NC II Module

Specialized Training
COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING NCII Manual
P.C. Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting is the process of diagnosing the source of a problem. It is used to fix

problems with hardware, software, and many other products. The basic theory of
troubleshooting is that you start with the most general (and often most obvious) possible
problems, and then narrow it down to more specific issues.
Many product manuals have a "Troubleshooting" section in the back of the manual. This
section contains a list of potential problems, which are often phrased in the form of a
question. For example, if your computer's monitor is not producing an image, you may be
asked to answer the following troubleshooting questions:
1. Is the monitor plugged in to a power source?
2. Is the monitor turned on?
3. Is the monitor cable plugged into the computer?
4. Is the computer turned on?
5. Is the computer awake from sleep mode?
If the answers to all the above questions are Yes, there may be some additional questions
such as:
1. Does your computer have a supporting video card?
2. Have you installed the necessary video card drivers?
3. Is the monitor resolution set properly?
Typically, each of these questions will be followed by specific advice, whether the answer is
Yes or No. Sometimes, this advice is presented as a flowchart diagram. This means each
question is followed by a series of other questions, depending on the answer. However, in
many cases, only single solutions are provided for each question.
Troubleshooting is something we all have to do at some point, though some of us have to

troubleshoot product problems more often than others. The good news is that, the more
you do it, the more you learn and the better you get at fixing problems. Since many
products have similar troubleshooting steps, you may find that after awhile, you don't even
need the manual to find solutions to the problems you encounter.
Student reviewer | 1
General tips to keep in mind
There are many devices, parts, cords, and connections on a computer, which means there
are many possible problems that could arise. In addition, your computer uses a variety of
software, which can also cause problems. However, no matter what the problem is, you can
use the following tips to help you find a solution:
Always check the cables: Many computer problems are related to an issue with the cables
and connections. The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot most problems is to
check all related cables and connections.
Isolate the problem: If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you can't get
the cursor to move on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the mouse. If you
have an extra mouse, you can alternate devices to see if the one plugged in is the issue, or
use the arrow keys on the keyboard to help determine if the mouse is the source of the
problem. When trying to isolate the problem, only make one change at a time.
Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you error messages, be sure
to write down as much information as possible. If the basic troubleshooting doesn’t work,
you may need the information.
Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down: Once you start troubleshooting,
you will want to remember what you have done so you don't repeat yourself. If you can't
remember it, write it down. If you end up asking people for help, it will be much easier if
they know exactly which steps you've taken.
Simple solutions to common problems
Most of the time, problems can be fixed by using simple troubleshooting techniques,
like closing and reopening the program. It's important to try these simple solutions
before resorting to more extreme measures. If the problem still isn't fixed, you can
try other troubleshooting techniques, like reinstalling the software.
Program runs slowly or isn't working properly

 If a program is running slowly or otherwise isn't working right, the first thing
you should try is closing the program and reopening it.
 You can also shut down your computer, wait a few seconds, and boot it
up again. Some minor problems will work themselves out when you do this.
 Check with the company for any known problems or updates to the software.
Program is completely unresponsive

 If a program has become completely unresponsive, you can press (and
hold) Control+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task manager. You
can then select the program that isn't working and click End Task. If you are
using a Mac, you can press Option+Command+Esc to open a similar dialog
box.
"Non-system disk or disk error" Message
 If you get this message when you boot up your computer, it usually means
there is a CD, DVD, USB flash drive, or floppy disk in your computer, which
is interfering with your computer's booting process. Remove the disk from
the drive, then restart the computer.
Windows shutting down message will not disappear

 Sometimes Windows will freeze during the shutdown process. If this
happens, the Windows is Shutting Down message screen will stay active on
your screen. To finish shutting down the computer, press and hold the
power button for about 10 seconds, or until the computer turns off.
Computer begins randomly rebooting or crashing

 Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked.
Confirm that there is good air flow around the computer.
 Update your antivirus software and scan for viruses.
Problems with the monitor and speakers
No picture on the monitor
 Confirm that the computer is turned on.

 Check the brightness control, located on
your monitor or your keyboard, and make
sure it is not set too low.
 Check the connections for
the monitor and surge protector and make
sure the surge protector is turned on.
Monitor goes blank periodically
 You may have the screensaver enabled. If the

screensaver is enabled, just move your
mouse back and forth and your original
screen should appear. You can change the
screensaver settings by going to your Control
Panel(or your System Preferences if you're
using a Mac).
No sound
 Check the volume control on your computer. In Windows, the sound icon
will usually be on the taskbar, and you can also access the sound options in
the Control Panel. On Macs, the sound options are found at the top of the
screen or in System Preferences.
 Most media programs (such as iTunes or windows media player) have
a volume control, which will need to be turned up.
 Make sure the speakers are turned on, if using external speakers.
 Make sure external speakers are connected to the correct audio port or a USB
port. If your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output will usually
be green.
 Connect headphones to the correct audio port, and determine if sound is
audible from the headphones.
What are the Different Motherboard Components and Their

Functions?
1. Back Panel Connectors & Ports
Connectors and ports for connecting the computer to external devices such as display ports,
audio ports, USB ports, Ethernet ports, PS/2 ports etc.
ATX Motherboard Connectors
+5 Red 7 Pin Voltage Standard

Color
Gro Black 8 11 + 3.3 Orange
und
+5 Gray 9 12 - 12 Blue
+5 Purple 10 13 Ground Black
+ 12 Yellow 14 PS_On Green
15 Ground Black
16 Ground Black
17 Ground Black
18 -5 White
19 +5 Red
20 +5 Red
Disk Drive Power Connectors

Pin Voltage Color
1 + 12 Yellow
2 Ground Black
3 Ground Black
4 +5 Red
Computer Cable Connections - How to Connect Computer Cables
There are 4 types of computer cable connections to a monitor: VGA, DVI, HDMI and Display
Port. If your monitor accepts 2 or more cables types (e.g. VGA and DVI), you should just
connect a single display cable to it. For this example, you can hook up your monitor to
either a VGA cable or DVI cable (but not both).
If your CPU comes with integrated graphics and you have a discrete graphics card, then
you'll often end up having duplicate ports (e.g. 2 VGA ports). In this case, ALWAYS connect
your display cable to your graphics card and not the motherboard.
1. VGA Cable
Also known as D-sub cable, analog video cable
Connect one end to: computer monitor, television (PC input port)
Connect other end to: VGA port on computer (see image below)
2. DVI Cable
Connect one end to: computer monitor
Connect other end to: DVI port on computer (see image below)
3. HDMI Cable
Connect one end to: computer monitor, television

Connect other end to: HDMI port on computer
4. PS/2 Cable
Connect one end to: PS/2 keyboard, PS/2 mouse
Connect other end to: PS/2 ports on computer
Purple PS/2 port: keyboard

Green PS/2 port: mouse
5. Ethernet Cable
Also known as RJ-45 cable
Connect one end to: router, network switch
Connect other end to: Ethernet port on computer
6. 3.5mm Audio Cable
Also known as phone connector (since 3.5mm jacks are often found on mobile phones too)
Connect one end to: computer speakers, 3.5mm headphones,

3.5mm microphone
Connect other end to: audio ports on computer (see image below)
 Green audio port: computer speakers or headphones
 Pink audio port: microphone
 Blue audio port: MP3 player, CD player, DVD player, turntable, electric guitar etc
(line-in port to play and record sounds from the above devices)
7. USB Cable
For USB computer cable connections, there are
2 formats that are in popular use: USB 2.0 and the

newer USB 3.0
How to tell USB 2.0 and 3.0 cables apart: USB 3.0
cables have a blue tip, and sometimes you can find a
SS "Super Speed" label on it. See image below:
8. Computer Power Cord
Connect one end to: AC power socket
Connect other end to: power supply unit (see image below),
computer monitor
Note: Always turn off your power supply unit (with the 1-0 switch at the back) before
connecting a power cord to it.
Source:
http://www.buildcomputers.net
Different Socket Unit for processor
SLOT 1
Slot 1 (also Slot1 or SC242) is a Slot-type connector with 242 contacts. This connector was
designed for Pentium II family of processors, and later used for Celeron budget line of
processors. Pentium III was the last microprocessor family that used the Slot 1Slot 1
connector is 5.23" long (13.29 cm).
SOCKET 7
Socket 7 was introduced by Intel for its Pentium 133 - 200 MHz processors and for Pentium
MMX processor family. The major feature of the new socket was support for dual plane
voltage - the socket could supply different voltages to processor core and I/O logic.
SOCKET 370
Visually it's not possible to distinguish between different revisions of the socket 370
(PGA370), they all look like the socket on the picture below:
The socket has 370 pin-holes - hence the name Socket 370, and it has the same size as the
Socket 7. There are two differences between these sockets:
 Socket 370 processors don't have 2 corner pins while Socket 7 processors don't have only
one corner pin. The extra corner pin doesn't allow Socket 7 processors to fit into PGA370
socket.
 There are 6 rows of pins between the edge and the center of the processor for Socket 370
processors, and 5 rows for Socket 7 processors.
SOCKET 423
Socket 423, also called PGA423, is a Pin Grid Array (PGA) socket introduced together with
Pentium 4 microprocessor family in November 2000.
SOCKET 478
Socket 478 (mPGA478B) is a Pin Grid Array (PGA) socket for microprocessors based on
Intel NetBurst architecture.
SOCKET 479
The socket 479 works with mobile processors with frequencies up to 2333 MHz and FSB
frequencies up to 667 MHz
SOCKET 775
Socket 775, also called Socket T or LGA775, is a Land Grid Array (LGA) socket used for the
most recent generations of desktop Intel microprocessors starting from Pentium 4 and up
to Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Extreme families. The socket LGA775 supports Intel CPUs from 1.8
to 3.8 GHz with Front-Side Bus frequencies ranging from 533 MHz to 1600 MHz.
SOCKET 1156
Socket 1156, or LGA1156, also known as socket H1, is a Land Grid Array socket used by the
first generation of workstation-class Intel Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, as well as Xeon 300
series microprocessors. The socket supports dual-channel DDR3SDram controller.The
socket H1 works with processors with frequencies from 1.86 GHz to 3.46 GHz.
How to take a PC case apart
The first thing to do when building a PC is open up the case, ready to put everything inside.
You can take the vast majority of PC cases apart in four simple steps.
1. Remove the sides
Start by taking off the side panels to get inside the case. You may need to take the front
panel off first to get at the screws to remove the side panels. Some cases, like the one
pictured, have thumbscrews, so you don’t even need a screwdriver. If your case has a
second panel, make sure that you remove this, too, so that you can work on both sides of
the case when you’re inside it.
2. Take out innards
Once you’re inside your case, you need to check it

for accessories. It’s common for manufacturers to put spare screws, proprietary drive rails
and instruction manuals inside. Take out everything that isn’t screwed into place. Look for
silica gel taped to the side as well. Remove any packaging so that you’re left with a bare
interior.
3. Remove optical drive blanking plates
In order to fit your optical drive later, you may need to remove some plastic and metal
blanking plates. If you haven’t done so already, it’s probably helpful to take off the front of
the case. Your case’s manual will tell you how to do this, but most cases simply unclip from
the inside.
Look for the 5.25in drive bay into which you’ll fit your optical drive. Match this up to the
front panel. On some cases this will be the top one, which will have a flap to hide the optical
drive from view, so you don’t have to get a drive the same colour as your case. On other
cases, you’ll have a plastic blanking plate on the front panel that should unclip.
Inside the case, you’ll find a metal blanking plate that you'll need to remove. By gently
rocking it backwards and forwards, you should be able to break the connection. Be careful
not to cut yourself doing this.
4. Remove floppy drive blanking plates
TIP: The inside of the case can have sharp edges, so be

careful when you remove any blanking plates.
Step 2: How to install a power supply
Once you've opened up your new PC case, often the most sensible next step is to install the
power supply. Pretty much everything else you install afterwards will connect to this to
draw power.
1. Know your cables
There are many cables coming out of the average power supply, and you need to know
what they do. Here's a run-down of the main ones to look out for.
2. Fit supply on to shelf
If your power supply fits at the top of your case

(some cases have space at the bottom), you’ll see a
small shelf for it to rest on.
Slide the power supply on to this shelf and push it

backwards until it makes contact with the back of
the case.
3. Screw in supply
If your power supply is the correct way round, its screw

holes will match up with those in the back of the case.
If they don’t, remove the supply and rotate it 180 degrees.

Use four screws to attach the power supply securely to
the case.
How to install a motherboard
The motherboard is the backbone of your entire PC,

connected to every other component, so it's vital that
you get things right now to avoid trouble further down
the line.
1. Unpack the board
Open your motherboard’s box. You’ll see lots of cables, a

driver CD, a metal blanking plate with holes cut out and
a manual. Take these components out and put them to
one side, as you’ll need them later on.
The motherboard will be inside an anti-static bag and resting on top of anti-static foam.
Slide the motherboard out of the bag, but leave it attached to the foam for now. Place the
motherboard and foam on top of the anti-static bag, and take out the metal blanking plate.
2. Measure blanking plate
The blanking plate fits into the case, and gives you
access only to the ports that your motherboard has.
However, some motherboard manufacturers use
generic blanking plates that fit their entire range of
boards. With these, you may need to remove some
metal covers to give access to your motherboard’s ports.
3. Remove unnecessary bits
First, you may have to remove a bit of metal, in a similar

way to the metal blanking plates on your case. These
should be rocked gently out until the metal snaps.
Second, some ports may be covered by a flap. In this case,

the flap should be bent inwards (towards where the
motherboard will be). Make sure that you bend it far
enough for the motherboard’s port to be given enough
clearance to pass underneath.
4. Install the blanking plate
From the inside of the case, you need to take the blanking plate
and push it into the gap at the rear of the case. Remember to
align it so that it’s the same way up as when you measured it
against your motherboard.
The ridge round the outside of the plate should clip into the hole.
Be warned that this can be really fiddly and the blanking plates
don’t always fit perfectly. It should, however, clip into place and
remain stable without any support.
5. Measure where the motherboard goes
When you’ve got a clear case, take the motherboard off its
foam backing and slide it gently into the case. Make sure that
its rear ports are pushed up against the blanking plate
correctly. Take a note of where the screw holes in the
motherboard go, and remove the board. Place it back on its
foam.
6. Fit the risers
The risers simply screw into the pre-drilled holes in the

case. Use as many risers as there are screw holes in the
motherboard, making sure that you screw them tightly into
position with your fingers.
7. Slide the motherboard into place
Put the motherboard back in the case, making sure that

all its screw holes have risers underneath. If some are
missing, check to make sure that you haven’t screwed
the risers into the wrong place. You’ll probably notice
that the motherboard has a tendency to be slightly off
from the risers. This is normal, and is caused by
pressure from the backplate pushing against the
motherboard. Simply line up the motherboard’s ports
with the backplate and push the motherboard towards
it until the screw holes line up. This will take a bit of
gentle force.
8. Screw the motherboard down
When screwing the screws in, don’t use too much

pressure as you don’t want to break the motherboard.
Ideally, you want the screws tight enough for the board
to be secure, but not so tight that it feels as though the
board is going to start cracking.
Once you’ve done the corners, you can put screws in the
other holes. How many you put in is up to you, but you
shouldn’t need to do all of them to make the
motherboard secure. Keep going until the motherboard
is firmly in place.
9. Identify ATX connectors
There are two connectors that you’ll need to plug in.

The first is the ATX connector. On modern
motherboards, you need a 24-pin connector. There’s
only one of these on the power supply.
10. Plug in ATX connector
You need to plug this 24-pin connector into the matching

connector on the motherboard. This should be easy to
find, but it’s usually located by the IDE ports on the right-
hand side of the motherboard.
The ATX connector will only plug in one way, so you

can’t get it wrong. Once it’s lined up, the connector
should plug in smoothly. There’s a clip on it to hold it in
place.
11. Identify secondary connector
Modern motherboards also have a secondary power

connector. On most boards this is a single four-pin
connector, but some require eight-pin connectors.
In a similar way to the 24-pin connector, the eight-pin

connector on power supplies can be split into two. If
your motherboard has only a four-pin connector, you’ll
have to split it into two halves. Only one of these will
plug into the motherboard.
12. Connect secondary connector
Locate the secondary motherboard power connector. Your

board’s manual will tell you exactly where it’s located, but
on most motherboards it’s near the processor socket. Next,
plug the power supply’s secondary connector into it. This
plug will only go in one way, so there’s no chance of getting
it wrong.
The connector should slide gently into the plug. You’ll need
to apply a bit of force in order to get the clip to lock into
place, and you should hear it click when it’s in properly.
How to install an Intel processor
1. Lift the processor cage
To access the socket, unclip the handle that runs down

