Manual Efektifitas KKL Eng

Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation
Areas in Indonesia / Susetiono. -- Jakarta : COREMAP II - LIPI,

2010.
viii + 80 hlm. ; 17,6 x 25 cm
Bibliografi : hlm. 30
ISBN 978-602-8717-62-5
1. Laut, Perlindungan -- Buku Pegangan,

Pedoman, dsb. I. Susetiono.
333.916 416
MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS
EVALUATION MANUAL
FOR MARINE CONSERVATION AREAS
IN INDONESIA
SUSETIONO
PRITI SWASTI
SUPONO
I WAYAN EKA DHARMAWAN
CORAL REEF REHABILITATION AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES
COREMAP II - LIPI
JAKARTA, 2010
EVALUATION MANUAL
FOR MARINE CONSERVATION AREAS
IN INDONESIA
Published by:
Coral Reef Information and Training Centre (CRITC)
Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program II (COREMAP II)
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Copyright:
© 2010 COREMAP II - LIPI.
Citation:
Susetiono, P. Swasti, Supono and I.W.E. Dharmawan, 2010. Management Effectiveness
Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia. CRITC COREMAP II -
LIPI. Jakarta. viii + 80 pp.
ISBN:
978-602-8717-62-5
Layout by:
I Wayan Eka Dharmawan
Photos Credit:
Supono
Available from:
CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI
Jalan Raden Saleh no. 43
Jakarta 10330, Indonesia
Phone. 021 - 3143080
Fax. 021 - 31927958
Email. info@coremap.or.id
Url. : http://www.coremap.or.id/
CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI, 2010 Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia iii
PREFACE
Marine Conservation Area (MCA) is an effort to guarantee the preservation of
marine ecosystems, in which include protection and sustainable utilization to support
the coastal community welfare. Through the establishment of marine conservtion
areas, is expected to improve the habitat quality, population, reproduction and biomass
of marine resources and also to improve the local capacity and community welfare
living in the surroundigs. The Indonesian government targetted that the total marine
conservation areas will reach 20 million hectares by the year 2020. The government
will to expand the conservation areas should be followed by an effective management
strategy to achieve optimal target.
CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI has drafted a manual to evaluate the effectiveness
of a marine conservation area implemented. The Manual is entitled “Management
Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia.”
which is aimed for marine conservation area managers, practitioners of marine
conservation areas and others who are willing to evaluate the marine conservation areas
implementation. This manual is prepared through several activity phases i.e. literature
study, manual draft, testing the draft at three marine park (West Bali National Park,
Karimunjawa National Park and Wakatobi National Park) and its last product is the
manual which has been adapted to the input from the test.
The completion of this manual, is made possible through the help and support
of many colleagues. The authors acknowledge their help and suggestions in the
preparation of this manual. The authors fully understood that this manual is far from
perfect, however, we wish that this manual could be benefit for all of us.
Jakarta, December 2010

Director of NPIU CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI
Susetiono
iv Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI, 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface................................................................................. iii
Table of Contents............................................................... iv
List of Tables........................................................................ v
List of Figures...................................................................... vi
List of Appendixs.................................................................. vii
Abbreviations..................................................................... viii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background.................................................................... 1
1.2 Management Effectiveness.......................................... 1
CHAPTER II : MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS

EVALUATION MANUAL
2.1 Purpose of The Manual............................................. 3
2.2 Score Card.................................................................... 4
2.3 The Scoring Process.................................................. 6
2.4 Data Analysis.............................................................. 6
CHAPTER III : GUIDELINES FOR FILLING IN
THE FORMS
3.1 Marine Protected Area Background Information
Form................................................................................ 8
3.2 Explaination of The Score Card Questions............... 11
CHAPTER IV : EXPLORING STAKEHOLDER
PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THE
MPA
4.1 Eight Sections................................................................. 27
CHAPTER V : EVALUATION RESULTS
5.1 Recommendation............................................................. 29
REFERENCES................................................................ 30
APPENDIXS............................................................... 32
CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI, 2010 Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia v
LIST OF TABLES
NO TITLE PAGE
1. Q u e s t i o n s i n B a c k g r o u n d C o mp o n e n t ...................................... 12
2. Q u e s t i o n s i n B a c k g r o u n d P l a n n i n g .......................................... 16
3. Q u e s t i o n s i n N e e d s C o mp o n e n t ................................................... 17
4. Q u e s t i o n s i n I mp l e m e n t a t i o n C o mp o n e n t .............................. 19
5. Q u e s t i o n s i n O u tp u t C o mp o n e n t ( E1).................................... 21
6. Q u e s t i o n s i n O u tp u t C o mp o n e n t (E2)...................................... 22
7. Q u e s t i o n s i n A c h i e v e m e n t C o mp o n e n t .................................. 24
vi Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI, 2010
LIST OF FIGURES
NO TITLE PAGE
1. M a n a g e m e n t E v a l u a t i o n C y c l e ..................................... 2
CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI, 2010 Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia vii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
NO TITLE PAGE
1. A rea (MPA) B ackground I nformation S heet /F orm ............. 32
2. M arine P rotected A rea M anagement E ffectiveness E valuation
Q uestionnaire for I ndonesia .......................................... 35
3. S takeholder P erception S heet for F ishers .............................. 60
4. S takeholder P erception S heet for Tourism O perators .................. 69

viii Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI, 2010
ABBREVIATIONS
CCEF : Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation
COREMAP : Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program
CRITC : Coral Reef Information and Training Centre
IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature
KKL : Kawasan Konservasi Laut
MCA : Marine Conservation Area
MPA : Marine Protected Area
NGO : Non Goverment Organization
OSPAR : Convention for Protection of the Marine Environment of the
North-East Atlantic
POKMASWAS : Kelompok Masyarakat Pengawas/Coast-Watch Group
SK : Surat Keputusan / decree
TNC : The Nature Conservancy
UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme
WCMC : World Conservation Monitoring Centre
WCS : Wildlife Conservation Society
WWF : World Wide Fund for Nature
CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI, 2010 Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia 1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
T he condition and quality of marine and coastal ecosystems worldwide are

continuing to decline. The increasing pressures from overfishing and ever more
widespread habitat destruction and the additional impacts of global climate change on
marine and coastal ecosystems are bringing us ever closer to a condition where life-
supporting ecosystem functions can no longer be sustained (Wilkinson 2004).
One strategy for reducing or preventing the exponentially increasing threats to
marine and coastal ecosystems, and even to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems, is the
establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPA), called Kawasan Konservasi Laut
(KKL) or Marine Conservation Area (MCA) in Indonesian. The KKL approach has
now become a real necessity, especially in an archipelagic nation like Indonesia.
In 1982, the Indonesian Government established the first ever marine park in the
country, declaring a 100,000 hectare MPA in the Pulau Seribu (an archipelago whose
name means Thousand Islands). In 2010, Indonesia set a national target of 10 million
hectares of Marine Protected Areas by the year 2020 (UNEP – WCMC, 2008). Many
MPAs established before 2000 under the Ministry of Forestry Republic Indonesia are
conservation areas with both marine and terrestrial components.
The will of the Government and communities to develop MPAs must be matched by
effective management of these areas in order to achieve optimal results. Monitoring and
evaluation activities are extremely important for evaluating management effectiveness.
1.2 Management Effectiveness

The purpose of management effectiveness evaluation is to identify advances and
changes due to the management activities carried out within the Marine Protected
Area. Management effectiveness can be evaluated from biological and physical, social-
economic and organisational aspects.
2 Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI, 2010
According to Hocking et al. (2000), IUCN (2004) and Hocking et al. (2006), there
are 6 components or stages in conducting the evaluation of management effectiveness,
which reflect the steps or stages which should be followed in the implementation of good
management practices (figure 1). These 6 components are: 1) Context (background or
identification of current status of MPA). 2) Planning. 3) Inputs (Need Assessment). 4)
Implementation. 5) Outputs. 6). Outcomes (Achievements).
Figure 1. Management Evaluation Cycle

Sources: Hocking et al. (2000), IUCN (2004) and Hocking et al. (2006)
COREMAP (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program) is a long-

term program initiated by the Government of Indonesia with the objectives to protect,
rehabilitate, and achieve sustainable use of the Indonesian coral reefs and their associated
ecosystems which, in turn, enhance the welfare of the coastal communities.
CHAPTER II
EVALUATION MANUAL
2.1 Purpose of the Manual
T his manual has been compiled to assist Marine Protected Area managers in
carrying out management effectiveness evaluations in a timely fashion and
with ease. Through evaluating management effectiveness, managers can identify
changes which occur due to management interventions. Based on this knowledge,
managers can then report and build on positive achievements as well as identifying
weaknesses and lacks which need correction and improvement.
This guide has been compiled based on several existing management effectiveness
evaluation protocols and references including the World Bank Score Card (Staub and
Hatziolos, 2004) and publications by OSPAR, a North Atlantic Program (OSPAR,
2007) , the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) (Clarke and Jupiter, 2010), the
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) (Gubbay, 2005), The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
(Carter et al., 2010), Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation (CCEF) (CCEF,
2006) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (IUCN, 2004;
Pomeroy et al., 2004; Well and Mangubhai, 2005). The evaluation method used in this
guide consists of a questionnaire in the form of a Score Card which has been adapted to
the situation and general conditions of marine protected areas in Indonesia.
The Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual has
been compiled for use by three different groups of respondents:
• MPA managers,
• Stakeholders from tourism sector, and
• Stakeholders from fisheries sector.
The form for MPA managers consists of two parts: an MPA background information
form and an MPA management effectiveness questionnaire. The stakeholder form is
aimed mainly at gauging the perceptions of the stakeholder groups with regards to the
existence of the MPA.
Although this manual is primarily aimed at MPA managers, it can also be used
by other parties who wish to know how effectively an MPA is being managed. The
management effectiveness evaluation should be carried out at least once a year in order
to identify changes which have occurred.
The manual has been designed to be easy to use by people involved in MPA man-
agement in order to provide a picture of the management efforts made and the achieve-
ments produced. The score card has been designed to provide a rapid assessment. It
should therefore be recognised that this score card has limitations, and is not suitable
for providing a detailed and comprehensive evaluation.
2.2 Score Card

The score card is a tool for evaluating the management status of an MPA. The
score card consists of questions which have been divided into 6 components or stages
which reflect the steps or stages which should be followed in the implementation of
good management practices (Appendix 2). Each component or stage consists of a
number of questions each of which has a different score. These six components are
outlined below:
A.Background or Identification of current MPA status/condition
The focus of the evaluation under this component is to identify the current
condition/status of the MPA. The evaluation covers:
1. Legal status,
2. Regulations and law enforcement,
3. MPA boundaries,
4. The position of the MPA in the context of local coastal management,
5. MPA networks
6. Inventory of MPA condition: biological and physical, social and economic,
fisheries resources and utilization.
7. Level of stakeholder awareness and concern, and
8. Research activities
B. Planning and Hopes (Vision)

