Chapter 8 T. 8.

1. Define salts
2. Give 3 examples of soluble salt.
3. Give 3 examples of insoluble salt
4. Describe an experiment to prepare a
soluble salt.
5. Describe an experiment to prepare an
insoluble salt

Synthesising salts

8.1

SALTS

Practising to be 8.2
8.3 Synthesising
systematic and
qualitative analysis
meticulous when
of salts
carrying activities

1. State the meaning of qualitative analysis.

2. Describe the tests for Pb2+, Zn2+ and Mg2+.
3. Describe confirmatory tests for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and
NH4+.
4. Describe the test for SO42-
5. Plan qualitative analysis to identify a sample of salt.
6. Describe the test for oxygen gas.
 T. 8.1
NaCl
CuI2
Salt Solubility in water
BaSO4
Pb(NO3)2 Nitrate All soluble
(NH4)2CO3 Sulphate all except BaSO4 , PbSO4 , CaSO4
Chloride all except Hg2Cl2, AgCl, PbCl2
Carbonate
non soluble except K2CO3, Na2CO3,
Salts are an ionic compound where (NH4)2CO3
H+ from an acid has been replace by metal
ion or ammonium ion.
Examples
Solubility of salts
Definition

Experiment to build ion equation SALTS

*T.8.1.1
by continuous change method
Preparation of salt Experiment

Crystal
Examples calculations 1. Definition Preparation of the soluble
involving salts salts
Ionic equation
2. Properties
Method:
1.Acid and alkali reaction
Preparation of insoluble 2.Acid and base reaction
salts 3.Acid and metal reaction
Examples
4.Acid and carbonate reaction.

Method: Double decomposition

Soluble salt + soluble salt  soluble salt + insoluble

Method: Double decomposition

Soluble salt + soluble salt soluble salt + insoluble salt Examples

 8.0 SALTS

A. What is salt?
Students should be able to explain the meaning of salt.

Common table salt is also known as sodium chloride.

Do you know what is salt?

1. Complete the following diagram : Sodium chloride

Formula :

Consist
Metal Non-metal

cation anion

Comes from Comes from

Do you still remember
that salt is formed
in neutralization?
Base/alkali Acid
Example

NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O

Definition :
Salts are _______ __________ formed when _________ ____, H+ from
acid is replaced with _______ ______ or an ___________ _____, NH4+
from base or alkali
2. The following diagrams show the formation of salt from an acid. Fill in the box with the
appropriate acid and salt produce.

a) Formation of salt from hydrochloric acid  chloride salt

Na+
Na Cl

H Cl

NH4 Cl
NH4+

b) Formation of salt from _____________  nitrate salt

K+

NH4+

c) Formation of salt from sulphuric acid  ____________ salt

Mg2+

NH4+

d) Formation of salt from carbonic acid  ______________ salt

Na+

NH4+
B. Soluble and insoluble salt
Students should be able to identify soluble and insoluble salts.
SALT

soluble insoluble

• All K+, Na+ and NH4+ salts are soluble. ANa

• All nitrate salts are soluble. K
• All sulphate salts are soluble PbSO4, CaSO4 and BaSO4. PC
EXCEPT B
• All chloride salts are soluble PbCl2, AgCl and HgCl2 PA
K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3 H
EXCEPT • All carbonate salts are insoluble
(soluble)

** All metal oxides and hydroxides are insoluble in water except Na2O, K2O, NaOH, KOH
and NH4OH.
Ba(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2 are slightly soluble in water.

2. Write down the chemical formula of salts:

Sulphate salt Chloride salt Nitrate salt Carbonate salt

Metal ion
(from H2SO4) (from HCl) (from HNO3) (from H2CO3)
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Al3+
Zn2+
Fe2+
Pb2+
Cu2+
Ag+
Ba2+
NH4+
Table 8.1
3. From the above table (Table 8.1) name six examples of soluble salts and six examples of
insoluble salts.

SOLUBLE SALT INSOLUBLE SALT

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
Table 8.2

C. Preparing Salts
Students should be able to describe the preparation of soluble salts and insoluble salts.

1. Complete the diagram on next page…

 PREPARING SALT

SOLUBLE SALT INSOLUBLE SALT

Method III
NH4+, Na+, K+ Other than Double decomposition method/
NH4+, Na+, K+ Precipitation reaction
Neutralisation Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq)  PbCl2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
Acid + alkali  ______ + ______ Acid + metal oxide  ______ + ______

Method I Acid + metal  ______ + __________

titration
Acid + metal carbonate  ______ + ______ + _______
Undissolved metal/ Method II Add metal/ base oxide/ metal
base oxide/ metal carbonate until ___________
carbonate

Salt
solution
heat heat

Acid is titrated to alkali until Salt crystal

neutral by using an indicator.
Repeat without the indicator
to get _______ salt.
heat
_____________ the Cool it at room Filter the mixture to _______ the salt
filtrate until saturated temperature until separate _____ _________ crystal with
solution is formed. __________ are _________ _______
formed.
 2. Preparing insoluble salts by precipitation reaction

Aqueous solution + aqueous solution  precipitate + aqueous solution

or
soluble salt solution + soluble salt solution  insoluble salt + soluble salt solution

examples : Preparing lead (II) chloride salt

Choose any solution Choose any solution

containing Pb2+ ion containing Cl- ion

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq)  PbCl2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

precipitate
(Insoluble salt)
Pb2+ Na+
-
NO3- Cl
NO3-
+

Aqueous solution Aqueous solution

containing Pb2+ containing Cl-

Na+
NO3-
Pb2+
Cl- Cl-

White precipitate of
lead (II) chloride

precipitate

 Mix two ___________ __________

 Stir with a ________ ________
 Filter & wash with _______ ______
 _____ the salts with filter paper
 3. Complete the following table and write all the possible chemical equation and ionic equation to prepare salts :

Type of
Salt Chemical equation Ionic equation
salt
MgO + 2H+ + SO42-  Mg2+ + SO42- + H2O
MgO (s)+ H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq)+ H2O (l)
Magnesium
Soluble MgO + 2H+  Mg2+ + H2O
sulphate
Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
MgCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)+ CO2 (g)
Pottasium
Soluble H+ + OH-  H2O
nitrate
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq)  PbCl2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
Lead (II) Insolubl
Pb2+ + Cl-  PbCl2
chloride e
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq)  PbCl2 (s) + 2HNO3 (aq)

Copper (II)
sulphate

Lead (II)
nitrate

Ammonium
sulphate
Aluminium
carbonate
 Type of
Salt Chemical equation Ionic equation
salt

Silver chloride

Iron (II) nitrate

Zinc chloride

Barium
sulphate

Sodium
carbonate
Table 8.3
4. Physical characteristics of crystals

_______ geometrical
shapes

Fixed ______ between Crystals have _______

two neighbouring surfaces, straight
surfaces edges and ________
angles.

Crystals of the same

substance have same
_______ but may be in
different _______.

D. Constructing ionic equation using the continuous variation method.

The ionic equation for the formation of an insoluble salt can be constructed if we know the
number of _______ of cation and anion reacted together to form ______ of insoluble salt.
(…Refer next page)

Examples :

1 mole of silver chromate (VI) is formed from 2 moles of Ag+ ions and 1 mole of CrO42- ions.

Ionic Equation : 2Ag+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq)  Ag2CrO4 (s)

TRY THIS :

1 mole of lead (II) iodide is formed from 1 moles of Pb2+ ions and 2 mole of I- ions.

Ionic Equation :
 *T. 8.1.1
Height of Precipitate (cm)

0 5 Vol. of BaCl2 (cm3)

Test tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
potassium chromate 0.5 M (V cm3) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

barium chloride 0.5 M (V cm3) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Height of precipitate (cm) 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 5.5 5.5

Experiment:
Precipitation of
barium chromate (VI)
The ratio of the number of moles of
cation and anion reacted together to
form 1 mole of insoluble salt.
IONIC EQUATION
(Using continuous variation method)
From graph:
5 cm3 of K2CrO4 reacted equivalent to 5 cm3 BaCl2
No. of mole CrO42- = MV/1000 = 0.5 x 5/1000 = 0.0025 mole
No. of mole Ba2+ = MV/1000 = 0.5 x 5/1000 = 0.0025 mole
No. of mole Ba2+: No. of mole CrO42-
0.0025 moles : 0.0025 moles
Or 1 : 1
Therefore ionic equation is, Ba2+ + CrO42-  BaCrO4
Chemical equation, K2CrO4 + BaCl2  BaCrO4 + 2KCl

Writing the ionic equation : 1.

Writing ion equation:
1. 2.

2.
TRY THIS :

10 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solutions react completely with 10cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
pottasium chloride solution. A white precipitate of lead (II) chloride is formed. Construct the
ionic equation for the formation of lead (II) chloride.

Solution :

Number of moles of Pb2+ ions in lead (II) nitrate solution :

n = MV
1000

= ___________ mol

Number of moles of Cl- ions in potassium chloride solution :

n = MV
1000

= ___________ mol

From the calculation the ratio of Pb2+ ions : Cl- ions = _________ : _________

So, the simplest ratio of Pb2+ ions : Cl- ions = ________ : ________

Ionic equation :
E. Numerical problems involving stoichiometric reactions in the preparation of salts

Do you still remember…..

The relationship between the number of
moles, mass, the number of particles,
volume of gas and concentration of
reactants and products?

Complete the relationship in the following diagram :

Concentration

Number of Number of Volume of gas

particles moles

Mass
HOW TO SOLVE THE NUMERICAL PROBLEM ????

Calculation steps :

S1 : Write the balanced equations

S2 : Write the information from the question below the equation
S3 : Write the information from the equation below the chemical involved
S4 : Change S2 information into mol using the mole concept
S5 : Compare the mole ratio between the reactants and the products involved in the reaction.
S6 : Change the information into the required unit using the appropriate formula.

Example :

A student prepares copper (II) nitrate by reacting copper (II) oxide powder with 100cm3 of 1.5
mol dm-3 nitric acid. Calculate the mass of copper (II) oxide needed to react completely with
the acid. [Relative atomic mass : Cu, 64; O, 16]

S1 : CuO + 2HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + H2O

S3 : 1 mol 2 mol
S2 : V=100cm3
M=1.5 mol dm-3
S4 : the number of moles of HNO3 ==> n = M V
1000
= 1.5 x 100
1000
= 0.15 mol

S5 : From the chemical equation, 2 mol of HNO3 reacted with 1 mol of CuO
Therefore, 0.15 mol of HNO3 reacted with 0.075 mol of CuO

S6 : The mass of CuO = 0.075 mol x (64 + 16) gmol-

= 6.0 g
TRY THIS :

1. Acid reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone to form a salt and carbon dioxide. A piece of
limestone reacted completely with 50cm3 0.1moldm-3 hydrochloric acid.
[Relative atomic mass : H, 1; C, 12; Cl, 35.5; O, 16; Ca, 40;
Molar volume: 24dm3 mol-1 at room temperature]

a) Calculate the mass of salt produced.

b) What is the volume of carbon dioxide liberated at room conditions?

 T. 8.2
Carbonate
Green  Fe2+, CuCO3 Carbonate salts metal oxide + CO2
Brown  Fe3+ Nitrate
Blue  Cu2+ (i) Nitrate salts metal oxide + NO2 + O2
White  most of salts (ii) Potassium & sodium nitrate metal Nitrite + O2
(iii) Ammonium nitrate N2O + H2O
Refer
T.8.1 Sulphate
(i) Sulphate salts metal oxide + SO3 and/ SO2
Colour of (ii)Sulphate salts of Group 1 and 2 are not decompose
salts Solubility
Chloride
Not decompose except the ammonium chloride
Gas test
Effect of heat on salts
Early Using NaOH and
observation QUALITATIVE NH4OH in excess
ANALYSIS OF SALTS
Cation test
*T.8.2.1
To know the The ion test Confirmation test
unknown salt

Experiment Anion test

Anion confirmation test: Anion introduction test:

F. Qualitative Analysis

1. Qualitative analysis is a series of tests conducted on a chemical substance to________

the _________ component or components in it.
2. Through qualitative analysis, the _______ and _______ present in a salt are determined.
3. To identify the cation and anion in a salt, the following tests are usually conducted.
Complete the diagram.
UNKNOWN SALT

3. Add ________ 1. Physical 2. Observed

water properties _______ of salts

4. Effect of 5. Test for gases

________
Gas Inference :
Soluble released Reagent Presence of
? CO2 CO32-
No
Yes
Damp blue
Cl2 litmus paper
Ion in aqueous
solution SO42-

NO2 NO3 -

6. Confirmatory
tests for ions

7. Test 8. Test for 9. Test for

for anions ________ specific cations

8. a) 8. b)
Using Using
NaOH NH3 (aq)
4. Colour of Salts

a. Most salts are colourless or _______ salts.

b. Salts of ___________ metals are coloured because they form coloured ions.

Examples :

Ion Colour
(a) copper (II) ions, Cu2+
(b) iron (II) ions, Fe2+
(c) iron (III) ions, Fe3+
Table 8.4
c. Complete the following table :

Solid Aqueous Salts/Metal oxide

Colourless K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, NH+

Green Insoluble

Light green Fe2+ example: FeSO4 ,FeCl2 ,Fe(NO3)2

Blue Blue

Brown Fe3+
Black CuO
__________ when Insoluble
hot _________ when ZnO
cold
Brown when hot Insoluble
yellow when cold
Table 8.5
5. Comfirmatory test for several gases.
a) Complete the following table :

Effect on
Reagent
Gas Colour Smell damp litmus Confirmatory test
used
paper
Lighted Method : Bring a lighted splinter to
Hydroge Colourles
- splinter the mouth of test tube.
n s
Observation : Gives '______' sound

Method :
Odourles
Oxygen -
s
Observation :

Carbon Odourles Method : Bubble the gas produced

dioxide s into ___________.
Observation :

Ammoni Colourles Method : Dip a glass rod into

a s concentrated ___________ ______.
Observation : White fumes formed

Method :
Greenish Blue to red,
Pungent
Chlorine yellow then _______
Observation :

Method :
Nitrogen
Pungent
dioxide
Observation :

Sulphur Colourles Turns acidified __________

Pungent Blue to red ______________ solution from
dioxide s
purple to ___________.

Method :
Hydroge Colourles
Pungent Blue to red
n s
Observation :
chloride
Table 8.6
6. Effect of Heat on Salts

a) Most compounds which decompose leave behind oxides.

Salt → metal oxide + gas

(residue identification (gas identification
refers to specific cation refers to anion)
only)
b)

Type og gas Colour of residue

released

salt
Can predict the Can predict the
identity of heat identity of
______ ________
presence in salt presence in salt

c) Draw the correct labeled diagram for the set-up to test carbon dioxide gas liberated when the
carbonate salt is heated strongly.
 d) Write down the chemical equations for the reactions that occur :

Ion Carbonate salt Nitrate salt Sulphate salt Chloride salt

Is not decomposed by heat Decompose into O2 gas and metal Sulphate salts usually do not Chloride salts do not
nitrite decompose decompose except NH4Cl
K+
Na+
Decompose into metallic oxide and Decompose into metal oxide,
CO2 NO2 and O2
Ca2+
Mg2+
A13+
ZnSO4, CuSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3
decompose when heated to produce
metal oxide and SO3
Zn2+
2FeSO4.7H2O(s) → Fe2O3(s) +SO2 (g)
Fe2+ + SO3(g)+14H2O
(g)
Fe3+
Pb2+
Cu2+
Decompose into metal, NO2 and
O2
Ag+
Decompose into NH3, CO2 and water Decompose into N2O and water Sublimes when heated to produce Sublimes when heated to
NH3 (g) and H2SO4 (g) produce NH3 (g) and HCl (g)
NH4+
 *T. 8.2.1
NH4+ Ca2+ , Fe2+ , Fe3+ Zn2+ , Al3+ , Pb2+Table 8.7
Cu2+ , Mg2+
No Formation of Formation of Fe2+ Fe3+
precipitate precipitate & White precipitate
Non-soluble in & and then soluble K2Fe(II)(CN)6 Light blue Blue
excess in excess precipitate precipitate
KFe(III)(CN)6 Dark blue Brown
+ NaOH a little and
precipitate solution
then in excess
KSCN No change Red solution

Cations test
+ NH4OH a little and
+ HCl, white precipitate
then in excess Fe2+, Fe3+
occurs and dissolved in hot
water
NH4+, Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Mg2+ Zn2+ , Cu2+
Confirmation test
Ca2+ Al3+ , Pb2+
No Precipitate is formed Precipitate is formed Pb2+
precipitate & not dissolved in & dissolved in excess
excess. IONS TEST
NH4+ + Kl, yellow
Anions to be test: precipitate occurs and
Examples
CO32- , Cl- , SO42- NO3- dissolved in hot water
Anion Test Observation
Anion test + Nessler reagent, brown
CO32- + HCl Gas form white precipitate is form
precipitate with lime water
SO42- + HCl White precipitate is Pre-test
+ BaCl2 formed
Confirmation
Cl- + HNO3 White precipitate is test Carbonate + acid gas CO2
formed Gas evolved from the
+ AgNO3 Chloride + H2SO4 gas HCl
+ H2SO4 (dil...) reaction with salt.
NO3- Brown ring is formed Nitrate + conc.H2SO4 gas NO2
+ FeSO4
+ H2SO4 (con.)
7. Confirmatory test for anions
CO32- Cl- SO42- NO3-
1 2 3 4

H+

H+

Ag+

H+

Ba2+

H+

Fe2+

H+

Hajat Hati Agong Balik Haji Hendak Fitrah Harta

a) Complete the following diagram :

Unknown Salt
solution

+ H2SO4 dilute
+ dilute + HNO3 + ______
+ _______
acid + ______ + ______
+ _____________

Gas turns _________ ________ ring

limewater precipitate formed
___________ formed

________ ion ________ ion SO42- ion _________ ion

confirmed confirmed confirmed confirmed

8. Confirmatory test for cations

a) The presence of cation can be detected by using two common bench alkalis namely
i) _______________________, _______ solution and
ii) ________________, _______ solution.

The function of the alkalis is to produce a precipitate, that is

__________ ________________.

Metal ion + hydroxide ion  metal hydroxide

b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction of cations and sodium hydroxide :

Ion Ionic equation for the reaction of cations and sodium hydroxide
Aluminum ion
Lead (II) ion
Zinc ion
Magnesium ion
Calsium ion
Copper (II) ion
Ferum (II) ion
Ferum (III) ion
c) Complete the diagram below :

+ excess sodium hydroxide

__________ in __________ in __________ in

excess forming excess forming excess forming
Colourless solution ________________ ________________

Non-soluble in excess
d) Complete the diagram below :
c) Confirmatory tests for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and NH4+

damp
d) Complete the following diagram to summarises the qualitative analysis of cations in salts.
e. If a salt X is given as zinc nitrate, how can we test the compound to confirm the presence of
Zn2+ and NO3- ions in that salt?

Conduct the experiment as follows :

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Observed the colour of salt X  White salt

2. _______ some solid X in a test tube and  _________ ______ gas

observe : gas. released.
(a) the colour of gases released Acidic gas.
(b) the effect on damp _____ litmus  _____ litmus
(c) the effect on _________ splint turns _____.
d) observed the colour of residue when hot O2 released.
and cool.  _________
_________ splint. Probably NO3-
present.


