Steel Box Girder Bridges—Design Guides & Methods

CONRAD P. HEINS

IN MEMORIAM
CONRAD P. HEINS
September 13, 1937
December 24, 1982

During the past decade, there has been extensive use of steel
box girders for straight and curved highway and transit
structures.13'14 To meet the need for use of such structural
elements, design criteria had to be established. Therefore,
the purpose of this paper is to present information relative
to the design criteria in addition to information on pre-
liminary plate sizes, design aids, and computer-aided design
of steel box girder bridges.
INTRODUCTION
Box girders have become a prominent element in the con-
struction of major river crossings, highway interchanges,
and transit systems. These types of structural elements are
particularly attractive because of their high torsional
stiffness, which is required when the bridge is curved.
With the advent of these bridges, appropriate design
specifications1'2'3 design guides5'6'7 computer solutions8'9
are required. Here is a summation of this information:
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
There are at present a set of standard specifications,1 which
pertain to straight box girders for highway bridges. Guide
specifications2 are also being used for curved box structures,
but to date have not been incorporated into the standard
code.1 Further research has also been conducted, which has
resulted in a tentative strength or load factor design code
for curved bridges.3 All three of these codes1'2'3 have been
studied and the appropriate criteria for the design of each
element of a box (i.e., top flange, bottom flange, web) cat-
egorized according to working stress method or strength
method as given in Tables 1 and 2. The working stress
criteria has recently been incorporated into a design ori-
ented computer program.9
In addition to these basic specifications,1'2'3 a new code4
has been proposed for consideration, but has yet to be
adopted.
DESIGN GUIDES
Flange Areas—In the design of any complex structure in
which the section changes and the forces are not readily
computed, it is useful to have data or empirical equations
to select plate geometry, which can then be incorporated
in a computer program 9 to automate the bridge design.
Such information has been developed5'6'7 and has resulted
in the following:
i) Single-span bridge
AB = \?>d\\-j\
ii) Two-span bridge
A+B=- (0.00153L 2 - 0.223L + 13)
k

A-B = \ M A ^
Conrad P. Heins was Professor', Institute for Physical Science and
Technology and Civil Engineering Department, University
A\ = 0AAA+B
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. This paper is the 1982
T R. Higgins Lectureship Award winner. A-T = \MA%^
ty

121

FOURTH QUARTER / 1983

 T a b l e 1. W o r k i n g Stress D e s i g n R e q u i r e m e n t s

Item Straight Curved

Compression b 4400
Flange t =
y/Ty
(positive
and
moment)
r //\2 i
'H i l r /
Fb = 0.55 Fy 1 PBPW
4ir2E 1

where
1
and pw = pw\ or pw2, where;

1 +
U) w
Pw\ = "
.-(^ 1 - (W
75

l/b
0.95 + -
[30 + 8000(0.1 - / / f l ) 2 ]
Pw2 :

1+0.6F

if — ( + ) use smaller pw\ or pW2

fb

Jw / \
— (-)usepa,i
Jb
Compression b ^ 6140 6 6140
Flange
< = \f~Fy t ^ VTy x
(negative
moment) Jb tk 0.55 Fy
Fb = 0.55 F y 9.2 /,
6140 6 13,300 ^ -
- ^ 60 or — i = r
t y/Fy where X = 1 + % 0.15 U l

fb * 0.S5Fy - 0.224Fy 1 — sin —

TT/13,300-6/^ V^jj 6140 6 13,300
2 \ 7160 —= < - ^ _ or 60
13,300 b
-J=r < - ^ 60
y/Fy t f 7r/13,300-6v/F/^
l
sin — —
tV 2 I 13,300-6140X
fb ^ 57.6 X 10 6
where

if
6 13,300

Fb is smaller of the following:

Fb = 57.6 - ) - 1 0 6 A

Jv2
ft = 57.6 - X 106- -X 10 6

mA
[bf

122

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 T a b l e 1. {continued)

Straight Curved
3070 y/K 3070^
*i
\/Ty \Z~Fy
fb ^ 0.55/*;
^=0.55^y^912^) 2
3070 y/K W 6650 y/~K
= — < - s 60 or -=r- where
y/Fy t yjFy
6650 y/K-- y/Ty X\ = \(n>\)

-m*'»
y
t
fb * 0.55/; - 0.224/*; 1 — sin - Xx = 0 . 9 3 + 1 . 6
3580 y/K

2^K ^4
6650 y/K w
?±— < - * 60
5.34 + 2.84(/,/W 3 ) 1 / 3
K> = - £ 5.34
(n+ l ) 2
fb £ 14.4 X \06K
\wl
Stiffener requirement
with longitudinal Stiffener

where
0.01 K^n 4 for n > 1
0=
0.125AT3forrz = 1

3070^* w 66b0y/K„ _
V^V / \/Fy

y/Fy
6650 y/K X2~
Fb = 0.326/*; + 0.224/*; { sin -=. *-=—
y y !
2 6650 V ^AT2 - 3070y/KX^

Where

X2 = 1 - 2 . 1 3

6650^^2
+ 0.1

w
3-Ht
— < — s 60

/*"/, is smaller value of

Fh = 14.4/T - A10 6

/, 2 ^
^ = 14.4AT - x 106 -X 106
2
i4.4(/:,) l-l

123

FOURTH QUARTER / 1983

 Table 1. (continued)

Straight Curved
Use same formula, but use K] instead of AT

1+ + 87.3
A'i=-
a\2 .
(n + \)2 H |1 + 0.1(n + l)|

I, > St3u
A
It > 0.10(n + l )3J7/)
3
aJ / 3^
3
- f
E a
where
a: spacing of transverse stiffener
fs: maximum longitudinal bending stress
Af Area of flange including longitudinal stiffener

Same
- < 150

5.625 X 107 Fv
f < < -I
Jv
(d/ty 3
d 23,000.
-< _ < 170
t VTh
d0< l.Sd If do/R < 0.02 use straight girder criteria
0.87(1 - C) Ifdo/R >0.02
c (
^ d 23,000 2
Vl+WoA02J
U 9 _ 1 0 ,|j + 34 (^
[ _t < —lF < 170
8 2 b
„ 2.2X10 [l+(^o) ]
< 1.0
Fy{dA)2 d0< \.Sd
do = stiffener spacing Fv 0.87(1 - C)
U" C+
V I + (da/d)2\
c = 2.2XlQ8|l+(^o)2|,iQ
Fy(d/t)2

Stiffener Criteria Stiffener Criteria

I > d0t* J
10.92
/= X>5.0
J = 25 —J - 20 > 5.0
do
X = 1.0 for—< 0.78
d
[do
-0.78
X = 1.0 + | Z 4 ;0.78 < — < 1.0
1775 d

d2
Z = 0.95 —
Rt
b 2600

124

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Table 2. Strength Design Requirements
Straight Curved
b 3200
t " \/Ty
fb = FbspBPiL
where

PB •

1 + i ( , + ± ) (1-001
6\ 66/ U
£[o.3-0.1-^1
= 0.95 + 18 0.1 - -
R PBFy/Fbs
Fbs = i 7 ( l - 3X2)
1 U\ [Fy_
7T \ 6 j

3200 b 4400
if < - < —=z
VTy t y/Fy
fb < Fby
where

Fby = FbspBP
1
PB •• - and pw = pw\ or p w 2 , where;
II
1 + - -
Rb
1
Pu/1 = •

l - ^ ( l - - ^
/A \ 756, //6

0.95 + 30 + 8000(0.1 -l/R)2

:
P™2
1 + 0.6(/„// 6 )

— (+) use smaller p^i or pw2

fb
Jw . .
— (-) use pwX
Jb

b 6140 Fy b Rx
- ^ —p= then F c r = fv^ 0.75 - L and - ^ —i=
' VTy
6140 6 13,300 V3 f V^;
: < - < • then Fb - Fy • A
Fy t VFy #i 6 /? 2
- 7 = < ~ ^ —=z or 60
then ^ c r = 0.592 Fy\\+ 0.687 sin - V ^ / y/Fy

thenF 6 =26.21 X 1 0 6 W - -
flK
13,300--
/ 26.21 X 10% -j
where C — -
7160
also if
b 13,300

A=
thenF c r = 105 X 10 6 (;/6) 2 V3 V3
=
' VFy
Fb = FyA

125

FOURTH QUARTER / 1983

 T a b l e 2. {continued)

Item Straight Curved

where

3070v^
/?! =

'"VM'—ra i + A2 + 4 I

6650VT
R2-

ViM 4 - o W <A -°- 4>!+4 tef(?J1

A: = 4
=«F
AT, = 5.34

Compression 3070VT
— < •
/„ < 0.75 —*= and - < — =
Flange
(negative
t VT Vl t VTy
moment)
thenFb =FyA
With 3070VT w 6650y^ Ri w R2
Stiffener —=z < - < —== or 60
y/Fy VTy t VTy
uVTy\
0.592 F v 11 + 0.687 sin — /?2-"
then Fb = Fy < A - 0.4 { 1 - sin - I
where 2 Ro-Ri
t
.J JUL.
6 6 5 0 V T - - y/Fyy
/ R2<w < 60
—b — C =
3580VT -flK
F6 = 26.21 X10 6 AT - -
6650VT
26.1 X 106AT, -
' VTy \wj
Fcr = 26.2X\06K(t/w)2 F F
also if 0.75 - ~ < j v < — L and
\/3 V3
- ^*
* " VTy
Fb=FyA

R\,R2 and A are given under compression flange without

stiffener section and

2<K<4

5.34 + 2.84 ( V w * 3 ) 1 / 3
A, = —^ — < 5.34
(n+1)2

Stiffener Criteria Stiffener Criteria

3 3
Compression Is ^ 4>t w / , > (/)t W
Flange 3 4
0.07/s: n forn =2,3,4,5] where:
(negative where 4> =
0.125AT3forr2 = 1 J
moment) (f) = 0.07 AT3n4 for n > 1
With and
Stiffener 0 = 0.125 K*n = 1
b' 2,600 6 2,600
—I'' < VTy
t ' VTy
where 6': depth of stiffener
f: Islate thickness of stiffener

126
ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 Table 2. (continued)

Item Straight Curved

Web d
< 150 -< 150
Without
Stiffener
Vu < 1.015 X lOW/d or

Vu < 0.58 Fydt 3.5£P

Vu < or
d d 36,500
1 Vu <0.5SFydt
With d
Transverse -< 150
Stiffener </o^l.5</ d0<\.5d
0.87(1 - C)
K<F„ C + V < 0.58 FydtC
Vl+(<V</)2J
where: where:

F p = 0.58 Fydt
11 W o ) 2
C = 18,000
1 + (d/d0)2
- 0 . 3 < 1.0 C = {18,000 (*/</)
V - 0.3 < 1.0

Web With
Transverse and
Longitudinal
d
- <—
t VTy
73,000 36,500
y/Ty
,- 8 „! + M (f
Stiffener d0< \.5d < d- < 73,000

and longitudinal stiffener is d/5 for compression flange. t yfFy

1 -2.9
!•"£
Shear requirements in accordance with transversely d0< 1.5 d

m stiffened web criteria.

and longitudinal stiffener is J / 5 for compression flange shear
requirements in accordance with transversely stiffened web
criteria.

Transverse , 2600 Same as straight except

b/t :
Stiffener WTy
Criteria / = [2.5(d/d0)2 -2}X< 0.5
b = projected width of stiffener and the gross area
is ,4 > [0ASBdt(\ - C)(V/VU) - \St2]Y X = 1.0 when (d</d) < 0.78 and
where: ido/d - 0.78] 4A d0
X = \ + {— Z when 0.78 < — < 1.0
.6 = 1.0 for stiffener pairs 1775 d "
B = 1.8 for single angles
0.95Jp2
B = 2.4 for single plates where Z =
/ft
C = 18,000 (*/</) A / ^ ^ - - 0.3 ^ 1
^
and
F u = as given previously
Y = ratio of web plate to stiffener plate yield strengths
/ > dQtv
J = 2.5(d/d0)2 - 2 > 0.5

Longitudinal V_ 2600 Same criteria as straight

Stiffener t' ~ y/Ty
Criteria
I = dt* 2.4 | ^ 2 - 0 . 1 3

23,000.