The focus of evaluation in this component is to find out how appropriate the
current planning systems and plans are. Evaluation will include the following issues:
1. The goals of the MPA,
2. The management plan, and
3. The participation of stakeholders in the process of producing the management
plan.
C. Needs Assessment
In this segment the evaluation will focus on what resources or other inputs are
needed in order to implement the management plan. The evaluation will consider the
following:
1. Research activities,
2. Human resources,
3. Supplies, equipment and infrastructure , and
4. Budgetary requirements
D. Implementation
Evaluation will aim to establish to what extent the management plan has been
implemented to date. Particular attention will be paid to:
1. Education and awareness programs
2. Communications between stakeholders and managers
3. Stakeholder participation
4. Staff training
3. Monitoring and evaluation
E. Outputs
At this stage the evaluation will focus on the development of the MPA and the
results of the activities undertaken during the previous phases. If the MPA has been
established for more than 3 years, and this is the first evaluation to be undertaken,
then this evaluation will only cover the most recent 3 year period. If the MPA has
been recently established or is still in the process of being established, then this
output evaluation is not necessary.
F. Outcome/Achievements
This component is focussed on the evaluation of management impacts and the
level of achievement of management goals. The evaluation will cover:
1. Achievement of goals,
2. Threats analysis,
3. Socio-economic conditions,
4. The condition of fisheries resources,
5. Biological and physical condition,
6. Community welfare,
7. Community awareness, and
8. Levels of stakeholder compliance and satisfaction.
2.3 The Scoring Process

Each question will be given a score which can vary between 0 and 3 with 0 being
the lowest score and 3 being the highest score.
When filling in the score card, it is important to remember the goal, which is
to gain a picture of the activities undertaken and the advances achieved as well as
identifying areas in which there is a need for further improvement and increased effort.
Each question has several possible answers, each of which will result in a different
score. The answers have been provided in order to make it easier to identify levels of
achievement based on the current situation and conditions.
The total score from each component will be different. These scores should be
added together. If any questions are left blank, the maximum total score should be
adjusted to reflect this fact. The final or overall score is the ratio of the actual total score
achieved (obtained by adding up all the individual scores) to the maximum possible
score, expressed as a percentage.
2.4 Data Analysis

Data from the score card are analysed in a quantitative manner by calculating the
score for each component, expressed as a percentage, as follows:
Score (%) total of actual answer scores

= x 100%
maximum total answer score
This analysis can be carried out using Microsoft Excel as follows:

1. Data Input
The scores for each question given by the respondent on the score card are typed in
to the Excel template. The input scores for each question must be between 0 (the lowest
score) and 3 (the highest score). In the score card there are also some questions where
the highest possible score is 1, 2 or 3.
2. Calculating the score (percentage)
The score which is expressed as a percentage is calculated by adding up the scores
from all the answers within a component to obtain the total score, then dividing this
total score by the highest possible score for this component and finally multiplying the
result by 100 to obtain a percentage.
CHAPTER III
GUIDELINES FOR FILLING IN THE FORMS
3.1 Marine Protected Area Background Information Form
M arine protected area background information form (Appendix 1) consists of

25 questions relating to the MPA at the time of the evaluation. If there are
any changes in this information during subsequent evaluations, then this historical data
will be important as a reference point.
A. MPA Profile
1. MPA Name : ...................................................

2. MPA Areas : ...................................................
3. Province : ...................................................
4. District : ...................................................
5. Geographical Coordinates : ...................................................
6. Date of establishment : ...................................................
Legal Basis/Status : ...................................................
7. Other regulations in force
in the area : ...................................................
8. Management Authority : ...................................................
9. Contact Information /
Website : ...................................................
10. Number of staff : ...................................................
11. Main goals of the MPA : ...................................................
12. Major threats to the MPA : ...................................................
13. Main/core management
activities : ...................................................
14. Key stakeholders : ...................................................
Question 6, if the legal basis for the establishment of the MPA was traditional law
or customary law, then this information should be noted.
Questions 11 to 13 regarding the goals, threats and activities should be answered
as specifically as possible. For example, one goal might be to protect turtle nesting
sites. Threats to an MPA can be from legal or illegal activities, direct or indirect, and
encompass any activities or processes which could affect present or future conservation
initiatives. Examples include the use of destructive fishing methods, development which
causes sedimentation, the disposal of urban waste, and the effects of global warming.
B. MPA Ecosystem Status
15. Habitats within the MPA : ...........................................................

16. Coral Reef Types : ...........................................................
17. Percentage of terrestrial area : ...........................................................
18. Ecosystem Condition : ...........................................................
The answers to questions 16 to 18 give a snapshot of the habitat types in the MPA
and their condition. In Indonesia the four most common habitats found in an MPA are:
coral reefs, mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and coastal waters.
If there are any other habitats present, for example salt mashes or deep sea areas
and estuarines, they should also be noted here. In order to answer question no.18
regarding ecosystem condition in the case where the data and information available are
very scarce, then the informed opinion of professionals familiar with the MPA may be
used.
C. MPA Financial Management
19. Sources of Income : ...................................................................................

20. Annual Budget : ...................................................................................
21. Gross Annual Income : ...................................................................................
22. Annual Operational
Overheads : ...................................................................................
23. Entry fees : ...................................................................................
24. Major Outgoings : ...................................................................................
The answers to questions 19 to 24 provide information regarding all the sources of

income and all the expenses necessary in connection with the management of the MPA.
Income (funding) can be from government or private sector sources.
D . L a w E n f o r c ement
25. The types of infraction which tend to occur and the measures taken
to enforce the regulations, including the treatment/punishment of
offenders :
1. ...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
3. ...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Under question no. 25, the information regarding the types of infraction which
occur is extremely important for MPA management. It is also very important to
provide information on enforcement measures including the treatment or punishment
of offenders in order to evaluate up to what point the regulations are actually being
enforced.
3.2 Explanation of the score card questions
This part of the manual will explain how to fill in each section of the form and score
sheet. In order to facilitate the process, some sections will be explained in further detail,
for example the reasoning behind the questions asked, including some examples. The
guidelines given are not absolute or “set in stone” and can be developed and interpreted
in line with local situations and conditions at each MPA site.
Any questions which are not relevant to the situation and conditions of the MPA
should be left blank. Conversely, the managers may add questions which are felt to be
necessary in view of the situation and conditions of their MPA.
In order to aid the evaluation process, the reason for leaving any questions
unanswered (blank) should be noted in the “remarks” column provided.
Remarks Column
The remarks column has been provided in order to enable the provision of supporting
information for example information regarding the success of an intervention, personal
opinions or the opinions of other parties which may have been recorded, references
to relevant documents especially unpublished internal documents, etc. The remarks
column can provide a more comprehensive view of the state of MPA management.
A. Background
Ta b l e 1 . Q u e s t i o n s in B a c k g r o u n d C o mp o n e n t
NO COMPONENT QUESTION
A. Background – Evaluation of MPA Current Condition/Status
Does the Marine Protected Area (MPA) have formal legal
1 Legal Status status (Perdes or traditional law for community MPA, SK
Bupati for district MPA, SK Menteri for national MPA)?
Is the MPA well-known at the village, sub-district,

1a
district, provincial, national or international levels?
Is there a mechanism for dealing with infractions within

2 Regulations the MPA (e.g. the use of illegal fishing gear, infractions
related to zonation and other types of infraction)?
Do the MPA staff have the capacity and the supporting

3 Law Enforcement facilities (budget, equipment and infrastructure) needed
to carry out law enforcement in the MPA?
Is there any additional support for law enforcement in the

3a MPA? (e.g. volunteers, local communities, community
groups, NGOs, POKMASWAS coast-watch groups)?
Are there punishments and fines which are applied for

3b infractions? (punishments include those under traditional
law and by common agreement within the community)?
Marine Protected Have the boundaries of the MPA been marked and are
4
Area Boundaries they well-known to the managers and the stakeholders?
Is the MPA part of a wider coastal management plan? (for

Coastal village level Marine Protected Area is it part of a district
5
Management level coral reef protection program or Marine Protected
Area)?
Is the MPA part of an MPA network established based
Marine Protected
5a on a specific Ecosystem function? (e.g. coral reefs,
Area Network
mangroves, seagrass beds, estuaries)?
Is the MPA part of an MPA network established based on
5b
the marine biodiversity within the MPAs?
Are there any plans to link the MPA with other nearby
5c
MPAs?
Is there sufficient information available regarding
the biological and physical condition of the MPA
6 Resource Inventory
(including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, marine
biodiversity, and habitat condition)?
Ta b l e 1 . Q u e s t i o n s in B a c k g r o u n d C o mp o n e n t ( C o n t i n u e d )
Is there sufficient information available regarding the

social, cultural and economic condition of communities
7
around the MPA (e.g. livelihoods, income, educational
attainment and historical remains)?
Is there information on condition fisheries resources within
8 the MPA? (e.g. annual catch volume and composition, size
of fish captured each year)?
Stakeholder What is the level of stakeholder awareness and concern

9 Awareness and regarding the threats to and condition of the marine
Concern resources?
MPA Have the conservation values of the MPA such as
10 Conservation naturalness, beauty, and rare habitats/species been
Value identified?
Is there a scientific basis (e.g. research results) for
10a
establishing the conservation value of the MPA?
Are there species on protected species lists (local, national

10b
and international) found in the MPA?
What is the conservation value of the MPA based on
10c
naturalness, beauty, and rare habitats/species?
Is there information on tourism potential and types within
11 Tourism Use
the MPA?
Is there information on the potential for other types of
12 Commercial use
commercial activity?
Research Is information from the results of research carried out

13
Activities within the MPA known to and used by MPA managers?
14 Knowledge Gaps Is there information gaps in staff knowledge?
Background component (A): consists of 14 questions (question 1 – 14), provides