Residue Probably ______
colour : present.
Hot : _________
3. Add _________ _________ to X to make  ____________
solution. in water X is soluble salt

4. Add ________ _______ solution, followed _________ _______ Confirms presence

by ________. Mix. Slowly, add 5-6 drops of formed. of ________, ____
_____________ ________ along test tube
side. (Do not shake)
5. To salt solution, ________ a little Maybe ____, ____,
NaOH(aq), then add it to_________. or Al3+.

6. To salt solution, add a little ______ (aq), ________ _________, Confirms presence
then add it to _________. soluble in excess NH3. of ______ ion.

CONCLUSION : The ions present in salt X are confirmed as _____ and _____ ions.
 EXECISES

1. Among the following cation solutions, which will produce precipitate when mixed with excess ammonia
solution ?

I Aqueous solution Zn 2+
II Aqueous solution Pb 2+
III Aqueous solution Mg 2+
IV Aqueous solution Al 3+

A I only
B I and IV only
C I,II and IV only
D II, III, and IV only

2. Among the following compounds, which is solube in water?

A lead(II) chloride
B zinc carbonate
C lead(II) nitrate
D Barium sulphate

3. Among the following ions, which will produce precipitation when added with hydrochloric acid solution ?

I Ca 2+ ion
II Pb 2+ ion
III Ag + ion
IV Al 3+ ion

A I and II only
B II and III only
C I, II and III only
D I, II, III and IV

4. Figure 3 shows a flow chart for a series of reactions.

Hot
hydrochloric
Black acid is added Blue
X
solid solution
Heated up

Among the following, which may be compound X ?

A copper(II) oxide
B iron(III) nitrate
C copper(II) carbonate
D lead(II) nitrate

5. The reaction between silver nitrate solution and potassium carbonate produces an insoluble salt X. Among
 the following solutions, which can dissolve salt X ?

A ammonia solution
B sodium hydroxide solution
C dilute sulphuric acid
D barium chloride solution

6. Figure 5 shows tests performed on compound G.

Added with dilute

hydrochloric acid and filtered

Precipitation solution

Added with ammonia

solution until in excess

White precipitate
dissolve

Figure 5

G is a mixture of two types of salts. Among the following, which is found in G ?

A silver sulphate and copper(II) carbonate

B lead(II) nitrate and zinc carbonate
C lead(II) nitrate and aluminium nitrate
D magnesium sulphate and lead(II) carbonate

7. Which of the following ions form a white precipitate that dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide solution ?

I Al 3+
II Mg 2+
III Pb 2+
IV Zn 2+

A I and III only

B II and IV only
C I,II and III only
D I,III and IV only

8. A precipitate is formed when solution X is added to solution Y. Among the following, which represents
solution X and Y ?
 Solution X solution Y

A sulphuric acid sodium carbonate

B silver nitrate hydrochloric acid
C zinc nitrate potassium iodide
D aluminium sulphate sodium chloride

9. Table 2 shows the results of tests performed on a compound Y.

Test Observation
Hydrochloric acid is added. White precipitate formed dissolves when heated up
Product formed is heated up
slowly
Barium hydroxide solution is White precipitate formed
added

What is compound Y ?

A zinc sulphate
B lead(II) chloride
C silver nitrate
D lead(II) sulphate

Test Observation

White precipitate formed.

Sodium hydroxide solution is
The white precipitate dissolves in excess
slowly added until excess.
sodium hydroxide solution.

A few drops of sulphuric acid is added White precipitate formed.

10. The table above shows the observations made for a test conducted on a colorless solution. Among
the ions below, which ion will probably exist in the solution?

A Al 3+ B Mg 2+ C Pb 2+ D Zn 2+

11. 10 g of magnesium carbonate powder, MgCO3 is reacted with 100 cm3 of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 1 mol dm-3.
What is the mass of magnesium carbonate that is not reacted?
[Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; C, 12; O, 16]
A 0.84 g
B 1.60 g
C 8.40 g
D 9.16 g

12. Which of the following method is suitable for preparing silver chloride in the laboratory?
 A Heating silver metal with chlorine gas
B Adding silver powder to dilute hydrochloric acid
C Adding silver oxide to dilute hydrochloric acid
D Adding silver nitrate solution to dilute hydrochloric acid

13. Which of the following equations represents the reaction that can produce
lead(II) iodide crystal?
A PbO + 2KI → PbI2 + K2O
B PbSO4 + 2KI → PbI2 + K2SO4
C Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3
D PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KCl

14. When solid R is heated strongly, the residue produced is yellow in colour when
cold. What is solid R?
A Lead(II) carbonate
B Calcium carbonate
C Sodium carbonate
D Zinc carbonate

15. The table below shows the results of the tests carried out on an unknown colourless solution.

Test
Sodium hydroxide solution is added
gradually to the solution until in excess.
Aqueous ammonia is added gradually to the
solution until in excess.
Sulphuric acid is added to the solution.
Observation
A white precipitate is formed.
The precipitate is soluble in excess sodium
hydroxide solution.
A white precipitate is formed.
The precipitate is insoluble in excess aqueous
ammonia.
No changes.

