Rangel, H. D., and M.
Carminatti, 2000, Rift lake
Chapter 18
Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia
Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil
Hamilton Duncan Rangel
Mario Carminatti
Petrobras E&P
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
INTRODUCTION
Lower Cretaceous lacustrine basins occur rather
continuously along about 3500 km (from Pelotas to
Sergipe-Alagoas Basins) of the eastern Brazilian mar-
gin (Figure 1). Because these basins accumulated large
volumes of organic-carbon-rich sediments, they form
source rocks for much of the Brazilian oil discovered
to date. Economic and scientific interest in these lacus-
trine basins has resulted in numerous publications
(e.g., Ponte and Asmus, 1978; Ojeda, 1982; Estrella et
al., 1984; Bertani and Carozzi, 1985; Baumgarten et al.,
1988; Guardado et al., 1989; Van der Yen et al., 1989;
Aquino and Lana, 1990; Cupertino, 1990; Mello and
Maxwell, 1990; Santos and Braga, 1990; Castro, 1992;
Horschutz and Scuta, 1992; Mato et al., 1992; Rangel et
al., 1993a, b; Caixeta et al., 1994; Dias et al., 1994; Feijó,
1994a, b; Pereira and Feijó, 1994; Rangel et al., 1994a, b;
Santos et al., 1994; Teixeira Netto et al., 1994; Vieira et
al., 1994; da Silva et al., this volume).
Several of these studies have attempted compara-
tive syntheses. They emphasize differences in each
basin system dependent on the tectonic evolution. For
example, continental breakup is accompanied by
basaltic extrusions during initial stages of rifting, such
as in the Campos Basin (Rangel et al., 1994a, b), or
basins may lack basaltic extrusions, such as in the
Recôncavo Basin. Based on tectonic evolution, the
eastern Brazilian Atlantic margin can be organized
into basically two types of rift lake environments: (1)
deep-water lakes, in which tectonism outpaced sedi-
mentation, with the Recôncavo Basin, northeastern
Brazil, for example, and (2) shallow water lakes in
which tectonism and sedimentation maintain a bal-
anced pace, such as in the Campos Basin. Evolution of
both rift lake types allowed accumulation of thou-
sands of meters of lacustrine sediments.
Our study deals with the stratigraphy of lacustrine
sections in the Campos Basin that extends over an area
of 100,000 km2 (250 km × 400 km), down to the modern
bathymetric contour at 3000 m ocean depth. Vertical
sequence thickness in the basin measures up to about
225
stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos
Basin, Brazil, in E. H. Gierlowski-Kordesch adn K.
R. Kelts, eds., Lake basins through space and time:
AAPG Studies in Geology 46, p. 225-244.
2500 m, or almost 4000 m, taking into account lateral
tectonic regimes with thick sequences in different
structural lows (Rangel et al., 1994a, b). These sedi-
mentary sequences form the Lagoa Feia Formation.
STRATIGRAPHY
The stratigraphic framework of lacustrine and
evaporitic deposits of the Lagoa Feia Formation is
based on depositional markers and unconformities
identified on well and seismic logs. A depositional-
stratigraphic marker as used here is a rock unit formed
by one or more lithofacies with physical attributes and
a depositional nature that are laterally extensive, as
recognized by subsurface log patterns.
Following this stratigraphic approach of mainly
physical surfaces (depositional-markers and unconfor-
mities), it was possible to differentiate seven strati-
graphic units above the basalts within the sequence
interpreted as deposited during the rifting stage, and
three units during a transitional stage. The uppermost
transitional stage unit is related to precipitation of
evaporites (halite) in conjunction with spreading of
the early South Atlantic Ocean (Figure 2).