the side of the socket and lift it up. This releases the
retaining clip for the main cage. Lift the main cage up
and out of the way to expose the socket. Be careful not
to touch any of the pins inside the socket, as bending
them will stop the processor from working correctly.
2. Install the processor
The processor has two cut-out notches in its sides, which

line up with the ridges in the socket. This prevents the
processor from being put in the wrong way round. You’ll
also notice an arrow on the processor. This should line up
with the corner of the socket that has its pins arranged
diagonally.
3. Apply thermal paste
Thermal paste fills in micro-cracks in the surface of

the processor and the surface of the cooler, ensuring
that there’s efficient heat transfer between the two.
Some fans come pre-coated with thermal paste, in
which case you can skip this step.
If yours doesn’t, you’ll need to apply your own. This is

easy to do. First, squeeze a tiny blob of thermal paste
into the middle of the processor.
4. Attach the fan
Starting at diagonally opposite sides, push the four feet

into the place. You’ll need some force, and the feet
should click into position. When done, check the cooler
is seated properly and that it isn’t wobbly. If it is, make
sure the feet are properly in position.
How to install an AMD processor
1. Open the socket lever
AMD’s processors fit into AM2, AM2+ or AM3 sockets.

The sockets are very similar, so the installation
instructions are the same.
To fit the processor in the socket, first lift the lever.

This unclips to one side and rises vertically above the
board. This will move the socket very slightly, aligning
the holes in the plastic socket with the connectors
beneath. The processor should drop into place with no
force, hence the socket’s type: zero insertion force
(ZIF).
2. Fit the processor
The processor can fit only one way into the socket.
Make sure the arrow on top of the processor is aligned
with the arrow on the processor socket. Gently push the
processor into place. You should feel it click into
position when it’s all the way in. If
it feels like you have to use too much force, stop and
check that the processor is correctly aligned.
3. Apply thermal paste
Thermal paste fills in micro-cracks in the surface of the

processor and the surface of the cooler, ensuring that there’s
efficient heat transfer between the two. You may find that
your fan comes pre-coated with thermal paste, in which case
you can skip this step.
4. Fit the cooler
Around the processor socket is a plastic cooler mount,

with two nodules sticking out. These are designed to hold
your cooler’s clips.
Take your cooler and open its handle. Fit the metal clip
without the handle on it over one nodule and push it
snugly against the mount. Place the cooler flat across the
top of the processor. Push the cooler’s remaining metal
clip over the second nodule and close the handle. This will
require a bit of force to get the handle all the way down.
How to install memory
1. Identify which slots to use
Presuming that you’ve bought memory in a kit with

two sticks of RAM, you should now identify the slots in
which you’re going to install the memory. The slots to
use are usually the same colour, but you should check
your motherboard’s manual carefully to make sure
that you’re using the right ones.
To be doubly safe, the slots will also be numbered to

make it easier to follow the motherboard manual’s
instructions.
2. Open the retaining clips
To install your memory, you need to open the clips

on either end of the slot into which you’re going to
insert your memory stick. Pick the first slot and
push open these clips; they should open gently
without any force, clicking as they open. The clips
should open to around 45 degrees, but don’t force
them further open when you feel resistance.
3. Line the memory up
To fit the memory, you need to slide it into the slot.

Make sure that the notch in the memory lines up with
the ridge in the socket. If it doesn’t, then you’ve got
the memory the wrong way round. If the memory still
doesn’t fit, then you’re using the wrong type of
memory. Check the memory’s instructions and
motherboard’s manual to see what type you need.
4. Clip the memory into place
Once the memory module is lined up, press firmly

on both sides to push it into place. The clips should
spring back and click into position. Check the clips
are in place and nestled against the notches in the
side of the memory module. If they’re not, try
pushing the memory down a bit further. You can
also push the clips up to help them lock into place.
Once your first module is in place, repeat these steps

for any remaining modules.
How to fit the internal cables (front panel switch)
Accuracy for this step is vital, as any mistakes will mean your PC may not work as it should
- or may not start at all.
1. Power
This needs to be connected to the power jumpers