a general overview of the current condition and situation at the site.
Question 1 regarding legal status refers to legislation drawn up and ratified by the
government apparatus at the appropriate structural level for the MPA site in question,
for example Village Regulations (Perdes), District Regulations (SK Bupati), Provincial
regulations (SK Gubernur) and National regulations (SK Menteri).
If the legal basis for the establishment of the MPA was traditional law or customary
law, then this information should be noted in the remarks column.
The answer to the question regarding recognition of the MPA should reflect
recognition of the MPA at national and international levels.
Questions 2 and 3 regarding law enforcement and the handling of infractions
within the MPA covers efforts to prevent infractions and the procedures applied when
infractions are committed. This includes hw the process is implemented, by whom,
and whether it is in line with national regulations, traditional regulations or community
agreements. Staff capacity and supporting infrastructure are both key factors in MPA
management effectiveness, in particular with regard to the most common offences.
Question 4 makes the point that boundary markers are extremely important in order
to make all parties using the area aware of the existence and location/boundaries of the
MPA. Boundary markers can be made from any locally available materials. Question
5 is asking whether there is a spatial planning document for the area, for example a
coastal spatial plan, in which the MPA is included (recognised/demarcated).
Question 5a regarding MPA networks addresses the relationship of the MPA with
other MPAs. Two key points regarding the establishment of MPA networks are the
ecological links and the management links between the MPAs within the network. Does
the MPA belong to a network or not. Questions 6, 7 and 8 address the availability
of information, including data and information regarding habitat condition as well
as social, cultural and economic data and information such as livelihoods, education,
population as well as traditions, history and ancient monuments.
Question 8 addresses fisheries resources and use, for example fishing gear, catch
volume and composition.Question 9 will be easier to answer if there is sufficient data
available, for example data regarding the occurrence of infractions within the MPA. If
supporting data is not available in written form, the following approach can be used to
estimate the answer:
- under 25 % : Infractions still occur frequently and community participation in
MPA protection is very low
- 25 % – 50 % : Infractions have reduced but there is still a great need for management
surveillance and guidance
- 50 – 75 % : Infractions are reducing, compliance with regulations is increasing
- over 75% : infractions are now infrequent, even if they do sometimes occur.
Question 10 addresses the level of naturalness, beauty and rarity of the species and
the habitat types within the MPA. For example, parts of the MPA are still in the same
condition that they were when old people were children, especially areas rarely visited
by people so that they are still in a natural (pristine) state. Are there any rare species,
or even species which can (no longer) be found anywhere else? Have there been any
research activities or surveys which have recorded species which are rare or protected
by government legislation?
Questions 11 and 12 address the presence of potential resources within the MPA
which have a commercial value and could be developed. In particular resources which
could be used in a sustainable ay to provide funds for MPA management as well as
supporting the livelihoods of people living around the MPA. For example dive tourism,
sustainable fisheries and beach-based tourism.
Question 13 concerns research activities carried out by the MPA staff as well as
outside researchers. The research results should be used to support management of the
MPA. This means that the results should be available to and understood by the MPA
managers. Ideally research should be carried out in line with the goals and plans for
MPA management.
Question 14 addresses the capacity of the MPA staff to carry out MPA
management tasks properly, from the aspect of knowledge and skills. Identifying gaps
in staff knowledge will assist the MPA management to decide what kind of training is
appropriate to increase staff capacity.
B. Planning
Ta b l e 2 . Q u e s t i o n s in P l a n n i n g C o mp o n e n t
B. Planning – Evaluation of MPA Goals and Planning

Marine Protected
15 Have the MPA goals been agreed?
Area Goals
Are the MPA goals in line with local, district/provincial
15a
and national policies?
Do the MPA goals paint a picture of the desired condition
15b
of the MPA (vision)?
15c Do the MPA goals have a timeframe?
Does the MPA have a management plan and is it being

16 Management plan
implemented?
Does the MPA have a long term management plan
16a
(minimum 5 years)?
Have stakeholders been involved in the development of
16b
the management plan?
During the planning stage were MPA extent and
16c shape considered from the viewpoint of maximising
effectiveness in achieving ecological goals?
Did the stakeholders taking part represent a wide cross-
16d section of the community including ethic groups, religious
persuasions, user groups and women?
Were socio-economic impacts considered during the
16e
planning process?
Was local culture, including traditional wisdom, social
16f systems, cultural motifs/designs, historical sites and
monuments, considered during the planning process?
Is there a timetable for routine review and revision of the
16g
management plan?
Are the results of monitoring, research and evaluation
16h
routinely factored into the planning process?
Does the management plan include the development and
16i
enforcement of regulations?
Are activities implemented in line with the planned
16j
timetables?
16k Is the management plan evaluated annually?
Planning Component (B) covers the MPA goals and management planning.
Question 15 addresses the goals of the MPA: where they decided based on a common
consent and do they form part of a greater/higher level goal, for example regional or
even national goals?
Question 16 addresses various aspects of management, including the drawing up of
management plans, the timescale, level of implementation, participation of stakeholders
in planning and implementation processes. The management plan should be drawn up
together with stakeholders, especially those with a direct interest in the MPA.
C. Needs
T a b l e 3. Q u e s t i o n s in N e e d C o mp o n e n t
C. Needs Assessment – Evaluation of Management Needs

Are management-oriented survey and research activities
17 Research
being undertaken?
Has there been a carrying capacity study to determine

17a
sustainable levels of marine resource use?
Can survey and research be undertaken at short notice to

17b
respond to threats to the Marine Protected Area?
Are there sufficient staff to implement MPA

18 Staff numbers
management?
Is there any outside assistance available for management
18a
activities, e.g. local community members and NGOs?
Equipments and Does the MPA have sufficient equipment and
19
Infrastructure infrastructure?
Is the current budget/available finance sufficient for

20 Budget (Finance)
MPA management?
20a Is there a long-term or multi year source of finance?
Are there any non-government sources of finance? For

20b
example from NGOs, taxes, fees, etc.
Needs Component (C) identifies the activities, equipment and infrastructure

which are needed to implement management.
Question 17 addresses the knowledge which is needed regarding all aspects,
including data and information on biological, physical and ecological aspects, natural
resources and threats to the MPA
Questions 18 to 20 cover the human resources, equipment and infrastructure
and financial resources which area available and can be used to ensure proper and
efficient management of the MPA. Management effectiveness is strongly correlated to
the number and quality of the staff involved. If there are enough staff in relationship
to the area covered by the MPA then it should be possible to implement minimum
management activities at least in a proper fashion.
In addition to local and central government funds, financial resources can come
from NGO funding activities, taxes, fees (e.g. user fees) and other sources. An MPA
could be financially independent if sufficient income were generated from taxes or
gainful activities within the MPA such as tourism and fisheries.
D . I m p l e m e ntation
Ta b l e 4 . Q u e s t i o n s in I mp l e m e n t a t i o n C o mp o n e n t
D. Implementation – Evaluation of Management Implementation
Education and
Is there a community education and awareness building
21 Awareness
program?
Building Programs
Communication
Is there ongoing communication between stakeholders and
between
22 managers? (Communication can be in the form of meetings,
Stakeholders and
discussions and workshops, both informal and formal)
Managers
Is there communication with other MPA managers (e.g.:
22a communication to exchange program information between
MPA managers)?
Stakeholder
Is there stakeholder input and participation in the MPA
23 Participation and
decision-making process?
Involvement
Are there financial agreements between MPA managers and
23a
the managers of tourism businesses which use the MPA?
Local Community Are communities living within the MPA able to provide
24
Involvement input and become involved in management decisions?
25 Staff training Are there sufficient training opportunities for staff?
Monitoring and Is there monitoring and evaluation of biological, physical,

26
Evaluation socio-economic and site management indicators?
Are monitoring and evaluation activities carried out

26a
annually?
Is the MPA a site within a national or international

26b monitoring program e.g. Reef Check, COREMAP and
other such programs?
Does the MPA have Disaster Response Capacity to respond
26c
to unexpected threats?
Is there any monitoring and evaluation of fisheries

27
resources within the MPA?
Implementation Component (D) addresses the manner in which the planned

activities are implemented. This is an evaluation of management implementation.
Question 21 covers activities in the field of community awareness building and
education including outreach and extension and socialisation of the benefits and needs
of MPA management.
Questions 22 to 24 cover community participation, including stakeholders with
direct and indirect interests in the MPA. Community involvement in MPA management
can be seen through two-way communication processes, starting from the planning
stage, where there should be opportunities for community members to voice their
aspirations and become directly involved in the decision-making process regarding
management issues.
Question 25 addresses the training opportunities for MPA staff to increase their
knowledge and skills. Types of training which could be provided include: coral reef
monitoring, participatory mapping and the collection of social and economic data and
information.
Questions 26 and 27 address the monitoring and evaluation of indicators regarding
biological and physical aspects, fisheries resources, socio-economic aspects and
management organisation in order to see if there have been changes in any of the
indicators. Monitoring activities need to be regular and planned on a long-term basis.
E. Output
Ta b l e 5 . Q u e s t i o n s in O u tp u t s C o mp o n e n t ( E1)
E. Outputs : Evaluation of The Outputs from The Management Program, Products
and Services
E.1 Evaluation of Developments In The MPA Background Information
Has there been a change (upgrade) in legal status? (see
28a Legal status
question no.1)
28b Regulations Have regulations been improved? (see question no.2)
28c Law enforcement Has law enforcement been improved? (see question no.3)
Marine Protected Have there been advances in connection with MPA
28d
Area Boundaries boundary awareness and marking? (see question no.4)
Coastal Is the MPA now integrated into a wider coastal management

28e
Management area/scheme? (see question no.5)
Inventory of
biological Is the biological and physical, information for the MPA
28f
and physical more comprehensive? (see question no.6)
information
Inventory of
social, cultural Is the social, cultural and economic information for the
28g
and economic MPA more comprehensive? (see question no.7)
information
Inventory of
Is the information on fishery resources within the MPA
28h information on
more comprehensive? (see question no.8)
fishery resources
Stakeholder
Has stakeholder awareness and concern increased? (see
28i Awareness and
question no. 9)
Concern
Conservation Has the conservation value of the MPA e.g. naturalness, beauty
28j
value and rare habitat/species improved? (see question no.10)
Is the information on tourism potential and types within
28k Tourism
the MPA more comprehensive? (see question no.11)
Is the information on the potential for various types of

28l Commercial use commercial activity within the MPA more comprehensive?
(see question no.12)
Is the information based on the results of research within
28m Research Activity the MPA more comprehensive and is it intensively used in
MPA management? (see question no.13)
Is information regarding gaps in staff knowledge more
28n Knowledge Gaps
comprehensive? (see question no.14)
T a b l e 6. Q u e s t i o n s in O u tp u t s C o mp o n e n t (E 2 )
E.2 Evaluation of Products and Services
Products and Have boundary markers been recently installed or replaced/

29a
services upgraded?
Products and Are there existing permanent moorings or have new

29b
services permanent moorings been recently installed?
Products and Are there existing education materials or are new materials
29c
services being developed?
Products and Has a website been established and does it show appropriate
29d
services information regarding the site?
Mechanism for
Stakeholder
Participation
Are there mechanisms to ensure stakeholder participation in
30 in Decision
making and/or decision making and/or in management activities?
in management
activities
Environmental
Education Have stakeholder education activities been developed? (e.g.:
31
Activities for public visits to the MPA)
Stakeholders
Management Have the two important/core management activities (listed

32
activities on the data sheet) been improved to address threats?
Does the conservation area have sufficient facilities for

33 Visitor Facilities
visitors?
Is there any income from fees (e.g. entry fees/cards, fines)

34 Fees
which could be used to support MPA management?
35 Staff capacity Are staff well trained?
Output Component (E), consists of 7 questions (29 – 35), comprises an evaluation

of the results from the implementation of all management activities. The answers to this
section give an idea as to whether there have been significant changes.
The outputs are evaluated relative to the results of the previous monitoring/
evaluation. If this is the first ever evaluation, then achievements over the past 3 years
should be evaluated. For a new MPA or an MPA in the process of being established, the
outcome section should be left blank.
Questions 29 and 33 address the products, services and facilities which are
available to support MPA usage. Question 30 addresses the mechanism through
which stakeholders are/can be involved in decision-making processes related to MPA
management. Does such a mechanism exist , and if it does, is it working in line with the
hopes of both stakeholders and MPA managers.
Question 34 aims to ascertain whether there are any fees collected from MPA
users, for example entrance tickets, which can be used to support management activities.
F. Achievement
Ta b l e 7 . Q u e s t i o n s in A c h i e v e m e n t C o mp o n e n t
F. Achievements – Evaluation of The Level of Achievement of Management Goals
Marine Protected Have the MPA goals been achieved? (goals listed on the
36
Area Goals background information form/sheet)
Has there been an analysis of threats and conflicts related