All units are bounded by stratigraphic discontinu-
ities of erosive origin and constitute, in practice, depo-
sitional sequences, such as those proposed by
Mitchum et al. (1977). They define a depositional
sequence as a stratigraphic unit composed of a rela-
tively conformable succession of genetically related
strata and bounded at its top and base by unconformi-
ties or their correlative conformities. Such units in the
Campos Basin represent a sedimentary response to the
expanding and retreating cycles of a lake. These cycles,
controlled by tectonics or climate, determine sedimen-
tary dynamics in each compartment or depositional
depocenter of the rift, defining genetic associations
inherent to each depositional sequence. Compartmen-
talization is not complete because there are connec-
tions with adjacent depocenters. Such cycles impose
problems for the direct application of systems-tract
226 Rangel and Carminatti
Figure 1—Index map for the Campos Basin, Brazil.
models of sequence stratigraphic concepts (Van Wag-
oner et al., 1988) in the sedimentary studies of the
Campos Basin lacustrine deposits.
Erosion unconformities provide depositional mark-
ers for a more detailed stratigraphic framework and
represent the fundamental criteria for assigning units.
Biostratigraphic correlation was used to establish syn-
chroneity of events. Biostratigraphic assignments and
correlations remain necessarily approximate because
of the endemism of the fauna in these rift lake deposits
and in the regional pollen. Zones are loosely correlated
to international standards. In this study the local
Brazilian chronostratigraphic units are based on ostra-
code (OS) assemblages (Dias, 1994). These define
lacustrine rift stages in a phase of continental separa-
tion of Brazil from Africa while the North Atlantic
region already had coastal marine basins.
During the early stages of rifting, the regional cli-
mate was humid along the eastern margin of Brazil, as
suggested by lithofacies and geochemical parameters.
During later stages of rifting and transitional to the
marine salt basin phase, the climate evolved toward
more predominantly arid conditions.
DESCRIPTION OF
ACOUSTIC-LITHOLOGIC UNITS
Unit A
Unit A is related to NRT-005 to NRT-008.1 bio-
zones, which corresponds to the Aratu and lower
Buracica local stages (Barremian) and is associated
with the Itabapoana Member (proximal facies) and
Atafona Member (distal facies) of the Lagoa Feia For-
mation (Figures 2-5). This unit is bounded at the top
and the base by regional unconformities. Its lower
limit is defined by a disconformity in which the first
lacustrine sediments overlie igneous rocks of the
Cabiunas Formation (Figure 2). The entire unit dis-
plays higher sonic velocities than the overlying
stratigraphic unit. It is more regionally restricted com-
pared with other rift stratigraphic units. Unit A rep-
resents the initial phase of tectonic subsidence during
the rifting phase. Several half-graben sub-basins
were established during this initial rifting phase
which control the distribution of sedimentation and
lithofacies.
Figure 2—Rift and transitional phase stratigraphy of the Campos Basin, Brazil.
Figure 3—North-dipping structural section of the rift and transitional units (location on Figure 5) of the Campos Basin, Brazil.
 Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil
The Badejo Structural High (see location in Figures
3, 4) is a very prominent feature that trends northeast-
southwest across the western part of the basin. It
appears to have been only mildly active during the
deposition of unit A. The main depocenters of this
interval were located in the northwestern, eastern, and
southern areas, with up to 500 m sediment thickness
(Figure 5).
Basaltic terrain of the Aratu local stage (Hauteriv-
ian) acted as provenance for most of the sedimentary
components deposited as unit A, except in the north-
western region where prominent Precambrian gneiss
exposures also supplied detrital sediment grains
(Rangel et al., 1987). Despite the relatively modest tec-
tonic movements, these features still exercised the
main controls on stratigraphic architecture (Dias et al.,
1987; Rangel et al., 1993a).
Unit A is made up of predominantly terrigenous
sediments. Facies associations include conglomerates,
sandstones, and shales genetically related to sediment
gravity flows. Tectonic movements resulted in fan-
delta depositional systems in areas adjacent to struc-
tural highs or in narrow structural lows (Figure 5). In
the upper part of unit A, strata are dominated by deep,
freshwater mudstones and carbonates (Soldan et al.,
1995). Tectonically induced turbidite deposits also
occur in this upper section.