on the motherboard. Typically, these will be
located on the bottom-right of the motherboard
and will be marked, although you should double-
check your motherboard’s manual to make sure.
The connector will just plug over the two pins
and should connect easily.
2. Reset
To connect it, you need to find the reset jumpers on

the motherboard. These will be near the power
switch, but you should read your motherboard’s
manual for an exact location. Simply push the
connector over the two pins to connect the switch. It
doesn’t matter which way round this connector goes.
3. Power and HDD LEDs
The motherboard HDD jumper will also have a

positive and negative port. Check your
motherboard’s manual carefully to make sure you
get this right, and then connect the cable.
Do the same thing for the power LED, which will

have a similar connector. This must be connected
the right way round, so make sure you get the
positive and negative connectors aligned.
4. USB
Your motherboard will probably have spare

connectors marked USB, but the manual can tell you
exactly where these are. USB connectors take power,
so you need to plug the cable in the right way round.
Fortunately, the USB ports on most cases have a
single plug that can only be connected to the
motherboard in one way. If it doesn’t, you’ll need to
check the case’s and motherboard’s manuals
carefully to make sure that you install the
connectors correctly.
5. FireWire
Front-mounted FireWire cables plug in much the

same way as USB cables
6. Audio
Front-mounted audio ports also need to be connected

to the motherboard if you want to be able to plug in
your headphones and a
microphone. Fortunately, most motherboards and
cases have a single block connector that plugs into the
front audio connector on the motherboard.
7. Fans
If your fans end in three- or four-pin connectors, you

can plug them into your motherboard. Look at the
manual to find a spare fan connector and then plug in
the fan’s power connector. Three-pin connectors can
plug into four-pin ports and vice versa. The cables can
also plug in only one way, so it’s easy to get it right.
8. CPU fan
There’s a special connector for the processor fan on

the motherboard, which is often called CPU FAN. Check
your motherboard’s manual for its location. This is
likely to be a four-pin connector, but three-pin
processor fans can also plug in. The connector can go
in only one way, so just plug it in.
How to install a hard disk
The hard disk is where you safely store all of your data, and installing it is simple. Here's
how it's done
TIP: If you’re installing more than one hard disk, plug the one from which you want to boot in the lowest-
numbered SATA port. The BIOS will pick this hard disk as the boot drive by default.
1. Fit hard disk into a bay
To fit a hard disk, you’ll need a spare 3.5in drive

bay. Be careful not to use one of the external bays,
which have a cutout on the front of the case, as
these are designed for memory card readers and
floppy disk drives.
The disk should then be secured with four screws,

two on either side. Suitable screws should have
been provided with the hard disk or case. Screw
them tightly to prevent the drive wobbling.
2. Plug in SATA power
In the main picture opposite, you can see the SATA

power connector on the hard disk and on the power
supply. Locate the correct connector from your
power supply and plug it into the back of your hard
disk. It goes in only one way and clicks when it’s
connected. Be extremely careful when plugging it in,
as downwards pressure can break the clip
surrounding the power connector. If this happens,
the power plug won’t stay in place.
3. Plug in SATA data cable
Unlike IDE, SATA uses a simple and thin connector to

carry data. Plug it gently into the rear of the hard
disk. It will plug in only one way and will click when
it’s properly connected. Be careful when you plug it
in, as downwards pressure can break the connector
and prevent the SATA cable plugging in.
4. Plug SATA data cable into motherboard
Next, you need to find a spare SATA port on your

motherboard. These are usually located at the
bottom-right of the board and are numbered. The
lower the number, the higher up the boot chain your
hard disk is. Connecting the SATA cable is easy, as it
will plug in only one way. It will click when the cable
is connected properly.
How to install an SSD
An SSD is faster than a hard disk, and it's a great choice as your main system disk. You can
also install it alongside a hard disk
Whether you opt for a traditional hard disk or a newer (and more expensive) SSD,
installing your storage in a PC is a relatively simple task. You screw it into one of your PC
case's dedicated slots, then connect the power and data cables.
TIP: Make sure that your SSD is plugged into the lowest-numbered SATA port in order for it to be the default
boot drive. If available, a SATA3 port should be used for the best performance.
1. Fit SSD into bay
Slide the hard disk into a spare drive bay until the
screw holes in the side of the drive line up with the
holes in the drive bay. The disk should then be
secured with four screws, two on either side of the
case.
2. Plug in SATA power
It goes in only one way and clicks when it’s connected.