Which of the following ions may be present in that solution?

A Al3+
B Mg2+
C Pb2+
D Zn2+ 1994

15. Lead(II) nitrate can be prepared by adding

A lead(II) sulphate to dilute nitric acid.
B lead(II) oxide to dilute nitric acid.
C lead(II) chloride to potassium nitrate solution.
D lead(II) carbonate to sodium nitrate solution.

16. The reaction between sulphur dioxide and potassium manganate(VII) solution can be represented by the
following equation:
2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
What is the mass of sulfur dioxide that reacts completely with 1.0 dm3
potassium manganate(VII) solution 0.02 mol dm-3?
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; S, 12]

A g

B g

C g

D g
 16. Solution Y contains two anions. A series of test is carried out on solution Y and the results are shown below.

Add dilute Add barium

nitric acid chloride
Colourless solution White
Solution Y
solution precipitate

Add silver nitrate solution

White
precipitate

The ions present in solution Y are

A sulphate ion and carbonate ion
B nitrate ion and carbonate ion
C sulphate ion and chloride ion
D nitrate ion and chloride ion

17. According to the equation below, what is the volume of copper(II) sulphate solution
1 mol dm-3 required to react with 0.92 g metal Q?
[Relative atomic mass: Q, 23]
2Q + CuSO4 → Q2SO4 + Cu
A 15 cm3
B 20 cm3
C 30 cm3
D 60 cm3

18. When aqueous ammonia is added to copper(II) sulphate solution, a blue precipitate is formed. What happens to
the blue precipitate when aqueous ammonia is added until in excess?
A Cannot dissolve in excess aqueous ammonia
B Dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to produce a dark blue solution
C Dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to produce a colourless solution
D Cannot dissolve in excess aqueous ammonia but changes to a dark blue
precipitate

19. Which of the following schemes is used to identify sulphate ion in soluble salt?

A Sulphate dissolve in dilute Solution Add barium White

salt formed precipitate
hydrochloric acid chloride solution

B Sulphate dissolve in dilute Solution Add barium White

salt formed precipitate
 sulphuric acid chloride solution

C dissolve Add dilute Add barium

Sulphate In water Solution sulphuric Solution chloride White
salt formedacid formed
solution precipitate

D dissolve Add dilute Add barium

Sulphate In water Solution hydrochloric Solution chloride White
salt formedacid formed
solution precipitate

20. Which of the following solid salts can be prepared by double decomposition reaction?
A Lead(II) nitrate
B Silver chloride
C Magnesium sulphate
D Sodium carbonate

21 A dilute acid Q is added to a base R until in excess and then shaken. A white precipitate is
formed. Which of the following pairs of Q and R represents the reaction?
Q R
A Hydrochloric acid Lead(II) oxide
B Sulphuric acid Zinc oxide
C Sulphuric acid Copper(II) oxide
D Nitric acid Magnesium oxide

22. The reaction between barium chloride and silver nitrate can be represented by the equation
below.
BaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)
Which of the following barium chloride solution can exactly react with 20.0 cm3 silver nitrate solution
0.5 mol dm-3?
A 20.0 cm3 barium chloride solution 1.0 mol dm-3
B 10.0 cm3 barium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3
C 20.0 cm3 barium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3
D 40.0 cm3 barium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3

23. When substance T is heated in air, a brown gas which can turn moist blue litmus
paper red is produced. The residue formed is a yellow solid when hot and turn to
white when cold. Substance T may be
A Lead(II) carbonate
B Lead(II) nitrate
C Zinc carbonate
D Zinc nitrate

24. Which of the following substances are most suitable for preparing lead(II) chloride salt?
A Lead(II) nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution
B Solid lead(II) sulphate and sodium chloride solution
C Solid lead(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid
D Solid lead(II) oxide and hydrochloric acid

25. The table below shows the observation of the tests carried out on an unknown
solution Z.
Experiment Observation
Add lead(II) nitrate solution to solution Z. A white precipitate is formed.
Pass ammonia gas into solution Z until in A white precipitate is formed. The precipitate
excess. dissolves when ammonia gas is in excess.
 The observation shows that Z may be
A zinc sulphate
B calciun chloride
C magnesium nitrate
D aluminium chloride

26. When copper(II) carbonate is heated, it decomposes according to the equation below.
CuCO3 → CuO + CO2
What is the mass of copper(II) carbonate used to produce 600 cm3 carbon dioxide gas at room temperature and
pressure?
[Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64; C, 12; O, 16;
1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure]

A 2.3 g
B 3.1 g
C 6.2 g
D 25.0 g

27. Solution E contains three anions. A series of test is carried out on solution E and the results are shown below.

Add dilute Add silver

nitric acid Effervescence nitrate solution
occurs. White
Solution E
A colourless precipitate
solution is formed.