Unit B
Unit B is related to NRT-008.3 to NRT-009.2 bio-
zones, which corresponds to Buracica and lower Jiquiá
local stages (Barremian) and is associated with the
Itabapoana and Atafona Members of the Lagoa Feia
Formation (Figures 2-4, 6). The lower contact is
defined by an unconformity that is characterized by
coarse siliciclastics grading directly to siltstones. At
the São João da Barra Low (Figure 4), unit B generally
rests directly on basalts of the Cabiúnas Formation.
The entire unit exhibits lower sonic velocity values
than its overlying unit. Siltstones and shales are the
main lithofacies and more widespread than in unit A.
Exposed basalts adjacent to the basin margin or
along prominent structural highs within the basin pro-
vided the main sediment source. Gneiss, exposed in
the northwest, was the secondary source. Alluvial fan
and fan-delta deposits occur predominantly along the
western margin of the basin, although they are also
present adjacent to other structural highs in the basin.
Unit B is absent over prominent structural highs
such as the Badejo High, but very thick (over 400 m)
and widespread in structural lows, such as the São
João da Barra Low, adjacent to the Badejo High (Figure
6). Based on seismic data, unit B attains a thickness of
800 m north of this depression. This marks an impor-
tant paleogeographic shift in the lake pattern, charac-
terized by deepening and expansion.
Unit B corresponds to special geochemical condi-
tions where stevensite peloids were formed by chemi-
cal precipitation in a magnesium-rich siliceous
alkaline lake phase. Unit B has higher sulfur content
than unit A that is reflected in the molecular organic
229
parameters of the rock extracts. Still, these appear not
to be related to major changes in biomass (Rehim et al.,
1986, Soldan et al., 1995).
Unit C
Unit C is related to OS 009.3 biozone (Telles, 1992; Car-
valho et al., 1993), which corresponds to the upper Jiquiá
local stage (Aptian) and is associated with the Coqueiros
Member of the Lagoa Feia Formation (Figures 2-4, 7).
The basal contact, as defined by an unconformity, is over-
lain by a stratigraphic marker chacterized by high
gamma-ray values. This unit appears related to a gen-
eral deepening of the lake system. Where encountered,
unit C is characterized by uniformly high gamma-ray
values for well logs. From the time of deposition of
unit A, the lake depositional zone seems to have grad-
ually expanded. Although unit C is widespread
throughout the basin, it displays a surprisingly uni-
form thickness, reaching a maximum of 200 m in struc-
tural lows. It is absent over the Badejo High due to
non-deposition (Figures 4, 7).
The facies patterns of unit C are uniform, compris-
ing mainly lacustrine shales that are characterized by
the high gamma-ray values and low sonic velocities
on well logs. Locally, coquinas of mainly pelecypod
debris occur as deposits covering and adjacent to
structural highs. Conglomerates and sandstone facies
occur as more restricted deposits in western areas and
near some structural highs. They were related to fan-
delta depositional systems, mainly derived from sedi-
ment gravity flows. Geochemical parameters and
lacustrine lithofacies criteria suggest a more humid
climate for the environment of deposition (Soldan et
al., 1995).
Unit D
Unit D is related to OS 1010 biozone, which corre-
sponds to the upper Jiquiá local stage (Aptian) and is
associated with the Coqueiros Member of the Lagoa
Feia Formation (Figures 2-4, 8). This unit is defined at
the base by a regional unconformity. Paleoenviron-
ments are interpreted as a part of a regressive regime
during the rift phase, in contrast with unit C, which
was linked with the culmination of a generally
expanding lake sedimentation phase.
The upper contact of unit D is characterized by a
strong seismic reflection that represents an abrupt
lithologic change from carbonate-rich to terrigenous
sediments. On logs, unit D is recognized by high sonic
velocities, high resistivity, and low gamma-ray values
(coquinas) interbedded with layers of low sonic veloc-
ities, low resistivity, and high gamma-ray values
(shales). These are interpreted as a high-frequency
cyclicity of calcareous lacustrine shelf deposits. Prior
seismic studies placed the end of the synrift sequence
at this unconformity in some areas of the basin.
