissipated
The complete failure took place at the second cycle (5 dy), as
in each cycle is shown in Fig. 28. It can be noted the very stable
highlighted in Fig. 23. A complete crush of the compressive
cyclic behaviour, since the three cycles of each step dissipate
concrete occurred (Fig. 23).
approximately the same energy. In both the beams the energy
increases with the cycle number, but a higher dissipation takes
5.2. Fiber reinforced concrete beam FRCC place in the FRC element, mainly for higher cycle number (energy
dissipation increase of about 20%).
The load midspan displacement diagram measured for the
beam FRCC, is plotted in Fig. 24. In the same figure the monotonic
response, discussed in Section 4, is superimposed. The beam 6. Conclusions
collapsed in correspondence of the cycle (4 dy).
The maximum load was about 182 kN. If compared to the In the present paper, an experimental research on the
monotonic behaviour a slight decrease of this property of about monotonic and cyclic behaviour of beams cast with a lightweight
7% is measured. The ultimate displacement also appears reduced aggregate concrete with and Municipal Solid Waste, with and
of about 28%. The crack pattern evolution, during the test, is shown without steel fiber reinforcement, is presented. On the basis of
in Fig. 25. The beam behaviour close to the failure is shown in the obtained results the following remarks can be addressed:
A. Caratelli et al. / Construction and Building Materials 122 (2016) 23–35 35
– in the monotonic test, the addition of about 30 kg/m3 of hooked [11] CNR DT 204/2006, Guidelines for the Design, Construction and Production
Control of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Structures, National Research Council of
steel fibers steel fibers leads to an increase of about 20% of the
Italy, 2006.
ultimate load: the increase of ductility (defined as the ratio [12] M. Collepardi, S. Collepardi, D. Ongaro, A.Q. Curzio, M. Sammartino, Concrete
between the ultimate and yielding displacements) is equal to with bottom ash from municipal solid wastes incinerators, Proceedings of the
about 65%. Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and
Technologies, vol. 3, 2010, pp. 289–298.
– in the cyclic tests, the fiber reinforced beam exhibits an increase [13] DAfStb-Richtlinie Stahlfaserbeton DafStb UA SFB N 0171, Deutscher Ausschuss
of the ultimate load of about 14%, with respect to the reference Für Stahlbeton, German Guidelines for Fibre Reinforced Concrete, 2005.
one without fibers. Furthermore, the fibers addition causes an [14] L. Daniel, A. Loukili, J. Lamirault, Experimental behaviour of high strength fiber
concrete beams under cyclic and alternated loadings, in: Fiber reinforced
increase of dissipated energy (of about 20%) and more stable concrete (FRC) BEFIB’ 2000, Proceedings of the Fifth International RILEM
behaviour for higher cycle number, Symposium, 2000, pp. 577–586.
– the adoption of lightweight aggregates allows reducing the self- [15] A. De la Fuente, P. Pujadas, A. Blanco, A. Aguado, Experiences in Barcelona with
the use of fibres in segmental linings, Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 27 (1)
weight of the composite material of about 10–14%, with respect (2012) 60–71.
to the traditional concrete. The combination of lightweight [16] M. Di Prisco, G.A. Plizzari, R. Felicetti, in: Proceedings of 6th RILEM Symposium
aggregate and fiber reinforcement allows keeping the material on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes, BEFIB 2004, RILEM Publications, Bagneaux,
France, 2004.
density equal or lower than the ordinary concrete; [17] M. Di Prisco, D. Dozio, B. Belletti, On the fracture behaviour of thin-walled
– the adoption of Municipal Solid Waste does not provide signif- SFRC roof elements, Mater. Struct. 46 (5) (2013) 803–829.
icant differences in the compressive behaviour of the material [18] EN 1990, Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design, 2005.
[19] EN 1998-1, Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance – Part
and in the final global behaviour of the beam elements.
1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, 2004.
[20] EN 14651, Test Method for Metallic Fibre Concrete. Measuring the Flexural
Tensile Strength, CEN, 2005.
Acknowledgement [21] EN 12350, Testing Fresh Concrete, CEN, 2009.
[22] H. Falkner, Z. Huang, M. Teutsch, Comparative study of plain and steel fiber
reinforced concrete ground slabs, Concr. Int. 17 (1) (1995) 45–51.