St = Section modulers of transverse stiffener

Ss — Section modulers of longitudinal stiffener

127
 iii) Three-span bridge Steel type ^436, Fy = 36 ksi
N = 9,3tf = 2 7 , / c = 4ksi
A% = {U - 73) Unit weight: steel 490 pcf, concrete 150 pcf
6.4* General parameters
? Exterior section
n L parapit: 300 lbs./ft
wearing surface: 15 lbs./ft2
A
B=TZ ( i - 52)
5k
miscellaneous concrete: 112 lbs./ft
n miscellaneous steel: 12%
AT = (Li - 100)
2.6£ 2. Procedure
Support The determination of the correct plate geometry
AB = — ( 0 . 9 6 4 L 2 - 1 . 6 5 L l the various bridges, involved the following pre
kn dure:
X10' -3 _ 70) Fix span length L
Select web depth d = 12L/25
A~r = 0.95Ar - 0.0U(Ar)2 \
Select bottom flange width W = 80 in.
- 5.4/6
Interior section Select web thickness
Select top flange width b < 23t
Ai = Wke->-*«> Determine dead-load moments
NBFyd Determine location of cross sectional chanj
where: k = using data given in Tables 3 and 4 and Fig. 1
wR X 600 Revise sections and computed dead-load, live-1
forces and stress.
Fy = yield point of material at specified
Revise per specifications.
section (ksi)
Set bottom flange width W = 100 in., repeat.
L, L\9 L2 = span length (ft)
3. Results
WR = roadway width (ft)
The procedure outlined above was followed for
NB = number of boxes
design of 81 bridges. The results of these designs
d = girder depth (inches)
single, two span and three span bridges are tabuh
n = L^/L\, L\ = exterior span, L2 = in-
in Tables 5, 6, and 7.
terior span
A%, A j = total top flange area (in.2) in positive Bracing Requirements—The required cross diaphn
or negative moment region bracing area, 10 as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, can be de
A~B, AB = total bottom flange area (in.2) in pos- mined from the following;
itive or negative moment region
Sb t* ,. 9N
*6 ^ 750 - (in. 2 )
Box Girder Geometry—To select the final cross-sectional d2(d+b)
dimensions of a box girder bridge, along its length, many
designs are required. To facilitate such designs, a study6 where
was conducted to optimize the cross sections of single, two- s = Diaphragm spacing (in.)
and three-span straight box girder bridges. The specific b = Width of box (in.), at bottom flange
geometry associated with these bridges are: d = Depth of box (in.)

1. Parametric details * = n/ J 1 = weighted section thickness (in

2(d -r b)
Span length A = Total cross sectional plate area (in.2) ai
single-span: L = 50 ft, 100 ft, 150 ft diaphragm location
two-span: LI = 50 ft, 100 ft, 150 ft Ab = Required area of cross diaphragm bra(
L2 = N.L\yN= 1.0,1.2,1.4,1.6 (in.2)
three-span: LI = 50 ft, 100 ft, 150 ft The bracing spacing requirement is given by the
L2 = JV.L1,AT= 1.0,1.2,1.4,1.6 lowing:
where L2 equals end span for two span or L2 equals
/ R \V2
center span for three span symmetrical bridge. s X2L
Web depth: d/L < V25 - h^r—^r\ - 30 ° in -
Top flange: b/t < 23. (positive moment region) \200L - 7500/ ~
Bottom flange width: 80 in., 100 in., 120 in. where
Bottom flange stiffener: ST 7.5 X 25. (negative mo- L = Span length (ft)
ment region) R = Radius of girder (ft)
Concrete slab 8.5 in. Top lateral bracing is utilized in stiffening the box du
shipment and erection. Such bracing can also provide

128

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Table 3

No.
cross Web Top Flange Bottom Flange Bottom Stiffener
Span sect. Depth Thickness Width Thickness Width Thickness A Ix no. At/Ab

** 1 24.0 0.375 7.0 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175

50 / -80 ,/ 2 24.0 0.375 11.75 0.5875 80.0 0.375 0.460

3 24.0 0.375 7.0 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175

1 24.0 0.375 8.25 0.375 100.0 0.340 0.165

50-100 2 24.0 0.375 13.75 0.625 100.0 0.340 0.510

3 24.0 0.375 8.25 0.375 100.0 0.340 0.165

1 24.0 0.375 8.75 0.4375 120.0 0.310 0.170

50-120 2 24.0 0.375 13.75 0.750 120.0 0.310 0.555

3 24.0 0.375 8.75 0.4375 120.0 0.310 0.170

1 48.0 0.500 10.50 0.5625 80.0 0.500 0.393

100-80 2 48.0 0.500 18.75 1.000 80.0 0.750 0.625

3 48.0 0.500 10.50 0.5625 80.0 0.500 0.393

1 48.0 0.500 11.75 0.750 100.0 0.375 0.470

100-100 2 48.0 0.500 17.75 1.250 100.0 0.6875 0.648 1

3
1 48.0 0.500 11.75 0.750 100.0 0.375 0.470

1 48.0 0.500 15.50 0.750 120.0 0.375 0.517

2
100-120 1 48.0 0.500 20.75 1.250 120.0 0.625 0.692

3 48.0 0.500 15.50 0.750 120.0 0.375 0.517

eral stiffness to create a pseudo closed box and thus mini-

mize the warping stresses. The required area for such
bracing, as shown in Fig. 4, is given by;
Abi ^ 0.036 (in.2) Table 4. Location of Section Changes for Negative Moment
where Negative Region Moment
AM = Required area of lateral bracing (in.2)
No. of
Natural Frequency—The designer is often required to Length Cros.
evaluate the vertical natural frequency/, especially if the (ft) sect. Xi x2 x3 x4
structure is subjected to train loadings. Such evaluation, for
curved structures, has been determined11 and has resulted L<49 3 0.109L 0.239L
in the following equations:
49 < L < 82 4 0.081L 0.172L 0.282L
IT Elw GKTL2' 1/2
/= EL + M (cps)
2k2L2 fc R2 82<L<115 5 0.065L 0.136L 0.215L 0.310L