Be extremely careful when plugging it in, as downwards
pressure can break the clip surrounding the power
connector. If you do this, the power plug won’t stay in
place.
3. Plug in SATA data cable
Plug it gently into the rear of the SSD. It will plug in only
one way and will click when it’s properly connected.
Be careful when you plug it in, as downwards pressure

can break the connector and prevent the SATA cable
plugging in.
4. Plug SATA data cable into motherboard
Next, you need to find a spare SATA port on your

motherboard. These are usually located at the bottom-
right of the board and are numbered. The lower the
number, the higher up the boot chain your SSD is. If
you’re installing more than one hard disk, therefore,
make sure the drive from which you’re going to boot
is plugged into the lowest-numbered port.
How to install an optical drive
Installing software, playing music or movies - the optical drive still has its place. Here's how
to install one
The optical drive - whether in the old-school DVD format or the more modern Blu-ray - is
becoming less common as more of our data moves online, but it's still a useful component
to have in your PC.
Depending on its age, your optical drive might have a SATA connector.......or an older IDE
connector...
TIP: If you’re installing more than one IDE drive, you’ll need to set the jumpers on the rear so that one drive is the
master and the other is the slave.
1. Fit the drive
The optical drive needs to be slid into the case from

the front. This often means that you need to have
the front of the case removed, if you haven’t done
that yet. Slide the drive into the bay. The front of it
needs to be flush with the case where there’s no
flap, and slightly further back if your case has a
drive flap.
To tell where the drive should be, push it in until

the screw holes in its side match up with the round
screw holes inside the case. Now use the four
screws (provided with the optical drive or case) –
two either side – to hold the drive in place.
2. Fit the IDE cable
First, the cable can plug in only one way due to a

blockedoff connector in the cable.
Second, the colored cable (red or white depending on

the cable provided with your motherboard) goes to
the right of the connector closest to the power
connector.
Plug the cable in gently and as straight as possible so

as not to bend any pins on the drive.
3. Fit the power cable
Optical drives tend to use a Molex power connector.

This is the large four-pin connector on your power
supply. Locate a free one and push it into the drive’s
power connector. Use a bit of force to get it to connect
properly. Once you think it’s in, give it a gentle tug to
make sure it’s secure.
4. Fit the IDE cable onto the motherboard
The IDE connector can plug in only one way, thanks to

a notch in the motherboard’s connector. Plug in the
cable gently as straight as possible to avoid bending
any pins.
How to install a graphics card
The graphics card is the part of your PC that powers modern games, making environments
look ever more lifelike and immersive. You don't strictly need one - most of today's
processors have integrated graphics - but a discrete card is far more powerful.
1. Remove blanking plate
Typically, blanking plates are either screwed in place

individually, or they’re all held in place by a single
retaining bar. Some blanking plates just lift out, while
others are attached to the case and need to be rocked
backwards and forwards to snap them out.
2. Plug card into slot
With the blanking plates free, you can put your card
into the case. This is easy to do: simply line up the
graphics card’s connector with the slot in the case. The
card should look like it’s upside down, with the fan
pointing towards the bottom of the case.
Pressure on both sides of the card should be enough to

make sure that it ends up seated in the expansion card
slot properly. You should check the card when you
think it’s in place to ensure that you’ve made proper
contact. If you can still see some of the card’s slot
sticking out, then push the relevant side in a bit further.
3. Screw card in place
In most instances, you’ll need to screw the card into

place. Line up the top of its connector with the screw
hole in the case and screw it into place so that the
card can’t move in its slot.
4. Connect power adaptor
Most modern graphics cards require a secondary

power source to run. These will need a dedicated PCI
Express six-pin power connector.
How to install expansion cards
A few years ago we had our hands on all sorts of expansion cards for PCs, from TV tuners
through to sound cards, but these days they're less common.If you do have one, however,
installation is very simple.
TIP: Try to use alternate slots in order to improve airflow and stop adjacent cards from
heating one another up.
1. Locate spare slot
Before you start, carefully read the instructions

that came with your expansion card as some
require you to install software first. If yours does,
you’ll need to finish building the PC and install the
operating system and necessary software before
fitting the expansion card.
When you’re ready, find a spare PCI or PCI