The research has been partially funded by the European Found [23] C. Ferreira, A. Ribeiro, L. Ottosen, Possible applications for municipal solid
for Veneto Region Development, program POR FESR 2007–2013. waste fly ash, J. Hazard. Mater. 96 (2) (2003) 201–216.
[24] fib Bulletin 67, Guidelines for Green Concrete Structures, Fédération
Internationale du Béton (fib), Lausanne, Switzerland, 2012.
References [25] fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, Ernst & Sohn, 2010.
[26] T. Kasper, C. Edvardsen, G. Wittneben, D. Neumann, Lining design for the
[1] A. Abbà, M.C. Collivignarelli, S. Sorlini, M. Bruggi, On the reliability of reusing district heating tunnel in Copenhagen with steel fibre reinforced concrete
bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration as aggregate in concrete, segments, Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 23 (5) (2008) 574–587.
Compos. B Eng. 58 (2014) 502–509. [27] G. Kotsovos, C. Zeris, M. Kotsovos, The effect of steel fibres on the earthquake-
[2] F. Altun, T. Haktanir, K. Ari, Effects of steel fiber addition on mechanical resistant design of reinforced concrete structures, Mater. Struct. 40 (2007)
properties of concrete and RC beams, Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (2007) 654–661. 175–188.
[3] Y. Aggarwal, R. Siddique, Microstructure and properties of concrete using [28] X.G. Li, Y. Lv, B.G. Ma, Q.B. Chen, X.B. Yin, S.W. Jian, Utilization of municipal
bottom ash and waste foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates, solid waste incineration bottom ash in blended cement, J. Clean. Prod. 32
Constr. Build. Mater. 54 (2014) 210–223. (2012) 96–100.
[4] S.A. Ashour, F.F. Wafa, M.I. Kamal, Effect of the concrete compressive strength [29] L. Liao, A. De La Fuente, S. Cavalaro, A. Aguado, Design of FRC tunnel segments
and tensile reinforcement ratio on the flexural behavior of fibrous concrete considering the ductility requirements of the Model Code 2010, Tunn.
beams, Eng. Struct. 22 (2000) 1145–1158. Undergr. Space Technol. 47 (2015) 200–210.
[5] B. Belletti, R. Cerioni, A. Meda, G. Plizzari, Design aspects on steel fiber- [30] A. Caratelli, S. Imperatore, A. Meda, Z. Rinaldi, Punching shear behavior of
reinforced concrete pavements, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 20 (9) (2008) 599–607. lightweight fiber reinforced concrete slabs, Compos. B Eng. 99 (2016) 257–265.
[6] L. Bertolini, M. Carsana, D. Cassago, A.Q. Curzio, M. Collepardi, MSWI ashes as [31] A. Meda, F. Nerilli, Z. Rinaldi, F. Simonelli, Punching shear behavior of slabs in
mineral additions in concrete, Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (2014) 1899–1906. lightweight green concrete, in: FIB Symposium, Tel Aviv, 22–24 April, 2013.
[7] E. Cadoni, A. Meda, G.A. Plizzari, Tensile behaviour of FRC under high strain- [32] G.A. Plizzari, G. Tiberti, Steel fibers as reinforcement for precast tunnel
rate, Mater. Struct. 42 (2009) 1283–1294. segments, Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 21 (3–4) (2008).
[8] G. Campione, M.L. Mangiavillano, Fibrous reinforced concrete beams in [33] P. Riva, A. Meda, E. Giuriani, Cyclic behaviour of a full scale RC structural wall,
flexure: experimental investigation, analytical modelling and design Eng. Struct. 25 (6) (2003) 835–845.
considerations, Eng. Struct. 30 (2008) 2970–2980. [34] P. Romualdi, G.B. Batson, Mechanics of crack arrest in concrete, ASCE J. Eng.
[9] A. Caratelli, A. Meda, Z. Rinaldi, P. Romualdi, Structural behaviour of precast Mech. 89 (1963) 147–168.
tunnel segments in fiber reinforced concrete, Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 26 [35] P. Schumacher, Rotation capacity of self-compacting steel fibre reinforced
(2) (2011) 284–291. concrete (Ph.D. thesis), Delft University, 2006.
[10] A. Caratelli, A. Meda, Z. Rinaldi, Design according to MC2010 of a fibre- [36] J. Walraven, The evolution of concrete, Struct. Concr. 1 (1999) 3–11.
reinforced concrete tunnel in Monte Lirio, Panama, Struct. Concr. 13 (3) (2012)
166–173.