129
FOURTH QUARTER / 1983
 i Dead Load
Moment
Diagram

Fig. 1. Example of location of section changes

where: As approximations for the torsional properties, the fol-

2 lowing expressions may be used;
EIX = bending stiffness (kip-in. )
EIW = warping stiffness (kip-in.4) „ _ 2t'{b'd'Y
GKT - torsional stiffness (kip-in.2) 1
(d+b)
R = radius (in.)
t'b'2d/3(\ -b'/d')2
M = mass (w/g) (kip-sec2/in.) Lw ~ >\2
24 (1 + b'/d'}
L = exterior span length (in.)
k = Bn2 + Cn + D (for simple spans, k = 1)
and B, Cy D are constants defined as: where
b' — average width of box
B C D d' = average depth of box
tf = average plate thickness
Two span 0.242 -0.80 1.55
Three span 0.367 -1.24 1.87 Ultimate Strength—The ultimate strength determination
of a curved box girder requires consideration of the inter-
and n = L-mttT-ior/Lexterior 1.0 < n < 1.7. action between the bending moment and torque. A com-

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ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Table 5. Single-Span Section Dimensions

No.
Span cross Web Top Flange Bottom Flange Bottom Stiffener
(ft) sect. Depth 1 Thickness Width Thickness Width Thickness A 1 Ix no. AT/AB

1 24.0 0.375 7.0 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175

50 2 24.0 0.375 11.75 0.5875 80.0 0.375 0.460

3 24.0 0.375 7.0 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175

1 24.0 0.375 1 8.25 0.375 100.0 0.340 0.165

50 2 24.0 0.375 13.75 0.625 100.0 0.340 0.510

3 24.0 0.375 8.25 0.375 100.0 0.340 0.165

1 24.0 0.375 8.75 0.4375 120.0 0.310 0.170 1

50 2 24.0 0.375 13.75 0.750 120.0 0.310 0.555

3 24.0 0.375 8.75 0.4375 120.0 0.310 . 0.170

1 48.0 0.500 10.50 0.5625 80.0 0.500 0.393 1

100 2 48.0 0.500 18.75 1.000 80.0 0.750 0.625

3 48.0 0.500 10.50 0.5625 80.0 0.500 0.393

1 48.0 0.500 11.75 0.750 100.0 0.375 0.470 J

100 2 48.0 0.500 17.75 1.250 100.0 0.6875 0.648

3 48.0 0.500 11.75 0.750 100.0 0.375 0.470

1 48.0 0.500 15.50 0.750 120.0 0.375 0.517

100 2 48.0 0.500 20.75 1.250 120.0 0.625 0.692

3 48.0 0.500 15.50 0.750 120.0 0.375 0.517

1 72.0 0.750 7.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175

2
150 1 3
72.0 0.750 26.25 1.250 80.0 1.1875 0.69

1 72.0 0.750 7.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175

1 72.0 0.750 7.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.14

150 2 72.0 0.750 28.75 1.3125 100.0 1.0625 0.71

3 72.0 0.750 7.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.14

1 72.0 0.750 7.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.117

2
150 1 72.0 0.750 30.50 1.4375 120.0 1.000 0.731

3 72.0 0.750 7.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.117

131
FOURTH QUARTER / 1983
 Table 6. Two-Span Section Dimensions

No.
SPANS cross Web Top Flange Bottom Flange Bottom Stiffener
(ft) sect. Depth Thickness Width 1 Thickness Width Thickness A Ix no. 1 AT/AB

** 1 24.0 0.375 7.50 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.187

50-50 2 24.0 0.375 20.25 1.000 80.0 0.500 7.35 40.6 2 1.013

3 24.0 0.375 7.50 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.187

1 24.0 0.375 8.375 0.4375 100.0 0.375 0.195

50-50 2 24.0 0.375 21.25 1.125 100.0 0.5625 7.35 40.6 2 0.850

3 24.0 0.375 8.375 0.4375 100.0 0.375 0.195

1 24.0 0.375 9.375 0.4375 120.0 0.375 0.182

50-50 2 24.0 0.375 25.50 1.125 120.0 0.5625 7.35 40.6 3 0.850

3 24.0 0.375 9.375 0.4375 120.0 0.375 0.182

1 24.0 0.375 6.500 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.163

50-60 2 24.0 0.375 24.00 1.250 80.0 0.6875 7.35 40.6 2 1.090

3 24.0 0.375 9.750 0.625 80.0 0.375 0.406

1 24.0 0.375 7.250 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.145

50-60 2 24.0 0.375 29.00 1.250 100.0 0.6875 7.35 40.6 2 1.054

3 24.0 0.375 11.00 0.625 100.0 0.375 0.366

1 24.0 0.375 7.750 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.129

50-60 2 24.0 0.375 31.00 1.4375 120.0 0.6875 7.35 40.6 2 1.080

3 24.0 0.375 12.75 0.625 120.0 0.375 0.354

1 24.0 0.4375 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.15

50-70 2 24.0 0.4375 31.00 1.4375 80.0 0.9375 7.35 40.6 3 1.188

3 24.0 0.4375 14.25 0.6875 80.0 0.500 0.49

1 24.0 0.4375 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

50-70 2 24.0 0.4375 36.50 1.375 100.0 0.9375 7.35 40.6 3 1.07
3
1 24.0 0.4375 16.00 0.8125 100.0 0.500 0.52

1 24.0 0.4375 6.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.10

2
50-70 1 24.0 0.4375 41.00 1.625 120.0 1.000 7.35 40.6 3 1.11

3 24.0 0.4375 18.00 0.875 120.0 0.4375 0.60

1 24.0 0.500 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.15

50-80 2 24.0 0.500 31.00 1.500 80.0 1.000 7.35 40.6 3 1.162

3 24.0 0.500 15.75 0.875 80.0 0.625 0.55

132

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Table 6. Two-Span Section Dimensions

No.
SPANS cross Web Top Flange Bottom Flange Bottom Stiffener
(ft) sect. Depth Thickness Width Thickness Width 1 Thickness A Ix no. AT/AB

