PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Elements: A First Look at the

Periodic Table
HOW DOES THE PERIODIC TABLE
LOOK LIKE?
I GROUP/FAMILY II PERIODS/SERIES
(vertical column) (horizontal row)
have similar - has same core
chemical properties elements and number
of main energy levels
Group 1A – Alkali
Metals
 soft, malleable; lustrous,
good conductors
 MOST REACTIVE family
of metals
Group 2A – Alkaline
Earth
higher densities and
melting points than
alkali metals;
NOT as reactive as alkali
 Group 3A
Boron Family

- except for Boron

which is a metalloid
the rest of the
elements are
considered metals.
 Group 4A
Carbon Family

• They all have 4 valence

electrons.
• They react in similar
ratios with oxygen and
other elements.
• They can form up to 4
bonds – more than any
other family!!
• Germanium is a metalloid
 Group 5A
Nitrogen Family
- Nitrogen and phosphorus are
nonmetals.

- Arsenic is a metalloid with

mostly nonmetallic properties.

- Antimony is a metalloid with

mostly metallic properties.

- Bismuth is the most metallic

element in the family.

- All members of the nitrogen

family have five electrons in
their outermost energy level.

- These elements lose electrons

easily.
 Group 6A
Oxygen Family/ Calcogens

- All of these have six

electrons in their
outermost energy level.
-
- Their properties go
from nonmetallic in
oxygen and sulfur

- Selenium and Tellurium

are metalloids
- Polonium have metallic
properties
 Group 7A
Halogens
(salt-formers)
- MOST REACTIVE Non-Metals

- do not occur free in nature;

commonly found in sea water,
minerals, & living tissues

- have low melting points and

boiling points

- In the gas phase they exist as

diatomic elements

- Halogens combine readily with

metals to form a class of
compounds known as salts
 Group 8A
Noble gases/Inert gases

- VERY INACTIVE elements

- used in balloons, scuba diving

tanks, light bulbs
- do not readily combine with
other elements to form
compounds
- found in small amounts in the
earth's atomsphere.
- One important property of the
noble gasses is their inactivity.
They are inactive because their
outermost energy level is full.
 • COINAGE /
TRANSITION METALS
- these elements can be
made into coins.
- able to put more than
eight electrons in the
shell that is one in from
the outermost shell.
- can use the two
outermost
shells/orbitals to bond
with other elements
 OTHER SERIES
ACTINIDE means
RADIOACTIVE.
• All the elements are
really radioactive.

LANTHANIDE means
RARE-EARTH.
• They were thought not
scarce or rare but VERY
DIFFICULT to extract
from their ores.
 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
I Alchemists (1st to use symbols for different
elements)

II 1808—John Dalton introduced the

framework for the symbols

III Jons Jakob Berzelius (1st to use letter

symbols; used the 1st letter of the name of the
element)

* note: There are only 26 letters of the

alphabet, so he added a 2nd letter to the
symbol of the other elements whose sound is
CONSPICUOUS when the name of the element
is pronounced.

Ex. Ca—Calcium; Cl– Chlorine

 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
IV Some symbols came from their Latin/German
names:

• Gold (Au) – “AURUM”

• Silver (Ag) - “ARGENTUM”
• Lead (Pb) - “PLUMBUM”
• Potassium (K) – “KALIUM”
• Tin (Sn) - “STANNUM”
• Iron (Fe) – ‘FERRUM”
• Mercury (Hg) – “HYDRAGYRUM”
• Sodium (Na) – “NATRIUM”
• Antimony (Sb) – “STIBIUM”
• Copper (Cu) – “CUPRUM”
• Tungsten (W) – German name “WOLFRAM”
 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS

V NAME of the DISCOVERER OR SCIENTIST

Ex. Einstenium (Es) - Einstein
Mendelevium (Md) – Mendeleev

VI Name of gods
Ex. Thorium (Th) - Thor
Vanadium (V) – Vanadis

VII PLACE

Ex. Francium (Fr) - France

 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
VIII For new elements without name yet the rule
on systemic name is followed.

numerical roots
0 = nil 1 = un 2 = bi 3 = tri 4 = quad 5 = pent
6 = hex 7 = sept 8 = oct 9 = enn

A) roots are assembled in the order of the digits

in the element’s number
B) suffix = IUM added after
Ex. Element 113 = un - un— tri –ium
Ununtrium (Uut)

Note: Final “n” of “enn” is omitted if before ‘nil”.

Ex. 190 = un—enn—nil –ium (Unenilium—Uen)
“i” of “bi” or “tri” omitted when it occurs
before “ium”.
 The overwhelming majority of elements
occur in chemical combination with other
elements.
• Only few elements occur free in nature
(noble gasses occur in air as separate
atoms, O2, N2 and S8 occur as molecules, C
in coal deposits, Cu, Ag, Au and Pt)
• Most elements occur combined in
compounds
• It is the electrons of the atoms of
interacting elements that are involved in
compound formation.
 Elements combine in two different
general ways.

1) Transferring electrons from the atoms of

one element to those of another to form
IONIC COMPOUNDS.
2) Sharing electrons between atoms of
different elements to form COVALENT
COMPOUNDS.

* These processes generate CHEMICAL

BONDS, the forces that holds atoms of
elements together in a compound.
Coulomb’s law states that the energy of
attraction (or repulsion) between two
particles is directly proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the distance between them.

charge 1 x charge 2
Energy
distance
 Predicting the Ion an Element Forms

What monoatomic ions do the following

elements form?
a) Iodine (Z=53)
b) Calcium (Z=20)
c) Aluminum (Z=13)
d) 16S
e) 37Rb
f) 56Ba
 Covalent compounds form when
elements share electrons, which
usually occurs between nonmetals.
• Diatomic molecules share electrons (H2,
N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2)
• Tetratomic molecules (P4)
• Octatomic molecules (S8 and Se8)
• Atoms of different elements share
electrons to form the molecules of a
covalent compound. (Ex. HF)
• POLYATOMIC IONS (two or more atoms
bonded covalently and have a net positive or
negative charge)
 Elements of Life
• Four nonmetals (C, O, H and N) are the
building-block elements =make up a major
portion of biological molecules
• 7 major minerals (macronutrients) = 2% by
mass Ca; 0.14% by mass Cl
• Alkali metals, K and Na and the halogen, Cl
are dissolved in cell fluids (Na+, K+ and Cl-)
• Mg2+ and Ca2+ are bounded to proteins
• P are in nucleic acids
• Trace elements (micronutrients) like Fe are
present.
 Check-up questions:
1. What are some characteristic properties of
elements to the LEFT of the elements along
the “staircase”? To the RIGHT?
2. Give the name, atomic symbol, group number
of the element with each Z value, and classify
it as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal.
a. Z = 32
b. Z = 3
c. Z = 15
3. The symbol and atomic number of the
heaviest alkaline earth metal are ______ and
_____
4. The symbol and atomic number of the lightest
metalloid in Group 4A(14) are ____ and
_____.
 Check-up questions:

5. Group 1B (11) consists of the coinage metals.

The symbol and atomic mass of the coinage
metal whose atoms have the fewest electrons
are ______ and ______.
6. The symbol and atomic mass of the halogen
in Period 4 are _____ and _____.