37 Threats
to the biodiversity and features within the MPA?
Have the threats been reduced? (threats listed on the
38 Threats
background information form/sheet)
Biological and
39 Has biological and physical condition improved?
Physical Condition
Condition of
40 Has the condition of fisheries resources improved?
Fisheries Resources
Community welfare - Has community welfare
41 Community welfare
(livelihoods and living standards) improved?
Is MPA management in tune with local culture, including

41a traditional knowledge/wisdom, social systems, cultural
motifs/patterns related to marine resources and their use?
Has there been a reduction in conflicts related to resource

41b
use?
41c Are the benefits from the MPA evenly/fairly distributed
Have the non-monetary benefits of marine resources to

41d
local communities been preserved or increased?
Community
42 Environmental Has community environmental awareness increased?
Awareness
43 Compliance Do users obey the MPA regulations?
Stakeholder Are stakeholders satisfied with the process and output of
44
Satisfaction the MPA?
Do stakeholders feel they can participate effectively in

44a
MPA management decision making?
Do stakeholders feel they are sufficiently represented in

44b
the MPA decision making process?
Achievements Component (F), consists of 9 questions (36 – 44), and addresses

the level of achievement of management targets/goals:
Question 36 addresses the level of success in achieving the management goals of
the MPA. Management effectiveness can be said to be the level of success in achieving
the goals which were set thorough the management system applied within the MPA.
In a simplistic fashion the manager will already know the level of achievement based
on the level of success achieved by various programs which have been implemented in
order to support the management goals in question. If the greater number of programs
undertaken do not succeed (do not achieve their targets), then is very unlikely that the
management goal(s) these programs were intended to support will have been achieved.
Questions 37 and 38 address the level of success in reducing threats. These include
anthropogenic and natural threats which can have negative impacts on the habitat
and resources in the MPA. The study and analysis of the threats faced by an MPA are
necessary to identify which threats are likely to occur and identify ways in which these
threats can be avoided or minimised so that they do not put major pressure on the MPA.
Questions 39 and 40 address management achievements relating to the biological,
physical and fisheries resources of the MPA. The implementation of management
activities is directly related to the condition of biological, physical and fisheries
resources. Improvements in the condition of biological, physical and fisheries resources
can indicate that the management system in place is already working well. Conversely,
if the condition of biological, physical and fisheries resources is declining, there is a
need for improvement and or changes in the management approaches used on order to
prevent continued degradation of theses resources. Questions 41 to 44 cover awareness,
compliance and the effect of the MPA on community welfare.
Indicators of increased community welfare include improvements in education,
health and the satisfaction of basic needs such as housing and nutritious food in
sufficient quantity. The ownership of non-essential goods such as transportation
and entertainment devices such as televisions can also be used as a an indicator of
community welfare.
Increases in awareness and compliance can be seen from the level of infractions
as well as through active community participation in conservation activities and
environmentally friendly use activities which do not damage the biological, physical
and other natural resources within the MPA.
To answer question 43 in the absence of written data regarding infractions, the

following approach can be used to estimate the answer:
- under 25 % : Infractions still occur frequently
- 25 % – 50 % : Infractions have reduced slightly
- 50 – 75 % : Infractions are continuously reducing, compliance with regulations
is increasing
- over 75% : infractions are now infrequent, even if they do sometimes occur.
Question 44 regarding the level of satisfaction is subjective in nature. To answer
this question the results of the stakeholder perception questionnaires could be used. If
there has not yet been an evaluation of perception, then the following guidelines could
be used:
- under 25 % : stakeholders still frequently voice their dissatisfaction regarding
the achievements of the MPA, in formal and informal settings.
- 25 % – 50 % : complaints and dissatisfaction have reduced in both formal and
informal media
- 50 – 75 % : expressions of dissatisfaction have fallen significantly.
- over 75% : expressions of dissatisfaction are now rarely to be heard
CHAPTER IV
EXPLORING STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTIONS
REGARDING THE MPA
T his form has been designed to obtain an idea of stakeholder (fishery and
tourism sectors) regarding the quality of MPA management (Appendix 3 and
Appendix 4). The form consists of eight parts, and is intended as an example of a
tool for exploring stakeholder perceptions which can be modified and adapted to the
conditions obtaining in and around each MPA.
4.1 Eight sections are as follows:

1. Personal data
2. Background (A) to obtain information on community perception regarding the
background and existence of the MPA.
3. Social and economic status (B) to obtain information on community perception
regarding the effect of the MPA on their social and economic condition.
4. Biological and physical condition (C), to obtain information on community
perceptions of the biological and physical condition(s) within the MPA which are
relevant to the activities carried out at the site.
4.1.Questionnaire to obtain information on the perception of fishers regarding
changes in their catch (volume, species, size) and the condition of coral reefs
at the site.
4.2.Questionnaire for tourism operators: to obtain information on the perception
of the community regarding the biological and physical condition of the site
which are relevant to the development of tourism activities.
5. Threats and Challenges (D), to obtain information on the perception of stakeholders

regarding threats and challenges (problems) as well as conflicts within the MPA
6. Regulation (E), to obtain information on community perception of the regulations
which apply within the MPA.
7. Concern (F), to obtain information on community perception regarding the level of
concern (awareness and caring) towards the MPA.
7.1.Questionnaire for fishers: to obtain information on the perception of fishers
towards infractions of the regulations committed by fishers or by other
community members, and what measures have been taken in response to
infringements which they have witnessed. In addition, in order to find out
how the community perceives the measures taken by managers in response to
the reporting of infringements or other community input.
7.2.Questionnaire for tourism operators: to obtain information on community
perception regarding observed infringements committed by other tourism
operators, fishers or other members of the community more generally as well
as regarding the measures taken in response to these infractions. As for the
fishers, perception regarding the measures taken by managers in response to
the reporting of infringements or other community input is also explored.
CHAPTER V
EVALUATION RESULT
5.1 Recommendation
T he main benefit of evaluating management effectiveness is knowledge

regarding the changes which have occurred due to the management activities
carried out. Knowing what has (or has not) been achieved can enable mangers to
identify changes which should be made and what activities are urgently required and
should be given priority in forward planning.
It is therefore essential that the results should be compiled and presented to all
parties involved in management activities. The evaluation can be presented in the
form of recommendations which need follow-up action to be taken. In general such
recommendations would include a list of points in the management plan which need
to be reviewed/updated/improved. The results could also be presented during one or
more meetings. The evaluation results should be referred to when compiling/revising
management plans.
Some examples of recommendations which might be made based on an evaluation
of MPA management effectiveness:
1. Increase activities designed to prevent or mitigate threats through the design
of programs adapted to the site
2. Identification of specific areas within the MPA which require further in-depth
evaluation or specific forms of monitoring
3. Revision of budget priorities, and re-allocation of expenditure in line with the
threats and priorities of the MPA.
REFERENCES
Carter, E., A. Soemodinoto and A. White, 2010. Protocol for Assessing
Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness in Indonesia.
The Nature Conservancy Indonesia. Denpasar.
Clarke, P., and S. Jupiter, 2010. Principles and Practice of Ecosystem-
based Management : A Guide for Conservation Practitioners in
The Tropical Western Pasific. Wildlife Conservation Society.
Sieva. Fiji.
Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation (CCEF), 2006. Marine
Protected Area Report Guide. Local MPA. CCEF, Inc. Cebu
City. Philippines.
Convention for Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East
Atlantic (OSPAR), 2007. Guidance to Assess the Effectiveness
of Management of OSPAR MPAs : A Self-Assessment
Scorecard. OSPAR Commission Reference number : 2007-5.
London.
UNEP-WCMC, 2008. National and Regional Networks of Marine
Protected Areas: A Review of Progress. UNEP-WCMC,
Cambridge.
Gubbay, S., 2005. Evaluating The Management Effectiveness of Marine
Protected Areas. A report for WWF-UK.
Hockings, M., S. Stolton and N. Dudley., 2000. Evaluating Effectiveness:
A Framework for Assessing Management of Protected Areas.
Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No.6, IUCN,
Gland, Switzerland in association with Cardiff University. UK.
Hockings, M., S. Stolton, F. Leverington, N. Dudley and J. Courrau.,
2006. Evaluating Effectiveness: A Framework for Assessing
the Management of Protected Areas 2nd Edition. Best
Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No.6. IUCN. Gland.
Switzerland.
IUCN, 2004. Managing Marine Protected Areas: A Toolkit for the Western Indian Ocean.
IUCN Eastern African Regional Programme. Nairobi, Kenya.
Pomeroy R, J.E. Parks and L.M. Watson., 2004. How is your MPA doing? A Guidebook of
Natural and Social Indicators for Evaluating Marine Protected Area Management
Effectiveness. IUCN, WWF, Gland and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA). Gland and Cambridge.
Staub, F. and M. E. Hatziolos., 2004. Score Card to Assess Progress in Achieving
Management Effectiveness Goals for Marine Protected Areas. The World Bank.
Washington DC, USA.
Wells, S. and S. Mangubhai., 2005. A Workbook for Assessing Management Effectiveness
if Marine Protected Areas in the Western Indian Ocean. IUCN Eastern Africa
Regional Programme. Nairobi, Kenya.
Wilkinson, C., 2004. Status of Coral Reefs of the World. Australian Institute of Marine
Science. Queensland, Australia.
Appendix 1. Area (MPA) Background Information Sheet/Form
A. MPA Profile
1. MPA Name : ....................................................................................
2. MPA Area : ....................................................................................
3. Province : ....................................................................................
4. District : ...................................................................................
5. Geographical Coordinates :
Position Latitude Longitude

1
2
3
4
5
6. Date of MPA establishment : .......................................................................
7. Legal Basis [ ] SK Bupati : .......................................................................

[ ] Perdes : .......................................................................
[ ] Others : .......................................................................
8. Other regulations which apply within the MPA : ......................................................
...................................................................................................................
9. Management Authority : .......................................................................
10. Contact Information/Website : .......................................................................
11. Number of Staff :
a. Permanent : ...................................................................................
b. Temporary : ...................................................................................
c. Volunteers : ...................................................................................
12. Three main MPA goals :
a. Goal 1 : .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
b. Goal 2 : .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
c. Goal 3 : .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
13. Three main threats to the MPA :

a. Threat 1 : ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
b. Threat 2 : ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
c. Threat 3 : ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
14. Three important/core activities :

a. Activity 1 : ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
b. Activity 2 : ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
c. Activity 3 : ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
15. Four main stakeholder groups :
a. Stakeholder 1 : ....................................................................................................
b. Stakeholder 2 : ....................................................................................................
b. Stakeholder 3 : ....................................................................................................
c. Stakeholder4 : ....................................................................................................
B. MPA Ecosystem Status
16. Habitats within the MPA :

[ ] Mangrove [ ] Coral Reefs
[ ] Seagrass beds [ ] Open Water
17. Coral reef types :

[ ] Fringing [ ] Barrier
[ ] Patch [ ] Atoll
18. Percentage of terrestrial area : .............................%

20. Ecosystem Condition : [ ] Poor [ ] Average [ ] Good
C. MPA Financial Management

21. Sources of Funds (Income):
[ ] Government budget allocations
[ ] Non government organisations (NGO)
[ ] Other, state : ...................................................................................
22. Annual Budget : Rp. ..............................................................