1 24.0 0.500 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

50-80 2 24.0 0.500 35.50 1.625 100.0 1.000 7.35 40.6 3 1.153

3 24.0 0.500 18.75 0.875 100.0 0.5625 0.583

1 24.0 0.500 6.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.100

50-80 2 24.0 0.500 42.00 1.8125 120.0 1.125 7.35 40.6 4 1.127

3 24.0 0.500 19.75 1.000 120.0 0.5625 0.585 |

1 48.0 0.5625 8.00 0.4375 80.0 0.375 0.233

100-100 2 48.0 0.5625 30.50 1.3750 80.0 0.9375 7.35 40.6 2 1.118

3 48.0 0.5625 8.00 0.4375 80.0 0.375 0.233

1 48.0 0.5625 9.50 0.4375 100.0 0.375 0.222

100-100 2 48.0 0.5625 35.50 1.4375 100.0 0.875 7.35 40.6 2 1.166

3 48.0 0.5625 i 9.50 0.4375 100.0 0.375 0.222

1 48.0 0.5625 10.25 0.500 120.0 0.375 0.227

100-100 2 48.0 0.5625 37.25 1.625 120.0 0.9375 7.35 40.6 2 1.076

3 48.0 0.5625 10.25 1.625 120.0 0.375 0.227

1 48.0 0.5625 6.25 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.156

100-120 2 48.0 0.5625 40.5 1.5625 80.0 1.500 7.35 40.6 2 1.054

3 48.0 0.5625 15.50 0.750 80.0 0.625 0.465

1 48.0 0.5625 6.50 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.13

100-120 2 48.0 0.5625 42.50 1.875 100.0 1.500 7.35 40.6 2 1.063

3 48.0 0.5625 16.00 0.8125 100.0 0.500 0.52

1 48.0 0.5625 7.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.116

100-120 2 48.0 0.5625 48.0 2.0625 120.0 1.5625 7.35 40.6 2 1.056

3 48.0 0.5625 18.25 0.875 120.0 0.500 0.532

1 48.0 0.625 6.75 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.168

100-140 2 48.0 0.625 39.25 1.875 80.0 1.750 7.35 40.6 2 1.051

3 48.0 0.625 24.00 1.125 80.0 1.0625 0.635 1

1 48.0 0.625 6.75 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.135

100-140 12 48.0 0.625 51.00 2.000 100.0 1.9375 7.35 40.6 2 1.053

13 48.0 0.625 26.50 1.250 100.0 0.9375 0.706

133
FOURTH QUARTER / 1983
 Table 6. Two-Span Section Dimensions

No.
SPANS cross Web J Top Flange Bottom Flange | Bottom Stiffener
(ft) sect. 1 Depth Thickness 1 Width Thickness Width Thickness 1 A Ix no. AT/AB

1 48.0 0.625 1 6.75 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.113

100-140 2 48.0 0.625 J 57.00 2.437 120.0 2.1875 7.35 40.6 2 1.058

3 48.0 0.625 28.50 1.375 120.0 0.875 0.75

1 48.0 0.6875 6.75 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.168

100-160 2 48.0 0.6875 40.5 1.9375 80.0 1.8125 7.35 40.6 2 1.083

3 48.0 0.6875 27.00 1.375 80.0 1.3125 0.707

1 48.0 0.6875 6.75 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.135

100-160 2 48.0 0.6875 48.00 2.0625 100.0 1.875 7.35 40.6 2 1.056

3 48.0 0.6875 28.50 1.500 100.0 1.1875 0.72

1 48.0 0.6875 6.75 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.1125

100-160 2 48.0 0.6875 51.0 2.4375 120.0 2.000 7.35 40.6 2 1.036

3 48.0 0.6875 32.25 1.5625 120.0 1.0625 0.79

1 72.0 0.75 7.25 0.4375 80.0 0.4375 0.181

150-150 2 72.0 0.75 39.0 1.6875 80.0 1.4375 7.35 40.6 2 1.144

3 72.0 0.75 7.25 0.4375 80.0 0.4375 0.181

1 72.0 0.75 9.00 0.500 100.0 0.375 0.240

150-150 2 72.0 0.75 41.00 1.875 100.0 1.4375 7.35 40.6 2 1.069

3 72.0 0.75 9.00 0.500 100.0 0.375 0.240

1 72.0 0.75 9.50 0.625 120.0 0.375 0.264

150-150 2 72.0 0.75 46.0 2.000 120.0 1.4375 7.35 40.6 2 1.066

3 72.0 0.75 9.50 0.625 120.0 0.375 0.264

1 86.0 0.8125 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.150

150-180 2 86.0 0.8125 40.00 1.75 80.0 1.625 7.35 40.6 2 1.076

3 86.0 0.8125 13.0 0.625 80.0 0.5625 0.361

1 86.0 0.8125 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

150-180 2 86.0 0.8125 45.0 1.9375 100.0 1.5625 7.35 40.6 2 1.116

3 86.0 0.8125 14.0 0.75 100.0 0.500 0.42

1 86.0 0.8125 6.0 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.100

150-180 2 86.0 0.8125 49.0 2.125 120.0 1.625 7.35 40.6 2 1.068

3 86.0 0.8125 16.0 0.8125 120.0 0.4375 0.495

134

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Table 6. Two-Span Section Dimensions

No.
SPANS cross Web Top Flange Bottom Flange Bottom Stiffener
(ft) sect. Depth Thickness Width Thickness Width Thickness A Ix no. AT/AB

1 100.0 0.9375 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.150

150-210 2 100.0 0.9375 40.25 2.000 80.0 1.875 7.35 40.6 2 1.073

3 100.0 0.9375 19.00 0.875 80.0 0.75 0.554

1 100.0 0.9375 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

150-210 2 100.0 0.9375 49.00 2.0625 100.0 1.9375 7.35 40.6 2 1.043

3 100.0 0.9375 20.5 0.9375 100.0 0.6875 0.560

1 100.0 0.9375 6.00 0.375 . 120.0 0.375 0.100

150-210 2 100.0 0.9375 54.00 2.3125 120.0 2.0625 7.35 40.6 2 1.009

3 100.0 0.9375 22.00 1.0625 120.0 0.625 0.623

1 115.0 1.0625 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.15

150-240 2 115.0 1.0625 45.00 1.9375 80.0 2.0625 7.35 40.6 2 1.046

3 115.0 1.0625 26.00 1.1250 80.0 1.0625 0.688

1 115.0 1.0625 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

150-240 2 115.0 1.0625 50.00 2.4375 100.0 2.3125 7.35 40.6 2 1.054 j

3 115.0 1.0625 28.0 1.25 100.0 0.9375 0.7466

1 115.0 1.0625 6.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.100

150-240 2 115.0 1.0625 58.00 2.75 120.0 2.625 7.35 40.6 2 1.012

3 115.0 1.0625 30.0 1.375 120.0 0.9375 0.733 |

**L1-L2.

prehensive laboratory study,12 in which composite and specifications1 and as given in Table 2, has also permitted
noncomposite negative and positive sections were tested, development of a series of design charts 17 which permit
has resulted in the following interaction equation: rapid evaluation of these moments.
Computerized Design—The general response of single
or continuous curved box girder bridges can be predicted
by the solution of a series of coupled differential equations,
where: when written in difference form as given in Fig. 5.
Mp = plastic bending strength These equations have been subsequently incorporated
M = design bending moment into a computer program, 9 which automates the design/
Tp = plastic torsional strength analysis of prismatic or nonprismatic straight or curved box
T = design torsional moment girders as governed by the AASHTO criteria. 1 ' 2
The box girder may be either composite or noncomposite
Subsequent examination of typical box girders and their construction and can have integral transverse diaphragms
moment capacities, as controlled by the current AASHTO spaced along the box and contain top lateral bracing. The

135
FOURTH QUARTER / 1983
 Table 7. Three-Span Box Dimensions

No.
SPANS cross Web Top Flange Bottom Flange Bottom Stiffener
(ft) sect. Depth Thickness Width Thickness Width Thickness A Ix no. ATMB

** 1 24.0 0.375 8.25 0.4375 80.0 0.375 0.241

2
50-50-50 1 3
24.0 0.375 19.00 0.8125 80.0 0.4375 .7.35 40.6 4 0.882

1 24.0 0.375 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.15

1 24.0 0.375 9.75 0.4375 100.0 0.375 0.227

50-50-50 2 24.0 0.375 20.25 0.875 100.0 0.4375 7.35 40.6 3 0.81

3 24.0 0.375 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

1 24.0 0.375 10.25 0.500 120.0 0.375 0.227 1

50-50-50 2 24.0 0.375 22.25 0.9375 120.0 0.500 7.35 40.6 3 0.695

3 24.0 0.375 6.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.100

1 24.0 0.375 7.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175 |

50-60-50 2 24.0 0.375 22.25 1.000 80.0 0.375 7.35 40.6 3 1.483 1

3 24.0 0.375 6.75 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.1687 1

1 24.0 0.375 7.75 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.155 1

50-60-50 2 24.0 0.375 24.00 1.0625 100.0 0.4375 7.35 40.6 3 1.165 |

3 24.0 0.375 7.25 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.145 |

1 24.0 0.375 7.75 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.129 1

50-60-50 2 24.0 0.375 24.50 1.0625 120.0 0.500 7.35 40.6 3 0.8677

3 24.0 0.375 7.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.1167

1 24.0 0.375 7.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175 |

50-70-50 2 24.0 0.375 24.0 1.125 80.0 0.5625 7.35 40.6 2 1.200 1

3 24.0 0.375 8.50 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.212 |

1 24.0 0.375 8.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.16

50-70-50 2 24.0 0.375 26.25 1.1875 100.0 0.5625 7.35 40.6 2 1.108 1

3 24.0 0.375 9.00 0.4375 100.0 0.375 0.21

1 24.0 0.375 8.50 0.4375 120.0 0.375 0.165 1

50-70-50 2 24.0 0.375 28.5 1.3125 120.0 0.6875 7.35 40.6 2 0.906

3 24.0 0.375 10.00 0.500 120.0 0.375 0.222 1

1 24.0 0.4375 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.15 J

50-80-50 2 24.0 0.4375 28.00 1.3125 80.0 0.8125 7.35 40.6 2 1.13 1

3 24.0 0.4375 9.50 0.4375 80.0 0.375 0.277 1

136

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Table 7. Three-Span Box Dimensions

No.
SPANS cross Web Top Flange Bottom Flange Bottom Stiffener
(ft) sect. Depth Thickness Width Thickness Width Thickness A Ix no. AT/AB

1 24.0 0.4375 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

50-80-50 2 24.0 0.4375 31.00 1.375 100.0 0.750 7.35 40.6 2 1.136

3 24.0 0.4375 11.50 0.500 100.0 0.375 0.306

1 24.0 0.4375 6.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.100

50-80-50 2 24.0 0.4375 33.00 1.500 120.0 0.750 7.35 40.6 2 1.10

3 24.0 0.4375 11.50 0.5625 120.0 0.375 0.287

1 48.0 0.5625 12.75 0.5625 80.0 0.4375 0.410

100-100-100 2 48.0 0.5625 25.50 1.125 80.0 0.5625 7.35 40.6 2 1.275

3 48.0 0.5625 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.15

1 48.0 0.5625 14.00 0.625 100.0 0.4375 0.40

100-100-100 2 48.0 0.5625 28.50 1.1875 100.0 0.5625 7.35 40.6 2 1.203

3 48.0 0.5625 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

1 48.0 0.5625 15.50 0.6875 120.0 0.375 0.4376

100-100-100 2 48.0 0.5625 31.00 1.3125 120.0 0.6875 7.35 40.6 2 0.986

3 48.0 0.5625 6.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.100

1 48.0 0.5625 8.00 0.4375 80.0 0.375 0.238

100-120-100 2 48.0 0.5625 30.00 1.4375 80.0 0.9375 7.35 40.6 2 1.15

3 48.0 0.5625 7.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175

1 48.0 0.5625 9.50 0.4375 100.0 0.375 0.222

100-120-100 2 48.0 0.5625 33.50 1.500 100.0 0.875 7.35 40.6 2 1.148

3 48.0 0.5625 7.50 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.15

1 48.0 0.5625 10.25 0.500 120.0 0.375 0.228

100-120-100 2 48.0 0.5625 37.00 1.625 120.0 0.875 7.35 40.6 2 1.145

3 48.0 0.5625 8.50 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.142

1 48.0 0.5625 7.50 0.4375 80.0 0.375 0.219

100-140-100 2 48.0 0.5625 34.0 1.6250 80.0 1.250 7.35 40.6 2 1.105

3 48.0 0.5625 11.00 0.5625 80.0 0.4375 0.353

1 48.0 0.5625 8.75 0.4375 100.0 0.375 0.204

100-140-100 2 48.0 0.5625 40.00 1.6875 100.0 1.250 7.35 40.6 2 1.08

3 48.0 0.5625 12.50 0.625 100.0 0.4375 0.357

137
FOURTH QUARTER / 1983
 Table 7. Three-Span Box Dimensions

No.
SPANS cross 1 Web 1 Top Flange Bottom Flange Bottom Stiffener
(ft) sect, j Depth Thickness 1 Width Thickness Width Thickness A Ix no. AT/AB