Unit D represents the culmination of rifting activ-
ity. Not only was major basinal subsidence active,
but numerous subbasins formed. Depocenters were
widespread. Unit D is 400 m thick in the northwest,
Figure 4—South-dipping structural section of the rift and transitional units (location on Figure 5) of the Campos Basin, Brazil.
 Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil
São João da Barra depression, and over 500 m in other
areas of the basin. It pinches out against the Badejo High.
Main sources of sediment were basalts outcropping on
structural highs within the basin, such as the Badejo
High, along with gneiss exposed in the northwest.
Conglomerate and sandstone facies related to fan-
delta systems occur on the western side of the lake
basin corresponding to cycles of lacustrine regression.
Interbedded coquinas and shales form the main litho-
facies to the east. Enrichment in calcium carbonate in
231
Figure 5—Isopach map of
rift stage unit A of the
Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil.
the lake waters, as sourced from Ca-rich basalts or
groundwater through springs and seeps, produced
large volumes of shelly biota, leading to pelecypod
calcarenites and calcirudites covering some structural
highs and flanks.
Deepening of the depositional site allowed dark
shale facies to extend well into former proximal areas
and onlap over higher energy deposits. Both the lacus-
trine Buracica and Jiquiá shales of the Lagoa Feia For-
mation are rich hydrocarbon source rocks (Guardado et
232 Rangel and Carminatti
Figure 6—Isopach map of
rift stage unit B of the
Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil.
al., 1989). Sulfur content and other chemical analyses
indicate freshwater conditions persisted in the lake,
although the interbedding of coquinas and shales
may delimit cyclic variations in climate or tectonics.
Unit E
Unit E is related to OS 1020 biozone, which corre-
sponds to the upper Jiquiá local stage (Aptian) and is
associated with the Coqueiros Member of the Lagoa
Feia Formation (Figures 2-4, 9). The lower part of
unit E is characterized by a shale marker-layer with
lower sonic velocity, low resistivity, and high
gamma-ray values. It is capped by a regional uncon-
formity, difficult to detect on seismic lines. On logs,
the upper portion of unit E is generally characterized
by high resistivity values, lower gamma-ray values,
and higher sonic velocity related to the presence of
coquina layers.
The lithofacies association of unit E suggests a
general trend toward regression, but deposi-
tional extent of the unit seems to have expanded,
 Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil
controlled by a westernmost boundary fault, the
Campos fault.
The rift architecture resembles that of the unit D,
but subbasins were filled by unit D, leading to more
widespread continuity of layering of unit E. The
isopach patterns of both units are similar, suggesting
that similar tectonic subsidence persisted. The São
João da Barra Low became the main depocenter
with over 500 m sediment thickness. Provenance
derives from the Badejo and adjacent ridges (Fig-
ure 9). The western part of the Badejo High is a
233
Figure 7—Isopach map of
rift stage unit C of the
Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil.
d i f f e r e n t depositional environment with coarser
grained sediments instead of the finer grained and
biogenic sediments of unit D. This suggests a regres-
sion with prograding clastics. In both the eastern and
southern areas of the basin, the lithofacies persist as
interbedded coquinas and shales for both units D and
E. Near the end of unit E deposition, the western
region of the Badejo High shows evidence of intense
erosion, suggesting further regression. Campos fault
movements ceased to control sedimentation in the
westernmost part of the basin.
234 Rangel and Carminatti
Figure 8—Isopach map of
rift stage unit D of the
Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil.
Higher sulfur content was detected in the upper
portion of unit E, interpreted as evidence of more
saline conditions, perhaps related to a more arid cli-
mate. This is consistent with the presence of Gym-
nosperma microflora palynomorphs (Soldan et al., 1995).