23. Gross Annual Income : Rp. ..............................................................
24. Annual Operational Costs : Rp. ..............................................................
25. Entrance fees : Rp. ..............................................................
26. Major MPA Expenditure Headings : ....................................................................
D. Law Enforcement
27. Types of infraction which occur frequently and procedures for handling them:
1. : ..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2. : ..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
3. : ..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Appendix 2. Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness Evaluation Questionnaire for Indonesia
SCORE
NO COMPONENT QUESTION ANSWER CHOICES SCORE OF THE REMARKS
CHOSEN
ANSWER
A. BACKGROUND – EVALUATION OF MPA CURRENT CONDITION/STATUS
CRITC COREMAP II - LIPI, 2010
a. No legal status yet 0

Does the Marine Protected Area (MPA) Agreed but official recognition process
have formal legal status (Perdes or b. 1
not yet started
1 Legal status traditional law for community MPA, SK
Bupati for district MPA, SK Menteri for Agreed and process of legal
c. 2
national MPA)? recognition is underway
d. Has acknowledged legal status 3
Is the MPA well-known at the village, a. No 0

1a sub-district, district, provincial, national
or international levels? b. Yes 1
There is no mechanism for handling

a. 0
infractions yet
There is a mechanism but there are

Is there a mechanism for dealing with b. significant difficulties in implementing 1
infractions within the MPA (e.g. the it so that it is not effective
2 Regulations use of illegal fishing gear, infractions
There is but there are sometimes
related to zonation and other types of
c. problems which can make it 2
infraction)?
ineffective
Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation Areas in Indonesia
There is an effective mechanism for

d. 3
dealing with infractions
35

SCORE
36

CHOSEN
ANSWER
Staff capacity and supporting facilities
a. 0
inadequate
Staff have reasonable capacity but have
Do the MPA staff have the capacity b. 1
very minimal supporting facilities
Law and the supporting facilities (budget,
3 Staff have the capacity and reasonable
Enforcement equipment and infrastructure) needed to
carry out law enforcement in the MPA? c. supporting facilities but there are still 2
significant lacks
Staff have the capacity and sufficient
d. 3
supporting facilities
Is there any additional support for
a. No 0
law enforcement in the MPA? (e.g.
3a volunteers, local communities,
community groups, NGOs,
POKMASWAS coast-watch groups) b. Yes 1

Are there punishments and fines which
are applied for infractions? (punishments a. No 0
3b include those under traditional law
and by common agreement within the b. Yes 1

community)
a. MPA boundaries unknown 0
MPA known to the managers but not
b. 1
Have the boundaries of the MPA been to other stakeholders
Marine
4 marked and are they well-known to the MPA boundaries are known but there
Protected Area c. 2
managers and the stakeholders? are no markers as yet
MPA boundaries are known and
d. 3
markers are in place

SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
a. Not yet planned 0
Is the MPA part of a wider coastal Planned but the process has not yet
b. 1
management plan? (for village level
begun
Coastal
5 Marine Protected Area is it part of Currently being integrated but the
management c. 2
a district level coral reef protection process is still ongoing
program or Marine Protected Area)
The MPA is part of a wider coastal
d. 3
management scheme/plan
Is the MPA part of an MPA network a. No 0
Marine
established based on a specific
5a Protected Area
Ecosystem function? (e.g. coral reefs,
Network b. Yes 1
mangroves, seagrass beds, estuaries)
Is the MPA part of an MPA network a. No 0

5b established based on the marine
biodiversity within the MPAs? b. Yes 1
a. No 0
Are there any plans to link the MPA with
5c
other nearby MPAs?
b. Yes 1
a. No information 0
Is there sufficient information available b. Information very limited 1

regarding the biological and physical
Resource Information reasonable but needs to
6 condition of the MPA (including coral
Inventory c. be upgraded/more comprehensive to 2
reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, marine
biodiversity, and habitat condition)? support effective management

37
d. Information sufficient 3

SCORE
38

CHOSEN
ANSWER
a. No information 0
Is there sufficient information available
b. Information very limited 1
regarding the social, cultural and
economic condition of communities Information reasonable but needs to
7
around the MPA (e.g. livelihoods, c. be upgraded/more comprehensive to 2
income, educational attainment and support effective management
historical remains)?
a. No information 0
Is there information on condition b. Information very limited 1
fisheries resources within the MPA? (e.g. Information reasonable but needs to
8
annual catch volume and composition, c. be upgraded/more comprehensive to 2
size of fish captured each year) support effective management
a. Under 25 % 0
What is the level of stakeholder
Stakeholder b. 25 - 50 % 1
awareness and concern regarding the
9 Awareness and
threats to and condition of the marine c. 50 - 75 % 2
Concern
resources?
d. Over 75 % 3
a. Not yet 0
MPA Have the conservation values of the
10 Conservation MPA such as naturalness, beauty, and b. Some have been identified 1
value rare habitats/species been identified?
c Comprehensive identification 2

Is there a scientific basis (e.g. research a. No 0
10a results) for establishing the conservation
value of the MPA? b. Yes 1

SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
Are there species on protected species a. No 0

10b lists (local, national and international)
found in the MPA? b. Yes 1

a. MPA Conservation value low 0
What is the conservation value of the
10c MPA based on naturalness, beauty, and b. MPA Conservation value average 1
rare habitats/species ?
c. MPA Conservation value high 2

a. No information 0
Is there information on tourism potential Some information regarding tourism

11 Tourism Use c. potential but not yet sufficient to 2
and types within the MPA?
support good management
Information is sufficient for

d. 3
management purposes

a. No information 0


Commercial Is there information on the potential for Some information regarding
12 c. commercial potential but not yet 2
use other types of commercial activity?
sufficient to support good management
Information is sufficient for

d. 3
39
management purposes

SCORE
40

CHOSEN
ANSWER
No information regarding research
a. 0
results

Information from research within
b. the MPA limited and not sufficient to 1
support good management
Is information from the results of
Research
13 research carried out within the MPA Some information is available from
Activities
known to and used by MPA managers? c. the results of research and is being 2
used to support management
Considerable information is available
form the results of research and
d. 3
is providing valuable support
management
a. No information 0
Information regarding staff knowledge

Knowledge Is there information gaps in staff b. 1
14 gaps is available but not yet acted on
Gaps knowledge?
Staff knowledge gaps have been
c. 2
identified and acted on
The Maximum Total Score for BACKGROUND (A) is 50
SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
B. PLANNING – EVALUATION OF MPA GOALS AND PLANNING
a. No clear goals 0

b. Goals agreed but not yet acted on 1
Marine
15 Protected Area Have the MPA goals been agreed? Goals agreed and actions to achieve
c. 2
Goals them have only just begun
Has goals which are used to guide
d. 3
management
a. No 0
Are the MPA goals in line with local,
15a
district/provincial and national policies?
b. Yes 1

a. No 0
Do the MPA goals paint a picture of the
15b
desired condition of the MPA (vision)?
b. Yes 1

a. No 0
15c Do the MPA goals have a timeframe?
b. Yes 1

a. No management plan 0

Management plan prepared but not yet
b. 1
implemented

Management Does the MPA have a management plan Management plan agreed but only a
16
plan and is it being implemented? c. few sections are being implemented 2
to date

Management plan agreed and being
d. 3
41
implemented

SCORE
42

CHOSEN
ANSWER
a. No 0
Does the MPA have a long term
16a
management plan (minimum 5 years)?
b. Yes 1
a. No 0
Have stakeholders been involved in the
16b
development of the management plan?
b. Yes 1
During the planning stage were MPA a. No 0

extent and shape considered from the
16c
viewpoint of maximising effectiveness
in achieving ecological goals? b. Yes 1
Did the stakeholders taking part

represent a wide cross-section of the a. No 0
16d community including ethic groups,
religious persuasions, user groups and b. Yes 1
women?
a. No 0
Were socio-economic impacts
16e
considered during the planning process?
b. Yes 1
Was local culture, including traditional a. No 0

wisdom, social systems, cultural motifs/
16f
designs, historical sites and monuments,
considered during the planning process? b. Yes 1
SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
Is there a timetable for routine review a. No 0

16g
and revision of the management plan?
b. Yes 1
Are the results of monitoring, research a. No 0

16h and evaluation routinely factored into
the planning process? b. Yes 1
Does the management plan include a. No 0

16i the development and enforcement of
regulations? b. Yes 1
Are activities implemented in line with a. No 0

16j
the planned timetables?
b. Yes 1

a. No 0
Is the management plan evaluated
16k
annually?
b. Yes 2

The Maximum Total Score for PLANNING (B) is 21
43
SCORE
44

CHOSEN
ANSWER
C. NEEDS ASSESSMENT – EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT NEEDS
a. No 0
Survey and research activities limited,

b. 1
and not in line with management needs
Are management-oriented survey and

17 Research Many survey and research activities,
research activities being undertaken?
c. but not always in line with 2
management needs
Survey and research sufficient and in

d. 3
line with management needs

a. No 0
Has there been a carrying capacity study
17a to determine sustainable levels of marine

resource use?
b. Yes 1

a. No 0
Can survey and research be undertaken
17b at short notice to respond to threats to
the Marine Protected Area?
b. Yes 1

SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
a. No staff 0
Staff numbers still very low even

b. for the implementation of critical 1

management activities
Are there sufficient staff to implement
18 Staff numbers Staff numbers reasonable but
MPA management?
below the requirements for
c. 2
optimal implementation of critical
management activities
Staff numbers sufficient for

d. 3
management implementation

Is there any outside assistance available a. No 0

18a for management activities, e.g. local
community members and NGOs? b. Yes 1

a. No equipment and infrastructure 0
Equipment and infrastructure very

b. 1
limited
Equipment and Does the MPA have sufficient equipment
19
infrastructure and infrastructure? Equipment and infrastructure
c. 2
reasonable but still needs improvement
Equipment and infrastructure

d. 3
45
sufficient for management needs

SCORE
46

CHOSEN
ANSWER
a. No finance 0
b. Finance available is insufficient 1
Budget Is the current budget/available finance Finance available is reasonable but

20 c. needs to be increased to achieve 2
(Finance) sufficient for MPA management?
effective management
Finance available is sufficient for
d. 3
management needs

a. No 0
Is there a long-term or multi year source
20a
of finance? b. Yes 2

Are there any non-government sources a. No 0
20b of finance? For example from NGOs,
taxes, fees etc. b. Yes 1

The Maximum Total Score for NEEDS ASSESSMENT (C) is 18
SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
D. IMPLEMENTATION – EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
a. No program 0
b. Program limited and unplanned 1

Education and There is a planned program but there
Awareness Is there a community education and c. are many weaknesses/flaws in its 2
21
building awareness building program? implementation
Programs
A community education and awareness
d. building program has been planned 3
and is being implemented effectively

a. No communication at all 0
Is there ongoing communication Some communication, but not

Communication b. 1
between stakeholders and managers? scheduled or planned for
between
22 (Communication can be in the form of
Stakeholders There is a communication program but
meetings, discussions and workshops, c. 2
and Managers implementation is still poor
both informal and formal).
Communication program well planned
d. 3
and well implemented

