Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
THE 19TH CENTURY (THE BIRTH OF
MODERNITY)
- Was precipitated by three great revolutions
around the world:
(Industrial Revolution in England, French
Revolution and American Revolution)
Ph and its social and economic structure were
based on the old feudalistic patterns of abuse
and exploitation of the Indio.
The gradual elimination of Monopoly – was the
important stimulus to trade.
Late 18th century – the time when the political
and economic change began to affect Spain, Ph
and its other colonies.
New Class – Was the result of the growth of
commercial agriculture
- Public Education in Ph and even the
Church controlled the curriculum
- Also, the time when the sons of wealthy
families were sent to Europe to study
- Nationalism and a passion for reform
blossomed in the liberal atmosphere
Propaganda Movement – Arose out of the
talented group of overseas Filipino students.
Jose Rizal, this movements most brilliant figure
produced two political novels.
- Noli Me Tangere (1886; Touch Me Not)
- El Filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of
Greed)
La Liga Filipina
- A modest reformed-minded society, loyal
to Spain, that breathed no word of
Independence
Andres Bonifacio
- Self-educated warehouse
Katipunan
- Was dedicated to the expulsion of the
Spanish from islands, and preparation were
made for armed revolt.
GALLEON TRADE (MANILA –
ACAPULCO TRADE)
- The longest running shipping line of its
time which existed for roughly 150 years.
Nick Joaquin
- Noted first medium to reduce the world
village
Almacenes Reales
- Items from all over the globe docked in
Manila
- Fort Santiago, Intramuros
Fray Andres De Urdaneta
- A well-known circumnavigator before his
stint as an Augustinian priest, The
galleons, (one at a time) PH to Mexico
- Discovered the east ward route
November 21, 1564
- The day they left Mexico
- San Pedro along with San Juan
- They noticed something about our country
that we had fantastic trading system
Benito Legarda
- Cited that during Galleon trade, ninety
percent of goods arriving in PH were
Mexican.
-Piece of Gold in China was equivalent
to 6 to 8 pcs of silver.
-Piece of Gold in Europe was equivalent
to 13 pcs of silver.
Manila
- Declared as the center commerce in the
east
Manila – Acapulco
- 250, 000 pesos worth of goods, spending
90 days at sea.
Acapulco – Manila
- 500,000 pesos worth of good, spending
120 days at sea.
Spice Islands
- Eastern Indonesia
SUEZ CANAL
- One of the most important water ways in
the world. (1859 – 1869)
- It connects Mediterranean Sea and Red sea
and shortens the road between south Asia
and Europe significantly.
- It was a dream of Napoleon and
Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Illustrador
- Filipinos with money and Education
1880’s - the decade of death
SOCIAL STRUCTURE DURING THE 19TH
CENTURY
Feudalistic – the results of the Spanish
landholding system imposed upon the country
with the arrival of the conquistadores.
- Master-Slave Relationship
Spanish Peninsulares
- Limpieza de Sangre (Pure Blood)
- The Spaniards born in Spain occupying the
highest position in the social structure
together with other Europeos on non-
Spanish Europeans.

Spanish Insulares
- Hijos del Pais (Sons of the Country)
- Spaniards born in the PH from full blooded
Spanish parents.
Spanish Mestizos
- Offspring of Spanish father and Indio
Mother
Mestizo de Sangleyes
- Offspring of Spanish-Chinese parents.
Mestizos Indios
- Offspring of Chinese-Indio Mixtures
Indios
– Native Country
Indio Sangleye
- pure blooded Chinese or Japanese who
arrived in PH to trade and escape the
hegemony of dynasties and Shoguns.
Lowest within the social structure.
Indio Natural
- Originated from Malay race and
considered as Filipino today
Bajo las Campanas - (Under the sound of
bell)
Infieles – refers to the pagans who resisted the
indoctrination and lived outside the Spanish
control maintaining their culture, religion and
lifeways.
Plain Indios – The Highest position available to
plain indios is Gobenadorcillo
Educational Decree of 1863
- Marked a milestone in the history of
education in the PH under Spain.
Moret Decree of 1870
- Which intended to secularize higher
education in the colony.
Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
POLITICAL SYSTEM BIGOTRY OF SPANISH
Ministro de Ultramar (Ministry of Colonies) TRIBUTE OR TRIBUTO
- It helped governed the Ph through Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
centralized government in Manila. - Was first to order the payment of tribute,
Governador Heneral both in the Visayas and Luzon.
- Appointed by the King to head the central TYPES OF BUWIS
administration. King’s Representative. Direct Taxes
- Also acted as the Vice-Royal Patron Over - Income tax and Personal Tribute
the Religious matter – Gave him the Indirect Taxes
prerogative to nominate priests to - Customs duties
ecclesiastical positions and control the - bandala taxes (special taxes collected from
finances of the mission. the natives) – it is an annual enforced sale
Alcaldias (Provincial Government) or requisitioning of goods, particularly of
- Led by Alcaldes Mayores (civil governors) rice or coconut oil, in the case of tayabas.
Cabildo or Ayuntamiento – City Government - Monopolies of special crops (rentas
administered by 2 Alcaldes en Ordinario encantadas)
(Mayor and Vice Mayor) were both executive - Items
and chief judicial magistrate.
Pueblo Buwis collected from the natives both in:
- The local Government Unit Specie – gold or money
- Composed of Barangay Kind – rice, cloth, chicken, coconut oil, abaca
Gobernadorcillo - Capitan (Chief executive and etc.
chief judge of pueblo. Cedula Personal – (Personal Identity Paper)
- Highest position in the government to - Resembles with the present community
which the native could be appointed. residence or residence tax today which
Barangay or Barrio replaces the tribute.
- The smallest unit of government. The tribute collectors who often abuse their
- Headed by the cabeza de barangay offices by collecting more than the law
(Filipino and Chinese estizos) required and appropriating the difference:
Guardia Civil  Alcaldes
- Corps of pueblo  Mayors
- Serving as nights sentries in town or as  Encomenderos
watchman of casa tribunal.  Gobernadorcillos
Royal Audiencia - Highest Judicial body  Cabezas
- Acted as auditor of finances of government

ENCOMIENDA
- Comes from the Spanish word encomendar
which means to “entrust”
- It is a grant of inhabitants living conquered
territory which Spain gave to Spanish
colonizer as a reward from his services.
- A gesture of gratitude but it is not a land
grant but a grant to exercise control over a
specific place.
Two kinds
Royal Encomiendas
- which consisted of big cities, seaports and
inhabitants of regions rich in natural
resources were owned by the king.
Private Encomiendas
- Were owned by private individuals or
charitable institutions.
POLO (Forced Labor)
- Is actually a corruption of the tagalog word
“Pulong” which originally means meaning
of persons and things or community labor.
King Ferdinand VII
- Violently opposed the liberal reforms
granted by the French provincial
government.
The 35-year by Queen Isabella II marked five
by successive military politicians:
 Baldomero Espartero – Moderate
 Ramon Ma. Narvaez – cruel and
vindictive reactionary
 Leopoldo O’Donnell – Moderate and
Reactionary Tendencies
 Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim –
Both Liberal
Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
Governor General Carlos Ma. De la Torre - It also embodied in this constitution was
- Was appointed by the provisional the exemption if the natives from paying
government in Spain as Governor General tributes and rendering public services
of the Philippines. based on its equality cause.
- his greatest achievement was the peaceful Don Ventura De los Reyes
solution to the land problem in Cavite. - A wealthy merchant and member of the
(due to the Filipino tenants who lost their Royal Corps of Artillery of Manila, as
land had been oppressed by Spanish deputy
Landlords - Vigan-born
Eduardo Camerino - Son of poor Ilocano Parents
- local hero that led to Agrarian uprisings - took part in Ilocos Revolt led by Diego
Bourbons Reforms Silang.
- also known in Castilan as Reformas
Bobonicas
- were a series of economic and political
changes that the Spanish Crown under the
House of Bourbon made during 18th
century.
- Promotes economic and political
development.
SPANISH CORTES 1812
PROMULGATING THE CADIZ
CONSTITUTION
Pedro Perez De Tagle and Jose Manuel
Coretto.
- The 1st Philippine delegates who took their
oath of office in Madrid.
Cadiz Constitution
- Established principles of:
 Universal male suffrage
 National sovereignty
 Constitutional Monarchy and
Freedom of the Press
 Land Reform and Free Enterprise.