1.) What is the difference between differential pressure and delta pressure?

Differential pressure means difference between high pressure and low pressure. Delta pressure means it is the pressure drop

2.) What is Cryogenic?

Cryogenic means to work in lower temperature range (-50 and below than that)

3.) Why use MMWC unit?

Milli meter water column used to measure pressure
 BASICS OF PNEUMATIC INSTRUMENTS FLOW MEASUREMENT
uses compressed air to transmit and control energy.
process of measuring fluid in your plant or industry
Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors,
automatic production lines, mechanical clamps, etc YOU CAN MEASURE FLOW THROUGH A VARIETY OF
DIFFERENT DEVICES
WHAT ARE PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS USED FOR?
• Coriolis
The pneumatic systems used in the industry are usually driven
by compressed air or compressed inert gases. A centrally • Differential Pressure
located, electrically powered compressor drives cylinders, air
motors and other pneumatic devices. • Vortex

DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATIC INSTRUMENTS • Magnetic

• Sensitivity to vibration, temperature changes, mounting • Ultrasonic

position and the like affect calibration accuracy to a much
greater extent for pneumatic instruments than electronic • Turbine
instruments.
• Ositive Displacement Meters
•
ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATIC INSTRUMENTS

• A decisive advantage is the intrinsic safety of pneumatic field

instruments. Instruments that do not work with electricity can
not generate electrical sparks. This is very important in
“classified” industrial environments where there are gases,
liquids, powders and explosive dusts.
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER BASICS OF VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES:
an industrial solid-state computer that monitors inputs and a type of motor controller that drives an electric motor by
outputs, and makes logic-based decisions for automated varying the frequency and voltage supplied to the electric motor.
processes or machines.
PID SENSORS (PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTOR)
PLC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE used to measure hazardous substance groups or can even be
adjusted to measure individual substances.
1.) LADDER LOGIC is one of the most commonly
used PLC languages. In it, symbols represent MANY DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS
opening and closing relays, counters, timers,
PID sensor technology is very versatile and can be used, for
shift registers, and mathematical operations.
example
2.) FUNCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM (FBD). It describes
functions between input and output variables.
✓ for clearance measurements during shutdowns in the
The function, represented by blocks, connects
chemical and petrochemical industries
input and output variables.
3.) STRUCTURED TEXT (ST) is a high-level language
✓ monitoring operations in shafts and enclosed spaces
that uses sentence commands. In ST,
programmers can use “if/then/else,” “SQRT,” or
✓ detecting leaks
“repeat/until” statements to create programs.
4.) INSTRUCTION LIST (IL) is a low-level language
with functions and variables defined by a simple
list. Program control is done by jump instructions
and sub-routines with optional parameters
5.) SEQUENTIAL FUNCTION CHART (SFC) language is
a method of programming complex control
systems. It uses basic building blocks that run
their own sub-routines. Program files are written
in other programming languages. SFC divides
large and complicated programming tasks into
smaller and more manageable tasks.

LIGHT ON AND DARK ON MODES FOR PHOTOELECTRIC
LIGHT ON (LO)
means that the sensor’s output is only enabled or ON when it
receives light. Otherwise, the output remains OFF.
DARK ON (DO)
means the opposite; when light is received, the output is OFF.
The sensor’s output is only enabled or ON when it is dark or
when it receives no light. See the figure below for further
explanation.
LOAD CELLS
a type of force transducer. They convert the kinetic energy of a
force such as tension, compression, pressure, or torque into
electrical energy; more specifically as a measurable electrical
signal.
ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMITTER
ANALOG SIGNAL
Simply we can say,a signal which varies continously with time.
From the real world itself we can found out so many examples
for analog signals.sound,light etc..
But in the case of instrumentaton we are using 4-20 ma or 0-20
ma as analog signals.Here the voltage between controller and
instrument is kept constant and taking the current as signal
DIGITAL SIGNAL
Digital signal is discrete to time.
Actually digitally signal is sampled from analog signal. In the
conventional method they use two discreet levels for
transmitting the signal from instrument to controller. Logic high
And Logic low.
Relays are used for implement the digital signal transmission.
Recently, different types of digital signals are introduced for
communication between instrument and controller.
INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION is one of the primary processes
used to maintain instrument accuracy.
Calibration is the process of configuring an instrument to
provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range