Is there communication with other MPA a. No 0

managers (e.g.: communication to
22a
exchange program information between
MPA managers)? b. Yes 1
47

SCORE
48

CHOSEN
ANSWER
Stakeholders have no input or
a. 0
involvement
Stakeholders can submit input but
b. are not directly involved in reaching 1
Stakeholder decisions
Is there stakeholder input and
participation
23 participation in the MPA decision- Stakeholders can give input and
and
making process? c. are involved in some management 2
involvement
decisions
Stakeholders can give input and are
d. fully involved in the management 3
decision-making process
Are there financial agreements between a. No 0
23a MPA managers and the managers of
tourism businesses which use the MPA? b. Yes 1

Communities have no input or
a. 0
involvement
Communities can submit input but

b. are not directly involved in reaching 1
Local Are communities living within the decisions
24 community MPA able to provide input and become Communities can give input and
involvement involved in management decisions? c. are involved in some management 2
decisions
Communities can give input and are
d. fully involved in the management 3
decision-making process

SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
a. No training available to staff 0
Staff training opportunities very
b. 1
limited
Staff training reasonable but could be

Are there sufficient training
25 Staff training c. improved to reach management goals 2
opportunities for staff?
more effectively
Staff training sufficient for current

d. management needs and anticipates 3
future needs

a. No monitoring and evaluation activity 0
Some monitoring and evaluation
b. activity but very limited and 1
unplanned
Is there monitoring and evaluation of Several monitoring and evaluation
Monitoring and
26 biological, physical, socio-economic and activities, but results not used
Evaluation c. 2
site management indicators? for management in a sustainable
(ongoing) manner
Regular ongoing monitoring

d. and evaluation, results used for 3
management
a. No 0
Are monitoring and evaluation activities

26a
carried out annually?
b. Yes 2
49
SCORE
50

CHOSEN
ANSWER
Is the MPA a site within a national or a. No 0

international monitoring program e.g.
26b
Reef Check, COREMAP and other such
programs? b. Yes 1

Does the MPA have Disaster Response a. No 0

26c Capacity to respond to unexpected
threats? b. Yes 1

a. No 0
Yes, but monitoring and evaluation

Is there any monitoring and evaluation b. 1
27 activity very limited and not ongoing
of fisheries resources within the MPA?
Long-term regular monitoring
c. and evaluation, results used in 2
management

The Maximum Total Score for IMPLEMENTATION (D) is 26

SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
E. OUTPUTS : EVALUATION OF THE OUTPUTS FROM THE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Note : the outputs produced are normally based on the results of previous evaluations. If this is the first ever evaluation activity for this site, then
evaluation should be based on activities over the past 3 years. For new/recently established MPAs, this section should be left blank
E.1 EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MPA BACKGROUND INFORMATION
a. No 0
Has there been a change (upgrade) in
28a Legal status
legal status? (see question no.1)
b. Yes 2

a. No 0
Have regulations been improved? (see
28b Regulations
question no.2)
b. Yes 2

a. No 0
Law Has law enforcement been improved?
28c
enforcement (see question no.3)
b. Yes 2

Marine Have there been advances in connection a. No 0

28d Protected Area with MPA boundary awareness and
Boundaries marking? (see question no.4) b. Yes 2

a. No 0
Is the MPA now integrated into a wider
Coastal
28e coastal management area/scheme? (see
Management
question no.5) b. Yes 2
51

SCORE
52

CHOSEN
ANSWER
Inventory of a. No 0
Is the biological and physical,
biological
28f information for the MPA more
and physical
comprehensive? (see question no.6) b. Yes 2
information

Is the social, cultural and economic
social, cultural
28g information for the MPA more
and economic
information
Is the information on fishery resources
information
28h within the MPA more comprehensive?
on fishery
(see question no.8) b. Yes 1
resources

Stakeholder a. No 0
Has stakeholder awareness and concern
28i Awareness and
increased (see question no. 9)
Concern b. Yes 1

Has the conservation value of the MPA a. No 0

Conservation
28j e.g. naturalness, beauty and rare habitat/
value
species improved? (see question no.10) b. Yes 2

Is the information on tourism potential a. No 0

28k Tourism and types within the MPA more

SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
Is the information on the potential for a. No 0
Commercial various types of commercial activity
28l
use within the MPA more comprehensive?
(see question no.12) b. Yes 1

Is the information based on the results
of research within the MPA more a. No 0
Research
28m comprehensive and is it intensively used
Activity
in MPA management? (see question
b. Yes 1
no.13)

Is information regarding gaps in staff a. No 0
Knowledge
28n knowledge more comprehensive? (see
Gaps
question no.14) b. Yes 1

E.2 EVALUATION OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Products and Have boundary markers been recently a. No 0

29a
services installed or replaced/upgraded? b. Yes 1

Are there existing permanent moorings a. No 0
Products and
29b or have new permanent moorings been
services
recently installed? b. Yes 1

Products and Are there existing education materials or a. No 0
29c
services are new materials being developed?
b. Yes 1

Has a website been established and a. No 0

Products and
29d does it show appropriate information
services
53
regarding the site? b. Yes 1

SCORE
54

CHOSEN
ANSWER
Mechanism for a. No mechanism yet 0

Stakeholder
Participation Are there mechanisms to ensure
30 in Decision stakeholder participation in decision b. Some mechanisms, insufficient 1
making and/or making and/or in management activities?
in management
activities
c. Appropriate mechanisms are in place 2

a. Not yet 0
Environmental
Have stakeholder education activities
Education Some education activities but still
31 been developed? b. 1
Activities for insufficient
(e.g.: public visits to the MPA)
Stakeholders
c. Sufficient education activities 2

a. Not yet improved 0
Some steps to improve management

Have the two important/core b. 1
Management activities
32 management activities (listed on the data
activities
sheet) been improved to address threats?
Management activities sufficiently

c. 2
improved

SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER

a. No visitor facilities and services yet 0

Facilities and services not yet
b. sufficient to cope with visitor levels or 1

Visitor Does the conservation area have currently under construction
33
Facilities sufficient facilities for visitors?
Some facilities and services, but could
c. 2
be improved
Facilities and services suitable for
d. 3
current visitor levels
Fee system but not implemented/
a. 0
collected
Fee collected but goes to central
Is there any income from fees (e.g. entry b. 1
government, not directly to the MPA
34 Fees fees/cards, fines) which could be used to
support MPA management? Fee collected but goes to local
c. 2
government, not directly to the MPA
Fee collected and used to support MPA
d. 3
management

a. Staff not yet properly trained 0
Staff trained but need further training

35 Staff capacity Are staff well trained? b. 1
to achieve management goals
Staff trained in line with current needs

c. 2
and to anticipate future needs

The Maximum Total Score for OUTPUTS (E) is 41
55
SCORE
56

CHOSEN
ANSWER
F. ACHIEVEMENTS – EVALUATION OF THE LEVEL OF ACHIEVEMENT OF MANAGEMENT GOALS
a. Not yet 0
Marine b. Only a few/very partially 1
Have the MPA goals been achieved??
36 Protected Area
(goals listed on the information sheet) c. Most have been achieved 2
Goals
d. All have been fully achieved 3
a. Not yet 0
Has there been an analysis of threats and Yes but still superficial and in need of
37 Threats conflicts related to the biodiversity and b. 1
further development
features within the MPA?
Yes, there has been an in-depth
c. 2
analysis
a. Not yet, indeed threats are increasing 0
Have the threats been reduced? (threats b. Not yet, no change 1

38 Threats
listed on the data sheet) c. Threats now slightly reduced 2
d. Most threats now reduced 3

Not yet, indeed biological and physical

a. 0
condition has declined
Biological and physical condition,
b. 1
Biological unchanged
Has biological and physical condition
39 and Physical
improved? Biological and physical condition has
Condition c. 2
improved slightly
Biological and physical condition has

d. 3
significantly improved

SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
Not yet, indeed the condition of
a. 0
fisheries resources is declining
No change in the condition of fisheries
Condition b. 1
Has the condition of fisheries resources resources
40 of Fisheries
improved? The condition of fisheries resources
Resources c. 2
has improved slightly
Condition of fisheries resources
d. 3
greatly improved

Livelihoods and living standards have
a. 0
fallen
Livelihoods and living standards
Community welfare - Has community b. 1
Community unchanged
41 welfare (livelihoods and living
welfare Livelihoods and living standards
standards) improved? c. 2
improved
Livelihoods and living standards
d. 3
excellent

Is MPA management in tune with local
culture, including traditional knowledge/ a. No 0
41a wisdom, social systems, cultural motifs/
patterns related to marine resources and
b. Yes 1
their use?

a. No 0
Has there been a reduction in conflicts
41b
related to resource use?
57
b. Yes 1

SCORE
58

CHOSEN
ANSWER
a. No 0
Are the benefits from the MPA evenly/
41c
fairly distributed b. Yes 1

Have the non-monetary benefits of a. No 0
41d marine resources to local communities
been preserved or increased? b. Yes 1

a. Community awareness has fallen 0
b. Community awareness unchanged 1

Community
Has community environmental
42 Environmental Community awareness slightly
awareness increased? c. 2
Awareness improved
Community awareness substantially
d. 3
increased

a. Under 25 % compliance 0
b. 25% - 50% compliance 1

43 Compliance Do users obey the MPA regulations?
c. 50% - 75% compliance 2
d. Over 75% compliance 3

a. Under 25 % satisfied 0
Stakeholder Are stakeholders satisfied with the b. 25% - 50% satisfied 1

44
Satisfaction process and output of the MPA?
c. 50% - 75% satisfied 2
d. Over 75% satisfied 3


SCORE
CHOSEN
ANSWER
Do stakeholders feel they can participate a. No 0

44a effectively in MPA management decision
making?
b. Yes 1

Do stakeholders feel they are sufficiently a. No 0

44b represented in the MPA decision making
process?
b. Yes 1

The Maximum Total Score for ACHIEVEMENT (F) is 32
59
Appendix 3. Stakeholder Perception Sheet for Fishers
Personal Data (Respondent)
1 Date
2 District/City
3 Responden number* (for officers)
4 Name
5 Religion
6 Sex [ ] Male [ ] Female
[ ] Recently arrived(0 – 1 years)

[ ] 1-5 years
7 Time of residence
[ ] Over 6 (six) years
[ ] From birth
8 Address
9 Place and date of birth
[ ] No formal education
[ ] Nursery/Primary School
[ ] Lower Secondary School
10 Highest educational level [ ] Upper Secondary School
[ ] Diploma/Bachelors Degree
[ ] Masters Degree
[ ] Doctorate (Ph.D)
11 Main occupation
12 Length of time in this occupation .......................year(s)
13 Secondary occupation(s) * (if any)
14 Average monthly income Rp.
Number of family members
15 (Wife + Husband + Children)*
(married respondents only)
16 Affiliation(s)
NO QUESTION ANSWER CHOICES

Background : community perception regarding the Marine Protected
A.
Area (MPA) background information
[ ] Yes
Do you care about the
1 [ ] No
conservation of the MPA?
[ ] Don’t know
[ ] Fish breeding area