Unit F
Unit F is related to OS 1100 biozone, which corre-
sponds to the upper Jiquiá local stage (Aptian) and is
associated with the Coqueiros Member of the Lagoa
Feia Formation (Figures 2-4, 10). This unit defines a
change in the rift evolution corresponding to a reduc-
tion in the extent of rift sedimentation and lake area. In
general, structural movements were less active and
sedimentation had a more uniform distribution, with
about 300 m maximum thickness. A small area in the
east, adjacent to the Badejo High, forms an exception
with tectonic subsidence leading to 500 m of sediment
(Figure 10).
 Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil
The upper contact of unit F is an unconformity in the
western area, but otherwise stratigraphic continuity per-
sists throughout the basin. The upper contact is generally
recognized by a stratigraphic marker on well logs having
lower gamma-ray and higher resistivity as well as sonic
values. The Badejo High continued as a prominent fea-
ture delivering most clastic sediment and limiting sedi-
mentation of unit F to the west. Unit E was exposed and
reworked to serve as provenance for some cyclic deposits.
235
Figure 9—Isopach map of
rift stage unit E of the
Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil.
Unit F is characterized by abundant coquinas with
thin shaly interbeds, more common in distal basinal
areas. The western margin has fan-delta conglomerate
and sandstone facies with tectonically induced sedi-
ment gravity flows. At the end of unit F deposition, the
association of a higher kinetic parameter, low sulfur
content, and molecular signatures in the organic matter
may reflect evidence of short marine incursions (Soldan
et al., 1995).
236 Rangel and Carminatti

Figure 10—
Isopach map of
rift stage unit F
of the Lagoa Feia
Formation,
Campos Basin,
Brazil.

Unit G F. The upper contact in the western region is

Unit G is related to NRT-010 biozone, which cor-
responds to the upper Jiquiá local stage (Aptian)
and is associated with the Coqueiros Member of the
Lagoa Feia Formation (Figures 2-4, 11). This unit
has the most restricted extent as a result of reduced
tectonic activity, except in the small eastern region
near Badejo High with movements similar to unit
marked by an unconformity, and the upper part of
unit G has lower gamma-ray values than overlying
unit H.
Apparently, the lake suffered a major regression
in concert with more arid climate. The Badejo High
continued to be an exposed source of clastic sedi-
ment with coquinas forming the dominant sedi-
ment type with interbedded shales. These are more
 Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil
common in the lower parts of the section. Conglom-
erates and sandstones deposited in a fan-delta depo-
sitional system are more restricted to proximal areas.
Unit G represents the last phase of nonmarine rift
deposition. After the deposition of unit G, deposition
encompassed broader areas, although the Badejo High
continued to shed clastics from its central-southern
segment. Local tectonic movements appear to have
decreased as the basin broadened.
237
Figure 11—Isopach map of
rift stage unit G of the
Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil.
Unit H
Unit H is related to NRT-011 biozone, which cor-
responds to the lower Alagoas local stage (Aptian)
and is associated with the Itabapoana (conglomer-
ates and sandstones), Gargaü (shales and marls),
and Macabü (calcilutites) Members of the Lagoa
Feia Formation (Figures 2-4, 12). Unit H is sepa-
rated by an unconformity from the overlying unit I;
238 Rangel and Carminatti
Figure 12—Isopach map of
transitional stage unit H of
the Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil.
together, they display characteristically high
gamma-ray values. Detection of this log pattern
was important in areas where seismic and biostrati-
graphic data lack resolution. The unit H gamma-ray
values are generally slightly lower than those of
unit I.
Differential subsidence on the eastern side of the
Campos fault limited the extent of unit H to the west,
but tectonism appeared to be uniformly distributed
across the basin. The Campos Basin began tilting
toward the east, as a precursor to the South Atlantic
opening; the Badejo High remained a geomorphologic
feature. Thickness of sedimentary sequences increases
gradually toward the east, and for the first time, areas
to the west of the Campos fault become important
sources of sediment.
Sediments are coarse-grained in the western area,
characterized by conglomerates and sandstones
grading to shales and calcilutites in the central and
eastern areas of the basin. Unit H lacks the coquinas
 Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil
common to older units. Climate was likely arid and
the transition toward marine conditions began.