Add barium chloride solution

White
precipitate

The ions present in solution E are

A nitrate ion, sulphate ion and carbonate ion
B sulphate ion, carbonate ion and chloride ion
C hydroxide ion, sulphate ion and chloride ion
D sulphate ion, hydroxide ion and carbonate ion

28. The reaction between barium chloride solution and sodium carbonate produces an insoluble salt. The salt
produced can be dissolved by adding
A sodium hydroxide solution
B potassium chloride solution
C aqueous ammonia
D nitric acid

29. The equation below represents the reaction between barium hydroxide and potassium chromate(VI) .

Ba(OH)2 + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4 + 2KOH

Barium hydroxide solution reacts with 10 cm3 of potassium chromate(VI) solution to produce 0.63 g of barium
chromate. What is the concentration of potassium chromate solution?
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Cr, 52; Ba, 137]
 A 0.025 mol dm-3
B 0.05 mol dm-3
C 0.25 mol dm-3
D 0.50 mol dm-3

30. The figure below shows the test on X. X is a mixture of two salts with the same cation.

XAdd distilled water and filter

Precipitate Solution

+ sodium chloride solution

White precipitate

when heated

Precipitate dissolves

Which of the following substances are present in X?

A Zinc carbonate and zinc chloride
B Magnesium carbonate and magnesium nitrate
C Lead(II) carbonate and lead(II) nitrate
D Lead(II) sulphate and lead(II) chloride

31. Which of the following salt is not decomposed by heat?

A Zinc nitrate
B Lithium nitrate
C Potassium carbonate
D Lead(II) carbonate

32. 5.0 cm3 lead(II) nitrate solution requires 25.0 cm3 sodium chloride solution
0.2 mol dm-3 to complete the reaction according to the equation below:

Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) → PbCl2(s)

What is the molarity of lead(II) nitrate solution?

A 0.01 mol dm-3
B 0.10 mol dm-3
C 0.20 mol dm-3
D 0.50 mol dm-3

33. Which of the following ions produces a precipitate when sodium sulphate solution is added ?
I Al3+ ion
II Ca2+ ion
III Cu2+ ion
IV Pb2+ ion
 A I and III only
B II and IV only
C I, II and IV only
D II, III and IV only

34. The equation below shows the action of heat on the carbonate salt of metal X.

XCO3 → XO + CO2
How many moles of XCO3 are needed to produce 4.0 g of oxide X?
[Relative atomic mass: C,12; O, 16; X, 64]
A 0.03
B 0.05
C 0.08
D 0.09

35. The diagram below shows the crystalline structure of salt, NaCl.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the crystal of NaCl?

A It has sharp corners.

B It has flat surfaces.
C It has an acute angle between the two adjacent surfaces.
D It has straight edges between two adjacent surfaces.

36 Which of the following ions form a white precipitate that dissolves in excess sodium
hydroxide solution?

I Al3+
II Mg2+
III Pb2+
IV Zn2+

A I and II only
B II and IV only
C I, II and III only
D I, III and IV only

37. 3.2 g of copper(II) oxide powder is reacted with excess dilute nitric acid. What is the mass of copper(II) nitrate
formed in the reaction?
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of N = 14, O = 16 and Cu = 64.

A 3.76 g
B 4.96 g
C 5.04 g
D 7.52 g

38. Gas X is passed into an acidic dichromate solution.

The colour of the solution changes from orange to green.
What is gas X?

A Sulphur dioxide
B Hydrogen chloride
C Nitrogen dioxide
D Chlorine
39. The formula for a sulphate ion is SO42- and for a nitrate ion is NO3-.
If the formula of the sulphate salt of M is MSO4, what is the formula of the nitrate
salt of M?

A MNO3
B M2NO3
C M(NO3)2
D M(NO3)3

40. 0.12 g of magnesium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas.
[Given that the relative atomic mass of H=1, Mg=24, Cl=35.5 and 1 mol of gas
occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure]
Which of the following is true about the reaction?

I Mg + 2H+ → Mg2+ + H2
II Volume of gas released is 120 cm3
III Mass of the salt formed is 0.30 g
IV This is a redox reaction

A I and II only
B I and III only
C I, II and IV only
D II, III and IV only

41. Which of the following ions form precipitate that dissolves in excess ammonia solution?

I. Al3+
II. Cu2+
III. Pb2+
IV. Zn2+
Solid T
A.
I and II only
B.
II and IV only
C.
I, II and III only
D.
I, III and IV only
Heated
up + dilute nitric
42. You are asked by your teacher to verify the cation and anion in a sample
acidof ammonium chloride salt solution,
What substance can you use to verify the cation and anion?

Cation Anion
A Nessler reagent Dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate
B Nessler reagent Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride
C Solid U thiocyanate
Potassium + Gas V Solution
Dilute nitricYacid and
+ silverGas V
nitrate
D Potassium thiocyanate Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride

+ dilute Heated
hydrochloric acid up
Structural question

1. Figure 2 shows a flow chart summarizing the series of changes for a compound T.

Solution W Solid U + Gas Y + Gas Z

+ ammonia
solution

White precipitate
soluble in excess
Solid U is yellow in colour when hot and white in colour when cooled.

