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Acknowledgement: Drupad P
Acknowledgement: Drupad P
DRUPAD P
i
Bonafide certificate
Department of Physics
(AMUDHA)
ii
INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ii
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
INTRODUCTION 01
APPLICATIONS
02
PROCEDURE 09
OBSERVATIONS 10
RESULT & CONCLUSION 12
SOURCES OF ERROR
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
14
iii
INTRODUCTION
1
Applications
Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs
are used for the mid infrared spectral
region. GeCu photoconductors are among the best farr
infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared
astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.
Analog Applications
· Camera Exposure Control
· Auto Slide Focus - dual cell
· Photocopy Machines - density of toner
· Colorimetric Test Equipment
· Densitometer
· Electronic Scales - dual cell
· Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source
· Automated Rear View Mirror
Digital Applications
· Automatic Headlight Dimmer
· Night Light Control
· Oil Burner Flame Out
· Street Light Control
· Position Sensor
*LDR has a disadvantage that when its temperature changes, its resistance
changes drastically for a particular light intensity.
2
AIM & APPARATUS
AIM:
To study the variations, in current flowing in a circuit
containing a LDR, because of a variation:-
APPARATUS:
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
Connecting Wires
Source of different power rating (bulbs)
Bulb Holder
Metre scale
Multi Meter
Battery
3
THEORY
4
Characteristics of photoconductive cells
Now when the device is kept in darkness, its resistance
is called as dark resistance. This resistance is typically
of the order of 1013ohms. When light falls on it, its
resistance decreases up to several kilo ohms or even
hundreds of ohms, depending on the intensity of light,
falling on it.
The spectral response characteristics of two commercial
cells were compared in our laboratory. And we found
that there is almost no response to the radiation of a
wavelength which was shorter than 300nm. It was very
interesting to note that the Cadmium Sulphide cell has a
peak response nearer or within the green color of the
spectrum within a range of 520nm. Thus it can be used
nearer to the infra-red region up to 750nm. It was found
that the maximum response of Cadmium
Sulphoselenide is in the yellow-orange range at 615nm
and also it can be used in the infra-red region up to
about 970nm.
5
Sensitivity
6
Spectral Response
7
2.) luminous flux variation:
Considering the source to be a point radiating in all
directions; consider a steradian (or even a simple
sphere), take a small element dA on the steradian at a
distance ‘r’ from the source. It comprises a small part
of the energy radiated (dEr).
Now, go further to a distance ‘R’ (R>r) from the
source, consider the same area element dA, it
comprises a much smaller part of energy radiated
(dER).
[dEr > dER].
It varies inversely as the square of the distance.
8
PROCEDURE
Choose a specific position for the source and mount it
using a holder, make sure it is stable.
Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it
to the holder as shown in the figure.
Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the multimeter in
series.
Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable
range and measure the resistance with a bulb on.
Similarly switch to current section and move to micro
ampere in the multimeter. This gives the value of the
current.
Repeat these steps with different power sources at
different distances and note down observations.
9
OBSERVATIONS
1. 50 142.5 40
2. 40 69 80
3. 30 41 150
4. 20 21 300
1. 50 51 120
2. 40 35 170
3. 30 22 270
4. 20 11 540
10
3.) 40 watts (incandescent) (mean wavelength = 610nm)
1. 50 20 300
2. 40 13 460
3. 30 8.5 700
4. 20 4.5 1330
1. 50 15.5 380
2. 40 10 600
3. 30 6 1000
4. 20 3 2000
11
CONCLUSION & RESULT
12
SOURCES OF ERROR
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
14