Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Short-Circuit of Transformer
Short-Circuit of Transformer
Short-Circuit of Transformer
CHAPTER 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION
LV winding HV winding
Voltage per phase (V) 11kV 34.65 – 33 – 29.7 kV
Current per phase (A) 330.66 60.6 - 63.6 - 70.7 A
Normal - 46
No. of discs 34
Tappings -12
Normal – 17
Turns per disc 5
Tappings -11
Inside diameter (mm) 412 538
Outside diameter (mm) 490 634
Height (mm) 666 666
The short circuit currents (Isc) of the windings under normal tap
position are calculated as 2.259 kA and 11.74 kA for one limb of 33kV and
11 kV windings respectively using Equation (2.1) where per unit impedance
of the transformer (z) is 0.0717. Both the windings are modelled disc wise
and each disc is modelled as a single conductor energised with equivalent
current densities (no. of turns per disc/ effective conductor area). The
mechanical properties of copper and insulating materials ( pressboard and
oil) as given in Table 3.2 are incorporated.
It can be observed, that the windings are subjected to both the axial
and radial forces and are analyzed separately in detail.
The maximum radial and axial forces computed using FEM are
compared with the analytical values and are tabulated in Table 3.3.
Analytical
Type of Force Simulated
( Waters 1966)
The axial force in both the windings are very less compared to their
respective radial forces and is around 1/20 and 1/50 of the radial forces in
LV and HV winding respectively.
The location and the maximum values of the axial, radial and the
resulatnt displacements are tabulated in Table 3.4.
Due to the radial and axial movement of the discs, there will be a
variation in the actual geometrical dimensions and locations of the discs. The
actual dispalcements both in radial and axial directions for all discs are
modelled.
Winding Inductance
Simulated Measurement
As the change in the reactance is less than 1%, the transformer can be
declared to have passed the test as per IEC 60076-5 which confirms to the
result of the actual (measured) test result obtained from the transformer
manufacturer and given in Table 3.5.
50
Figures 3.10 and 3.11 show the maximum displacement and the
corresponding percentage change in reactance for different short circuit
currents. The maximum displacement is increasing with current and agreeing
well with the fact that force is proportional to square of the Isc. The
Figure 3.10 will be helpful for designers to arrive at the maximum withstand
short circuit current for the given design . Figure 3.11 shall be used to predict
the percentage change in reactance from the maximum displacement (without
computing the inductance of the deformed winding).
From Figures 3.10 and 3.11, it is observed that the upper bound of
short circuit current is 1.8 Isc with the corresponding displacement of 0.8x10-3
m for a maximum allowable percentage change in reactance of 1% as per
IEC 60076-5 and CIGRE (2009).
Maximum von Mises stress in HV winding for 0.75 Isc to 5 Isc are
computed and the distribution of the same for Isc and 5 Isc are shown in Figure
3.12 The stress is found to be more in the tappings for all currents.
53
The maximum von Mises stress for Isc is 0.545 x108 N/m2 and the
factor of safety of the winding at Isc is 3.3 (1.8x108 / 0.545 x108) where
1.8x108 N/m2 is the Yield Strength of Copper. It is observed from the Figures
3.13 (a) and (b), von Mises stress is below the Yield strength of copper for
short circuit current upto 1.1 Isc indicating the withstand capability of copper
upto 110% of Isc.. For current above 1.1 Isc, the von Mises stress is more than
the Yield strength indicating the deformations are plastic which may result in
failure.
54
(a) From 0.75 Isc to 5Isc (b) From 0.75 Isc to 1.5 Isc
Figure 3.13 Isc Vs von Mises stress in HV winding
3.6.1 Spacer
From the Table 3.7, it is clear that when the material strength i.e
Young’s modulus increases, the displacement decreases indicating the
improved short circuit withstand capabilty of the transformer .
3.7 CONCLUSION
o Analyses are carried out for different Isc and from the
corresponding maximum displacements and the change
in reactance, the maximum withstand short circuit
current can be predicted.
59
Influencing Factors: