Revision of Ionic Bonding

Atoms bond together in order to obtain a full outer shell.

Metals with non-metals join together to form ionic bonds. Metals lose electrons,
becoming a positive ion. Non-metals gain electrons, becoming a negative ion.

Covalent Bonding
In Covalent Bonding, atoms share electrons. Only non-metals will covalently bond.
Covalent bonding makes molecules which do not contain ions. This means they can
either have:
 Very low boiling points if they are a simple molecule
eg. O2
 They can have very high boiling points if they are a giant molecule
eg. SiO2 (sand)
Bonding in Methane CH4

Every Hydrogen now thinks it has 2 electrons (its own and the one from carbon) and
every Carbon now thinks it has 8 electrons in its outer shell (its own 4 and the 4 from
the hydrogens).
A single covalent bond is a pair of shared electrons and is represented as a single line.

Double covalent bonding

In Alkenes there is a double covalent bond between two of the carbon atoms. A
double covalent bond is represented by a double line and means 2 pairs of electrons
are being shared.
Reaction of the alkenes

Combustion
This is where an alkene is completely burnt in oxygen to make carbon dioxide and
water.

Alkenes burn with a smoker flame than alkanes because they have a higher carbon to
hydrogen ratio. They also give out less heat than alkanes so are not usually used as
fuels.

Homologous Series = Same general formula