Unit I
Unit I is related to NRT-011 biozone, which corresponds
to the lower Alagoas local stage (Aptian) and is associated
with the Itabapoana, Gargaü, and Macabu Members of the
Lagoa Feia Formation (Figures 2-4, 13). Unit I is strati-
graphically continuous with the overlying unit J, but facies
239
Figure 13—Isopach map of
transitional stage unit I of
the Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil.
change from coarse siliciclastics (high gamma-ray log val-
ues) into evaporites (low gamma-ray log values).
Unit I and unit H display similar tectonic and distrib-
ution patterns. Clastic sediment derived from external
areas of the basin to the west of Campos fault. Some
small areas along the Badejo High remained exposed.
The lithofacies is characterized by coarse siliciclastics in
the proximal and medial areas of the basin, passing into
finer siliciclastics in deeper regions. Climate became
even drier, as a prelude to evaporite deposition.
240 Rangel and Carminatti
Figure 14—Isopach map of
transitional stage unit J of
the Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil.
Unit J
Unit J is related to NRT-011 biozone, which corre-
sponds to the upper Alagoas local stage (Aptian and
lower Albian) and is associated with the Retiro Mem-
ber of the Lagoa Feia Formation (Figures 2-4, 14).
Unit J represents the marine transgression in con-
cert with the initial stage of a marine South Atlantic
Basin. Shallow marine waters flooded the Campos
Basin area, restricted by the Campos fault along the
western margin. Unit J thickens towards the east
due to a higher subsidence with overprints from
later salt flowage toward the east as tilting contin-
ued. For the first time, the Badejo High was covered
by sediments.
A likely unconformity along the lower contact is
not distinguished, although an abrupt change occurs
from conglomerates to evaporite facies, mainly
 Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil 241

Figure 15—
Paleogeographic
reconstruction of
deposition of units
A, B, and C of the
Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil,
showing
tectono-stratigraphic
evolution.

halite. Halite forms the dominant facies of unit J.
Anhydrite layers, if present at the base of the evapor-
ites, are usually very thin. More unstable salts
(sylvite and carnalite) have been reported as rare
occurrences within the Campos Basin. A gradational
facies change is observed for the upper transition
with anhydrite, becoming replaced by low-energy
limestones, but almost entirely eroded along a lower
Albian unconformity.
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
This paper provides a brief and systematic sum-
mary of the main features and interpretations for
each of the major lithostratigraphic and acoustic
units recognized on a relatively extensive grid of log-
ging results from the Campos Basin, Brazil. Chrono-
logic correlations are derived from paleontologic and
organic geochemical data. Space limitations do not
242 Rangel and Carminatti

Figure 16—Paleogeographic
reconstruction of deposition
of units D, E, and F of the
Lagoa Feia Formation,
Campos Basin, Brazil,
showing tectono-stratigraphic
evolution.

allow adequate referencing to all studies and internal
reports.
The unit boundaries correspond mainly to uncon-
formities with marker horizons. The application of
sequence stratigraphic concepts to these rift-lacustrine
units is difficult for a number of reasons. Lake basin
water levels are subject to rapid fluctuations with con-
comitant effects on prograding clastic and basinal sedi-
ment tracts. Seismic resolution is limited because the
synrift and transitional sediments were covered by a
thick marine sequence from the Albian to the Pleistocene.
Most depocenters/compartments were tectonically
controlled. Fan-delta systems operated well during
higher lake levels. Tectonics, however, was overprinted
by higher frequency changes in hydrology that resulted
in very rapid facies changes and the formation and
interfingering of lacustrine coquina limestones and
thick interbedded coarse-grained siliciclastic sequences.
Finally, Figures 15, 16, and 17 illustrate a scenario for
rift evolution in the basin, representing expanding and
 Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil
regressive cyclic patterns of the Campos lacustrine sed-
iment systems. These deposits formed the bulk of the
Campos Basin fill during rift and transitional stages.
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