1 48.0 0.5625 9.50 0.4375 120.0 0.375 0.185

100-140-100 2 48.0 0.5625 44.50 1.875 120.0 1.3125 7.35 40.6 2 1.059

3 48.0 0.5625 15.00 0.6875 120.0 0.375 0.458

1 48.0 0.625 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.15

100-160-100 2 48.0 0.625 39.00 1.750 80.0 1.5625 7.35 40.6 2 1.092

3 48.0 0.625 18.00 0.8125 80.0 0.750 0.332

1 48.0 0.625 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

100-160-100 2 48.0 0.625 43.00 1.875 100.0 1.500 7.35 40.6 2 1.075
3
1 48.0 0.625 18.00 0.875 100.0 0.625 0.504

1 48.0 0.625 6.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.100

100160-100 2 48.0 0.625 46.00 2.0625 120.0 1.500 7.35 40.6 2 1.054

3 48.0 0.625 20.00 0.875 120.0 0.5625 0.519

1 72.0 0.750 17.25 0.750 80.0 0.6875 0.47

150-150-150 2 72.0 0.750 31.50 1.375 80.0 0.9375 7.35 40.6 2 1.154

3 72.0 0.750 6.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.15

1 72.0 0.750 18.75 0.8125 100.0 0.5625 0.542

150-150-150 2 72.0 0.750 34.50 1.500 100.0 0.875 7.35 40.6 2 1.183

3 72.0 0.750 6.00 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.12

1 72.0 0.750 20.00 0.9375 120.0 0.5625 0.555

150-150 150 2 72.0 0.750 37.50 1.625 120.0 0.875 7.35 40.6 2 1.161

3 72.0 0.750 6.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.100

1 72.0 0.750 10.00 0.4375 80.0 0.4375 0.25

150 180-150 2 72.0 0.750 37.50 1.750 80.0 1.500 7.35 40.6 2 1.093

3 72.0 0.750 7.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.15

1 72.0 0.750 11.00 0.5625 100.0 0.375 0.33

150 180 150 2 72.0 0.750 43.00 1.8125 100.0 1.4375 7.35 40.6 2 1.084

3 72.0 0.750 7.75 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.155

1 72.0 0.750 14.00 0.625 120.0 0.375 0.388

150 180 150 2 72.0 0.750 46.00 2.00 120.0 1.4375 7.35 40.6 2 1.066

3 72.0 0.750 8.50 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.142

138

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Table 7. Three-Span Box Dimensions

No.
SPANS cross Web Top Flange Bottom Flange Bottom Stiffener
! (ft) sect. Depth Thickness Width Thickness Width Thickness A Ix no. AT/AB

1 72.0 0.750 8.50 0.375 80.0 0.4375 0.182

150-210-150 2 72.0 0.750 45.00 2.000 80.0 2.125 7.35 40.6 . 2 1.059

3 72.0 0.750 17.00 0.750 80.0 0.6875 0.464

1 72.0 0.750 9.50 0.4375 100.0 0.375 0.222

150-210-150 2 72.0 0.750 51.50 2.1875 100.0 2.125 7.35 40.6 2 1.06

3 72.0 0.750 18.00 0.8750 100.0 0.625 0.504

1 72.0 0.750 9.00 0.4375 120.0 0.375 0.175

150-210-150 2 72.0 0.750 58.00 2.500 120.0 2.250 7.35 40.6 2 1.086

3 72.0 0.750 21.50 0.9375 120.0 0.5625 0.597

1 72.0 0.8125 7.00 0.375 80.0 0.375 0.175

150-240-150 2 72.0 0.8125 52.00 2.250 80.0 2.750 7.35 40.6 2 1.063

3 72.0 0.8125 23.50 1.125 80.0 1.0625 0.622

1 72.0 0.8125 7.00 . 0.375 100.0 0.375 0.140

150-240-150 2 72.0 0.8125 57.50 2.500 100.0 2.6875 7.35 40.6 2 1.069

3 72.0 0.8125 24.50 1.125 100.0 0.875 0.63

1 72.0 0.8125 7.00 0.375 120.0 0.375 0.117

150-240-150 2 72.0 0.8125 62.00 2.750 120.0 2.625 7.35 40.6 2 1.082

3 72.0 0.8125 26.0 1.125 120.0 0.750 0.65

**L\-L2-L3.

basic configuration of a typical box and the type of cross specified length of pours. Composite/noncomposite actions
diaphragms is shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4. may be assured after the concrete hardens.
The computer output contains influence line ordinates, The entire output sequence is as follows:
stresses on top and bottom flanges at locations along the
span due to dead load, superimposed dead load, and live Basic Data
load plus impact. The stress resultants include the effects Job description
of bending, warping and distortion, utilizing the auto- Girder geometry
matically computed section properties. Structural details
Stress envelopes are given for fatigue design. Specifica- Concrete properties
tions (AASHTO) are used to establish allowable stresses, Loading properties
web and flange stiffening requirements and shear connector Section details: span length, plate sizes, section
spacing, as given in Tables 1 and 2. properties, stiffener and bracing de-
Resulting girder deflections and rotations, due to se- tails, dead loads
quential concrete placements, can also be determined for Pouring sequence geometry

139
FOURTH QUARTER / 1983
 Clear roadway width
-N-
Wsw Wc
tc
tsw
so

CROSS DIAPHRAGM (A b )

Inside overhang

Fig. 2. Structural details

Stresses Torsion envelope

Dead-load normal stress Bimoment envelope
Superimposed dead-load normal stress Normal stress envelope
Live-load normal stress (positive and negative mo- Stress range envelope
ment) d/ty b/t requirements, web stress
Theoretical web stiffener requirement
Forces Total stresses
Moment envelope Shear connector spacing requirements
Deflection envelope Fatigue criteria
Shear envelope Pouring sequence deflections
Vertical reaction envelope Natural frequency
Torsion reaction envelope Pouring sequence rotations

Right
Flange

Fig. 3. Cross section

Left
Web Right
Web

Transverse Bottom
Stiff Flange
Stiff.