(a) What is solid U? [ 1 mark ]

(b) Name the cation and anion in solid T. [ 2 marks ]
(c ) (i) Name gas V. [ 1 mark ]
(ii) What is observed when gas V is passed through limewater? [ 1 mark ]
(iii) Write the chemical equation for reaction between gas T with limewater.
[ 3 marks]
(d) Write the chemical equation to represent the effect of heat on solid T. [ 1 mark ]

(e) (i) Name solution Y. [ 1 mark ]

(ii) Describe briefly a chemical test to identify the anion in solution Y.
[ 3 marks ]
(f) Name the type of reaction which occurs when solid U reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form
solution W. [ 1 mark ]
(g) (i) What are gas Y and gas Z ? [ 2 marks ]
(ii) Write the balance chemical equation for the effect of heat on solution Y.
[ 1 mark ]

2. Figure 3 summarises the series of reactions that involves lead compounds.

Heated up
Lead(II)
nitrate Solid J + Mix of gases K and L
 Add dilute Add dilute
hydrochloric nitric
acid acid

White
precipitate M Solution N

Figure 3

(a) What is solid J ? [ 1 mark ]

(b) What is the colour of solid J when hot and cooled ? [ 1 mark ]
(c ) Write a balance chemical equation to represent the effect of heat on lead(II) nitrate to form solid J and a
mixture of gas K and N. [ 3 marks ]
(d) (i) Name precipitate M. [ 1 mark ]
(ii) State a way to test compound M. [ 1 mark ]
(iii) Write the ionic equation to show then formation of precipitate M.
[ 1 mark ]
(e) Sodium hydroxide solution is added little by little into solution N until there is no more change. What can be
observed ? [ 1 mark ]
(f) How can you obtain dry crystal salt, N , from solution N ? [ 3 marks ]
(g) A piece of zinc is put into solution N.
(i) Predict the observation. [ 1 mark ]
(ii) Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction which has occurred.
[ 1 mark ]

Gas K
[Brown colour
and acidified]
Compound J
Heat +

Gas L
[Colourless]

Solid M
 Dissolved
in
water

White
precipitate Q
Dissolved in
excess Reaction I Reaction II
sodium Colourless J White
hydroxide solution precipitate R
+ NaOH (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq)
solution

Figure 3

3. Figure 3 shows a series of process done by a student to identify a compound J.

(a) With refer to reaction I, white precipitate Q is formed which is soluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
Name all the ions which are probably presence in solution J.
[ 1 mark ]

(b) Referring to reaction I and II, name the cation presence in solution J.[ 1 mark ]

(c ) Write down the ionic equation for the reaction forming the white precipitate, R.
[ 3 marks ]

(d) (i) Name two cations which produced white precipitate that will not dissolve
in excess sodium hydroxide solution. [ 1 mark ]

(ii) State one confirmatory test for one cation presence in (d)(i). [ 3 marks ]

Essay questions
1. (a) What is the meaning of salt ? [ 1 mark ]
(b) (i) State four types of preparation reaction for insoluble
iron(II) chloride. [ 4 marks ]
(ii) For each type of reaction in (b)(i), write a chemical equation
for salts prepared through the reactions mentioned. [ 4 marks ]
(c ) You are required to prepare zinc sulphate salt. Chemical
compounds provided are listed as follows:
  Dilute sulphuric acid
 Sodium carbonate solution
 Zinc nitrate solution

Describe a laboratory experiment how you can prepare zinc sulphate salt that is dry. In your
description, include the chemical equations involved.
[ 11 marks ]

2. (a) What is meant by precipitation reaction ? [ 1 mark ]

(b) Describe how you can use ammonia solution to differentiate the
following solutions.

 Potassium nitrate solution

 Zinc sulphate solution
 Magnesium chloride solution

(c ) A solution contains iron(II) ion cation. Decribe briefly three laboratory experiment for you to
confirm the presence of iron(II) ion in the solutions.
[ 6 marks ]
(d) Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare lead(II) nitrate crystal salt in the laboratory. In your
description, write the chemical equations for the reactions involved.
[ 9 marks ]

3 .(a) The following information is about hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid.
* the pH of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is 1
* the pH of 1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid is 4
[4 marks]
Explain why these two solution have different pH values
(b) Two bottles of reagent each containing hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride solution.
Qualitative analysis can be used to determine the presence of cations and anions in solutions.
Describe chemical tests that can be used to verify the ions in each solution.
[10 marks]
© The chemical equation of reaction P is as follows:
CuCl2 + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CuCO3
Excess sodium carbonate is added to 50cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) chloride. Given that the relative
molecular mass of CuCO3 = 124. Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate precipitate formed.
[2 marks]
(d) When copper(II) carbonate is heated, it produces solid X and gas Y.

(i) Name solid X and state its colour. [2 marks]

(ii) Name gas Y and describe a method to verify its identity. [2 marks]