[ ] To conserve marine species
[ ] To protect marine habitat
According to you, what was the
[ ] Protection from environmentally
main reason for establishing the
2 unfriendly fishing
MPA? (you may choose more
[ ] As a place for eco-tourism
than one, no more than three)
[ ] Other (Please state).............................
....................................................................
....................................................................
[ ] Attending a meeting
[ ] Attending a seminar or training
[ ] Printed media such as brochures,
How did you come to know and
posters, etc
3 understand the goal(s)? (choose
[ ] Talk within the community
the most appropriate answer)
[ ] Other (Please state) ............................
....................................................................
...................................................................
[ ] Yes
Are you happy about the MPA
4 [ ] No
now?
[ ] Don’t know
Socio-economic Status : Community perceptions regarding the effect of

B.
the MPA on socio-economic conditions
Are there any benefits for you [ ] Yes

5 from the establishment of the [ ] No
MPA? [ ] Don’t know
Does your family benefit from [ ] Yes

6 the presence of tourism activities [ ] No
within the MPA? [ ] Don’t know
If “Yes”, describe briefly these

7
benefits
[ ] Yes
Have you suffered any loss from
8 [ ] No
the establishment of the MPA?
[ ] Don’t know
If Yes, briefly describe the

9
loss(es)
[ ]
Farming or livestock husbandry
[ ]
Construction worker
[ ]
Casual worker in the market
Other than fishing, what other
[ ]
Services such as tailor, hair dresser,
activities do you and your family
etc
10 undertake to increase your
[ ] Driver
income? (you may choose more
[ ] Trader/merchant
than one answer)
...................................................................
...................................................................
[ ] Shallow-water net
[ ] Hook and line
[ ] deep set net
[ ] Speargun/spears
What types of fishing gear do
11 [ ] Bombs
you use?
[ ] Poison
[ ] Other, please state...............................
...................................................................
...................................................................
[ ] Increased
In general, how has your
[ ] Decreased
12 monthly income varied over the
[ ] No change
past 5 years?
[ ] Don’t know
Biological and Physical Condition of the MPA : community perception

C. and information regarding the biological and physical condition of the
MPA
[ ] Increased
According to you, how has the
[ ] Decreased
13 catch volume changed this year
[ ] No change
compared to previous years?
[ ] Don’t know
[ ] The presence of the MPA

[ ] Increasing numbers of fishers
[ ] Climate change
What do you think caused this
14 [ ] Other reasons (please state)................
change?
...................................................................
...................................................................
[ ] Don’t know
According to you, what change [ ] Increased

has there been in the catch [ ] Decreased
15
species composition this year [ ] No change
compared to previous years? [ ] Don’t know
[ ] The presence of the MPA

[ ] Increasing numbers of fishers
[ ] Climate change
16 [ ] Other reasons (please state)................
change?
...................................................................
...................................................................
[ ] Don’t know
[ ] Very poor
[ ] Poor
Based on your observations, [ ] Average
17 what is the condition of the coral [ ] Good
reefs within the MPA? [ ] Very good
[ ] Don’t know because I have not
observed them
[ ] Bomb fishing
[ ] Cyanide/poison fishing
[ ] Anchoring
[ ] Pollution from marine diesel
According to you, what causes [ ] Land-based pollution
damage to the coral reefs? [ ] Lack of information and socialisation
18
(Select the two answers which [ ] Weak management and law
you think most appropriate) enforcement
[ ] Other, please state ..............................
...................................................................
...................................................................
[ ] Don’t know
[ ] Habitat for fish and other marine

organisms
[ ] Coastal protection
According to you, what is the [ ] Marine and coastal eco-tourism
19
main benefit from coral reefs? [ ] Other, please state ...............................
....................................................................
....................................................................
[ ] Don’t know
Threats and Challenges : Stakeholder perceptions regarding the threats

D.
and challenges as well as conflicts occurring in the MPA
[ ] Weak law enforcement

[ ] Lack of support from relevant
(government) agencies
[ ] Lack of finance
What MPA management
[ ] Lack of community support and
challenges are you aware of?
20 concern
(you may select more than one)
[ ] Conflicts within the community
[ ] Waste management
...................................................................
...................................................................
[ ] Over-exploitation and over-fishing

[ ] Commercial capture fisheries
[ ] Destructive fishing such as the use of
According to you, what threats bombs and cyanide (poison)
or other problems are there [ ] Illegal coastal development
21 or could there be relating to [ ] Lack of community support and
fisheries resources within the concern
MPA? [ ] Population growth
[ ] Other, please state...............................
...................................................................
...................................................................
Can the establishment of the

[ ] Yes
MPA and the regulations in
22 [ ] No
vigour within it reduce these
[ ] Don’t know
threats?
Have there been resource use

conflicts within the MPA,
[ ] Yes
between local and non-
23 [ ] No
local fishers or between the
[ ] Don’t know
community and the MPA
managers?
[ ] Discussion and amicable agreement

[ ] Through legal processes
[ ] Discussion between the two parties
mediated by the MPA managers
How were these conflicts [ ] Other, please state ..............................
24
resolved? ....................................................................
....................................................................
[ ] No solution yet
[ ] Don’t know / there haven’t been any
conflicts
Regulations : community perceptions regarding the regulations in vigour

E.
within the MPA
Do you know the types of
regulation in vigour within the
[ ] Yes
MPA relevant to livelihood
25
activities such as the limits of
[ ] No
fishing areas and the species
which can be caught?
Do you think you have received [ ] Yes

26 sufficient socialisation from the
MPA managers? [ ] No
Do you know the limits of the [ ] Yes

27
various zones within the MPA? [ ] No
[ ] Very beneficial
[ ] Beneficial
What has been the effect of the
[ ] No effect
28 zonation on your activities and
[ ] Damaging
livelihood?
[ ] Very damaging
[ ] Don’t know
[ ] Yes
Do you know which species are [ ] No
protected and it is forbidden to Example (s) : ................................................
29
catch? If "Yes" please give one ....................................................................
or more examples! ....................................................................
....................................................................
[ ] Yes
Do you know what types of [ ] No
fishing gear are forbidden? If Example (s) : ................................................
30
"Yes" please give one or more ....................................................................
examples! ....................................................................
....................................................................

Concern : Community perception regarding the level of concern towards
F.
the MPA
Have you seen other fishers [ ] Yes

31
using forbidden fishing gear? [ ] No
[ ] Told them off on the spot

[ ] Recorded the details of the boat
If "Yes", what action did you
32 and the fishers the reported them to
take?
the authorities
[ ] Nothing - let it happen
[ ] Make temporary repairs myself

If you saw MPA facilities which
[ ] Report the damage to the MPA
were damaged such as fallen
33 authorities
visitor signs, mooring buoys
[ ] Feel confused and leave well alone
adrift, etc, what would you do?
[ ] I have never seen any
Have you ever seen waste from

[ ] Yes
domestic/industrial sources or
34
tourism entering the MPA and
[ ] No
likely to cause damage?

If "Yes", what action did you [ ] Noted the details and reported them
35
take? to the authorities
[ ] Each report was followed up in

line with the law and the transparent
How did the MPA management
regulations
respond if you reported
36 [ ] Only some reports have been
infractions or any other events
followed up
occurring within the MPA?
[ ] There has never been any follow up
[ ] I have never made a report

Participation and Satisfaction : Community perception regarding mechanisms
G.
for participation and satisfaction with MPA management
Have you been involved in

[ ] Yes
37 decision-making together with
[ ] No
the MPA managers?
Were you involved in the [ ] Yes

38
revision of the MPA zoning? [ ] No
[ ] Very satisfactory
[ ] Satisfactory
How do you rate the current [ ] Average
39
MPA management? [ ] Disappointing
[ ] Very disappointing
[ ] Don’t know
If you had authority within the

40 MPA management, what activity/
program would you implement?
According to you, what is

lacking in the current MPA
management activities relevant
to your profession?
41
What would you recommend to
improve management quality
and achieve the MPA goals?

42 improve management quality
and achieve the MPA goals?
Appendix 4. Stakeholder Perception Sheet for Tourism Operators
Personal data (Respondent)
1 Date
2 District/City
3 Responden number* (for officers)
4 Name
5 Religion
6 Sex [ ] Male [ ] Female
[ ] Recently arrived(0 – 1 years)

[ ] 1-5 years
7 Time of residence
[ ] Over 6 (six) years
[ ] From birth
8 Address
9 Place and date of birth
[ ] No formal education
[ ] Nursery/Primary School
[ ] Lower Secondary School
10 Highest educational level [ ] Upper Secondary School
[ ] Diploma/Bachelors Degree
[ ] Masters Degree
[ ] Doctorate (Ph.D)
11 Main occupation
12 Length of time in this occupation .......................year(s)
13 Secondary occupation(s) * (if any)
14 Average monthly income Rp.
Number of family members (Wife

15 + Husband + Children)* (married
respondents only)
Background : Community perception regarding the background of the

A.
Marine Protected Area (MPA)
[ ] Yes
Do you care about the
1 [ ] No
conservation of the MPA?
[ ] Don’t know
[ ] Fish breeding area

[ ] To conserve marine species
[ ] To protect marine habitat
According to you, what was the
[ ] Protection from environmentally
main reason for establishing the
2 unfriendly fishing
MPA? (you may choose more
[ ] As a place for eco-tourism
than one, no more than three)
[ ] Other (Please state)...........................
.................................................................
................................................................
[ ] Attending a meeting
[ ] Attending a seminar or training
[ ] Printed media such as brochures,
How did you come to know and
posters, etc
3 understand the goal(s)? (choose
[ ] Talk within the community
the most appropriate answer)
[ ] Other (Please state) .........................
................................................................
................................................................
[ ] Yes
Are you happy about the MPA
4 [ ] No
now?
[ ] Don’t know
Socio-economic Status : Community perceptions regarding the effect of the

B.
MPA on socio-economic conditions
Are there any benefits for you [ ] Yes

5 from the establishment of the [ ] No
MPA? [ ] Don’t know
Does your family benefit from [ ] Yes

6 the presence of tourism activities [ ] No
within the MPA? [ ] Don’t know
If “Yes”, describe briefly these

7
benefits
[ ] Yes
Have you suffered any loss from
8 [ ] No
the establishment of the MPA?
[ ] Don’t know
9 If Yes, briefly describe the loss(es)

[ ]Pertanian seperti bercocok tanam

[ ]Farming or livestock husbandry
[ ]Construction worker
Apart from tourism activities [ ]Casual labour in the market
within the MPA, what other [ ]Services such as tailor, hair dresser, etc
activities do you or other [ ]Driver
10 members of your family [ ]Trader/merchant
undertake to increase family [ ]Teacher/Lecturer
income? (You may select more [ ]Similar occupation but in a
than one) different location
[ ] Other (Please state)..........................
.................................................................
[ ] No
[ ] Accommodation
[ ] Restaurant
[ ] Snorkelling
What type of tourism activity
[ ] Diving
11 have you developed within the
[ ] Seawalker
MPA?
[ ] Boat rental
[ ] Other, please state ............................
................................................................
[ ] Increased
In general, how has your monthly
[ ] Decreased
12 income varied over the past 5
[ ] No change
years?
[ ] Don’t know
Biological, Physical and Tourism Conditions: Community perception towards
C. the condition of biological and physical resources and the development of
tourism within the MPA
[ ] Biodiversity of flora and fauna
within the MPA
[ ] The natural beauty of the MPA
[ ] The distinctive local culture
What prompted you to begin [ ] Tourism had not yet developed
13 tourism activities within the (opportunity)
MPA? [ ] Tourists are increasingly attracted
to nature
[ ] Ease of access
.................................................................
[ ] Lack of data and information on the

natural resources
[ ] Weak human resources
[ ] MPA surveillance still insufficient
According to you, what [ ] Weaknesses in the partnership system
weaknesses or challenges are [ ] Community perception regarding
14
there for tourism development the MPA is not conducive
within the MPA? [ ] Promotion of the MPA is insufficient/
lacking
.................................................................
.................................................................
[ ] Assists MPA finances