140

Ef^pERINeaQlJBNi?!/; AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Diaphragm spacing Field-Test Comparison to Theoretical Results—The
| 1
1 1 I i static and dynamic response of a full scale bridge structure,
when subjected to a known truck loading, was examined
during the Fall 1973. 16 The bridge consisted of twin steel
^T^ boxes (4.5 ft X 8.8 ft) in composite action with a 9V2-in.

X /
concrete slab. That part of the bridge under test was a
three-span continuous with span lengths 100 ft, 130 ft, and
120 ft and centerline radius of 1,317 ft. The bridge was
designed as a two-lane structure. The deformations and
strains throughout the structure were measured during the
application of the test vehicle. The resulting static load data

< <
<t were then examined and the results compared to the data
obtained by the previously described analytical tech-
nique. 8 ' 9
In summary, the resulting induced stresses, at various
locations along the structure, are described in Table 8. The
sections are located as follows:

XX te
Section A 0.4 (exterior span)
Section B l.OLi (first interior support)
Section C O.5L2 (midspan of interior span)

Examination of the data given in Table 8 indicates rea-

Nf Ab
Afr = Bracing member area.
Fig. 4. Bracing types (top
sonable correlation between theory and experiment and the
importance of the top lateral bracing during the dead-load
response.
The resulting girder deflections at Section A and Section
C are given in Table 9. The data shown in this table show
comparisons between theory and tests, indicating reason-
able correlation especially for live load effects. The dis-
crepancy in the dead-load results is due to the sequential
placement of the concrete and time dependent composite
actions.
lateral)

lEIvv ^/EIwV h 2 (EI x + CKt) _ T6 EIw + 2h 2 (EI w + C K t ) 1 h 2 (EI x + CK t ) EIW

R < * ) R
:
-m z h 2

h4EIx "|
-EI W 4EIW + h2CKt 6EIW + 2h2CKt + 4EI W + h2GKt -EIw
-[• R2 J

n-2 n-1 n+1 n+2

2
EIw + EI ) + h CKt 6Kt -(^ EI )
X + X
R2 R2 \R2 / R2
-qyh2
2
EIW' V+ h (EI>c + CKt) r 6 /EIw\2h 2 (EI x + CKn! t / E I w V h 2 (EI x + 6K t ) EIw
R , R R
t

Fig. 5. Curved girder finite difference equation

141
FOURTH QUARTER / 1983
 Table 8. Prototype Bridge Test-Stresses REFERENCES

Theory (ksi) 1. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges 1'2th Edition,

Cross Test With Without AASHTO, Washington, D.C, 1977.
Sections Loading (ksi) bracing bracing 2. Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Highway
Bridges AASHTO, Washington, DC, 1980.
DL 7.70 6.25 9.02 3. Galambos, T. V. Tentative Load Factor Design Criteria
1 A LL + I 2.32 2.65 2.65 for Curved Steel Bridges Rept.No. 50, Washington Univ.,
Total 10.02 8.90 11.67 St. Louis, Mo., May 1978.
4. Wolchuck, R., and R. Mayrbaurl Proposed Design
DL -5.14 -4.96 -6.66 Specifications for Steel Box Girder Bridges FHWA Rept.
B LL + I - .76 -1.05 -1.05 TS-80-205Jan. 1980.
Total -5.90 -6.01 -7.71 5. Hems, C. P. Box Girder Bridge Design AISC Engi-
neering Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, Dec. 1978.
DL 6.12 3,26 4.27 6. Heins, C. P., and L. J. Hua Proportioning Box Girder
C LL + I 1.83 2.07 2.07 Bridges ASCE St. Dw. journal, Vol 106, No. ST11, Nov.
Total 7.95 5.33 6.34 1980.
7. Heins, C. P., and D. H Hall Designers Guide to Steel Box
Girder Bridges Bethlehem Steel Corp., Bethlehem, Pa.,
1981.
8. Heins, C. P., and J. C. Olenick Curved Box Beam Bridges
Table 9. Prototype Bridge Test-Vertical Deflections Analysis Computers and Structures Journal, Vol. 6, pp.
65-73, Pergamon Press, London, 1976.
Theory 9. Heins, C P., and F. H. Sheu Computer Analysis of Steel
Cross Test With Without Box Girder Bridges Civil Engineering Dept. Report, Univ.
Section Loading (in.) bracing bracing of Maryland, June 1981.
10. Heins, C. P., and J. C. Olenick Diaphragms for Curved
DL 1.19 0.88 0.93 Box Beam Bridges ASCE St. Dw. Journal, Vol. 101, No.
A LL + I 0.20 0.23 0.23 ST10, October 1975.
Total 1.39 1.11 1.16 11. Heins, C. P., and A. Sahin Natural Frequency of Curved
Box Girder Bridges ASCE St. Dw. Journal, Vol. 105, No.
DL 0.50 0.51 0.47 ST12, Dec. 1979.
C LL + I 0.26 0.27 0.27 12. Heins, C. P., and R. Humphrey Bending and Torsion
Total 0.76 0.78 0.74 Interaction of Box Girders ASCE St. Div. Journal, Vol.
105, No. ST5, May 1979.
13. Heins, C P., et al. Curved Steel Box Girder Bridges: A
Survey ASCE St. Dw. Journal, Vol. 104, No. ST11, Nov.
1978.
14. Heins, C P.,et al. Curved Steel Box Girder Bridges: State
In general, results indicate the curved girder finite dif- of Art ASCE St. Dw. Journal, Vol. 104, No. ST11, Nov.
ference theory provides an excellent technique for box 1978.
girder design. 15. Heins, C P., and W. H. Lee Curved Box Girder Field
Test ASCE St. Dw. Journal, Vol. 107, No. ST2, Feb.
CONCLUSIONS 1981.
16. Yoo, C H., J. Buchanan, C P. Heins, and W. L. Arm-
This paper presents the results of various research which strong Loading Response of a Continuous Box Girder
has permitted a better understanding of steel box girder Bridge Proceedings ASCE Specialty Conference on Metal
bridges and the development of design criteria. T h r o u g h Bridges, St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 1974.
use of these design data, more efficient and rapid design of 17. Heins, C P., and J. Y. Shyu Moment Capacity of Box
such structures can be achieved, and a better service to the Girders Institute for Physical Science and Technology
public provided. Report, University of Maryland, June 1981.

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