[ ] Reduces local unemployment
According to you, what are the [ ] Helps promote the MPA/the area
benefits from the development of [ ] Provides a greater choice of
15
your tourism activities within the attractions for tourists to visit
MPA? [ ] Other, please state ............................
.................................................................
.................................................................
[ ] Increased
According to you, how has the
[ ] Decreased
16 volume of tourists changed this
[ ] No change
year compared to previous years?
[ ] Don’t know
[ ] Promotion (Increased/Decreased)
[ ] Competition (Increased/Decreased)
[ ] Changes in the condition of coral
reefs and fishery resources
(improved/declining)
[ ] Local communities (cooperation
17 good/poor)
change? (Increased /Decreased)
[ ] MPA management (cooperation
good/poor)
[ ] Other reasons (please state).............
.................................................................
................................................................
[ ] Don’t know
[ ] Very poor
[ ] Poor
Based on your observations, what [ ] Average
18 is the condition of the coral reefs [ ] Good
within the MPA? [ ] Very good
[ ] Don’t know because I have not
observed them
[ ] Bomb fishing
[ ] Cyanide/poison fishing
[ ] Anchoring
According to you, what causes [ ] Pollution from marine diesel
damage to the coral reefs? [ ] Waste (domestic/ industrial/from
19
(Choose the two answers which tourism)
you consider most appropriate) [ ] Other, please state ............................
.................................................................
................................................................
[ ] Don’t know
[ ] Habitat for fish and other marine
organisms
[ ] Coastal protection
According to you, what is the [ ] Marine and coastal eco-tourism
20
main benefit from coral reefs? [ ] Other, please state ............................
.................................................................
.................................................................
[ ] Don’t know
Threats and Challenges : Stakeholder perception regarding the threats and
D.
challenges as well as conflicts within the MPA
[ ] Weak law enforcement
[ ] Poor support from the relevant
(government) authorities
[ ] Financial resources
What MPA management [ ] Lack of community support and
challenges are you aware of? (you concern
21
may select more than one) [ ] Internal conflicts within the
community
[ ] Waste management
[ ] Other (Please state)..........................
.................................................................
................................................................
[ ] Commercial exploitation and

overfishing of fisheries resources
[ ] Destructive fishing such as the use of
bombs and cyanide (poison)
According to you, what are the [ ] Illegal coastal development
22 current threats to the resources [ ] Lack of community support and
within (protected by) the MPA? concern
[ ] Population growth
[ ] Other, please state............................
.................................................................
................................................................
Can the establishment of the MPA [ ] Yes

23 and the regulations in vigour [ ] No
within it reduce these threats? [ ] Don’t know
Have there been any resource use

conflicts within the MPA between [ ] Yes
24 tourism operators or between [ ] No
community members/group and [ ] Don’t know
the MPA management?
[ ] Discussion and amicable agreement

[ ] Through legal processes
[ ] Discussion between the two parties
mediated by the MPA managers
How were these conflicts [ ] Other, please state ...........................
25
resolved? .................................................................
................................................................
[ ] Not yet resolved
[ ] Don’t know / there has not been any
conflict

Peraturan : Persepsi masyarakat mengenai peraturan – peraturan yang
E.
berlaku dalam kawasan
Are you sure you know the

regulations currently in vigour [ ] Yes
26 within the MPA which relate to
the use of the MPA for marine [ ] No
tourism?
Do you think you have received [ ] Yes

27 sufficient socialisation from the
MPA managers? [ ] No
Do you know the limits of the [ ] Yes

28
various zones within the MPA? [ ] No
[ ] Very beneficial
[ ] Beneficial
What has been the effect of the
[ ] No effect
29 zonation on your activities and
[ ] Damaging
livelihood?
[ ] Very Damaging
[ ] Don’t know
Concern : Community perception regarding the level of concern towards The

F.
presence of the MPA
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
Have you ever seen other people
involved in tourism activities If “Yes” Type of activity seen:
30 degrading the MPA, e.g. by .................................................................
throwing trash in the sea or other .................................................................
damaging activities? .................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

If "Yes", what action did you [ ] Wrote down the details and reported
31
take? the incident to the authorities
[ ] Make temporary repairs myself

If you saw MPA facilities which
were damaged such as fallen
32 authorities
visitor signs, mooring buoys
[ ] Feel confused and leave it alone
adrift, etc, what would you do?

Have you ever seen domestic
or industrial waste entering and
33 authorities
endangering the MPA and if Yes,
[ ] Feel confused and leave it alone
what did you do?
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
Have you ever seen fishers or
other people catching fish or
If “Yes” Type of activity seen:
34 doing environmentally unfriendly
.................................................................
things which could damage the
.................................................................
MPA?
.................................................................
.................................................................

If "Yes", what action did you [ ] Noted the details and reported the
35
take? incident to the authorities
[ ] Each report was followed up in line

with the law and transparent
How did the MPA management
regulations
respond if you reported
36 [ ] Only some reports have been
infractions or any other event
followed up
occurring within the MPA?
[ ] There has never been any follow up
[ ] I have never made a report
Participation and Satisfaction : Community perception regarding mechanisms

G.
for participation and satisfaction with MPA management
Have you been involved in
[ ] Yes
decision-making together with
37
the MPA managers, at least those
[ ] No
relevant to your activities?
Were you involved in the revision [ ] Yes

38
of the MPA zoning? [ ] No
[ ] Very satisfactory
[ ] Satisfactory
How do you rate the current MPA [ ] Average
39
management? [ ] Disappointing
[ ] Very disappointing
[ ] Don’t know
If you had authority within the

40 MPA management, what activity/
program would you implement?
According to you, what is lacking

in the current MPA management
41
activities relevant to your
profession?

42 improve management quality and
achieve the MPA goals?
GLOSSARY
Biophysical information :
Information that describes the species abundance of both coral reefs
and its association, population structure, complexity and distribution of
habitat, structure and composition of habitat, food chain, water quality,
and oceanographical aspects.
Conservation :
The proses of controlling air, water, soil, minerals up to living organisms
including humans in order to achieve an improved quality of life.
Conservation value :
The level of naturalness, rarity, beauty and representation of habitats/
species within the marine protected area.
Element :
A major component within management aspect that will be evaluated.
Evaluation :
Assessment on the achievement against to the existing and accepted
criterias. In this case assessment for the goals of establishing a marine
protected area.
Habitat :
Place of living organism, population or community.
Indicator :
Information that can be used as a guide or state the status and/or changes
that being occurred within marine protected area.
Management effectiveness :
The level of accomplishment in management activities to achieve the
goals and objectives for marine protected area.
Marine conservation area (MCA) :

As well-known as marine protected areas (MPA) in Indonesia
Marine protected area (MPA) :

Any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying
waters and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural seatures, wich
has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of
the enclosed environment (IUCN, 1995).
MPA networking :
Linkages among marine protected areas that presenting resilience of
species and habitats for achieving the balance of ecosystem through
collaborative management. MPA networking established on the basis of
geographical similarity purpose, the function of ecological/ecosystem,
conservation on certain species such as turtle migration routes, whales
and other types of biota.
Monitoring :
Collection of information that are routinely performed within a certain
period in order to find out any changes in status, activities and its
processes of marine protected area.
Outcome :
The real impact of activities on marine protected area.
Output :
Products and services resulted from management activities towards as
the achievement of the planned work program.
Village law (Perdes = peraturan desa) :

Laws that formally established under the involvement of the community
and is having the legal power at the village level.
Stakeholder :
Individuals, groups or organizations who interested or involved within
marine protected area management strategy.
Threat :
Pressure or disturbance as well as any kinds of activities that negatively
impact to the marine protected area.

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Management Effectiveness Evaluation Manual for Marine Conservation

Areas in Indonesia / Susetiono. -- Jakarta : COREMAP II - LIPI,

1. Laut, Perlindungan -- Buku Pegangan,

CORAL REEF REHABILITATION AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Jakarta, December 2010

CHAPTER II : MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS

1. A rea (MPA) B ackground I nformation S heet /F orm ............. 32

2. M arine P rotected A rea M anagement E ffectiveness E valuation

Q uestionnaire for I ndonesia .......................................... 35

3. S takeholder P erception S heet for F ishers .............................. 60

4. S takeholder P erception S heet for Tourism O perators .................. 69

T he condition and quality of marine and coastal ecosystems worldwide are

1.2 Management Effectiveness

Figure 1. Management Evaluation Cycle

COREMAP (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program) is a long-

2.1 Purpose of the Manual

2.2 Score Card

B. Planning and Hopes (Vision)

2.3 The Scoring Process

2.4 Data Analysis

Score (%) total of actual answer scores

This analysis can be carried out using Microsoft Excel as follows:

3.1 Marine Protected Area Background Information Form

M arine protected area background information form (Appendix 1) consists of

1. MPA Name : ...................................................

B. MPA Ecosystem Status

15. Habitats within the MPA : ...........................................................

C. MPA Financial Management

19. Sources of Income : ...................................................................................

The answers to questions 19 to 24 provide information regarding all the sources of

3.2 Explanation of the score card questions

Is the MPA well-known at the village, sub-district,

Is there a mechanism for dealing with infractions within

Do the MPA staff have the capacity and the supporting

Is there any additional support for law enforcement in the

Are there punishments and fines which are applied for

Is the MPA part of a wider coastal management plan? (for

Is there sufficient information available regarding the

Stakeholder What is the level of stakeholder awareness and concern

Are there species on protected species lists (local, national

Research Is information from the results of research carried out

Background component (A): consists of 14 questions (question 1 – 14), provides

B. Planning – Evaluation of MPA Goals and Planning

Does the MPA have a management plan and is it being

C. Needs Assessment – Evaluation of Management Needs

Has there been a carrying capacity study to determine

Can survey and research be undertaken at short notice to

Are there sufficient staff to implement MPA

Is the current budget/available finance sufficient for

20a Is there a long-term or multi year source of finance?

Are there any non-government sources of finance? For

Needs Component (C) identifies the activities, equipment and infrastructure

D. Implementation – Evaluation of Management Implementation

25 Staff training Are there sufficient training opportunities for staff?

Monitoring and Is there monitoring and evaluation of biological, physical,

Are monitoring and evaluation activities carried out

Is the MPA a site within a national or international

Is there any monitoring and evaluation of fisheries

Implementation Component (D) addresses the manner in which the planned