Express slot on your motherboard. Ideally, leave a
gap between other expansion cards, such as your graphics card, to increase airflow and
keep your PC running cool.
2. Remove blanking plate
To fit an expansion card, you’ll need to remove the

expansion slot’s blanking plate. The procedure will
differ depending on your case, so carefully check
its manual for full details. Typically, blanking
plates are either individually screwed in place or
held in place by a single retaining bar. Remove
whatever’s holding the blanking plates in place.
Some plates just lift out, while others are attached
to the case and need to be rocked backwards and
forwards to snap them out.
3. Fit the card
Slots have notches part of the way along, which

you need to line up with the gap in the card’s
connector. When you’ve done this, push the card
into place. It will take a bit of force to get the
card to slide home properly. If the card doesn’t
feel like it’s going to go into the slot, remove it
and make sure it’s lined up and that you’re trying
to install it into the correct slot. When the card is
in place, check round it to make sure the
connector is firmly in the slot. If the card doesn’t
look level, apply pressure to the part of the card
sticking up until it clicks into place.
4. Screw it in
When your card is firmly in place, you need to

secure it in its slot. As some cases use
proprietary fixing methods, check your case’s
manual for instructions on how to do this. If
you need to use a screw, line up the screw hole
in the card’s blanking plate with the screw hole
in the case. Tighten the screw up to the point
where the card feels firm and doesn’t wobble in
the slot.
How to put a PC case back together
1. Tidy the cables

One way to keep your case tidy is to fit cable ties.

Simply locate loose cables that are running in the
same direction and loop a cable tie around the bunch.
Slide the strap through the buckle and pull it tight.
The ratchet should click into place and stop the cable
becoming undone. If it doesn’t, you’ve inserted the
strap the wrong way into the buckle. You can clip the
long strap off when you’re done. For extra neatness,
loop the strap through drive bays in the case. This
will anchor your cables out of the way.
2. Keep the cables out of fans
It’s worth double-checking that none of your power

cables is in the way of the fans inside your PC. If they
are, you run the risk of severing your cables when
you turn your PC on for the first time. Pull any loose
cables out of the way of fans and secure them with
cable ties if necessary. The processor fan
(particularly on Intel’s designs) is often the worse
culprit for snagging cables, so check this one carefully.
3. Attach front
Check your case’s manual for the exact fitting

instructions. If you removed its front, now is the
time to fit it again. Line its clips up with the holes in
the case and push firmly to reattach it. If you find
that your optical drive sticks out too far, you’ve
probably fitted it incorrectly. Undo its screws (or
fixings if your case is screwless) and slide it further
into the case. Screw it back in and fit the front of the
case.
4. Attach sides
Check your case’s manual carefully for full fitting

instructions. For most cases, fitting the side panels is a
matter of lining up their clips with the grooves on the
inside of the case. Take each panel in turn, slide it into
place and attach it firmly with a screw.
Make Flash Drive Bootable Using Rufus
Step 1:Get Rufus from https://rufus.akeo.ie/
Step 2: Run Rufus by double clicking on it.
Step 3: Insert USB Stick
Step 4: Select ISO Image From dropdown box .
Step 5: Browse for your ISO file.
Step 6: Click start and wait for install to finish.
Once its finished press close.
That’s it. You now have a bootable USB.
Software Installation:
Computer Software Definition
Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions,
often broken into two major categories: system software that provides the basic non-task-
specific functions of the computer, and application software which is used by users to
accomplish specific tasks.
Two Major Categories of Software
System software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual
hardware components of a computer system so that other software and the users of the
system see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned with the low-level details
such as transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display.
Generally, system software consists of an operating system and some fundamental

utilities such as disk formatters, file managers, display managers, text editors, user
authentication (login) and management tools, and networking and device control software.
Application software, on the other hand, is used to accomplish specific tasks other than
just running the computer system. Application software may consist of a single program,
such as an image viewer; a small collection of programs (often called a software package)
that work closely together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet or text processing
system; a larger collection (often called a software suite) of related but independent
programs and packages that have a common user interface or shared data format, such as
Microsoft Office, which consists of closely integrated word processor, spreadsheet,
database, etc.; or a software system, such as a database management system, which is a
collection of fundamental programs that may provide some service to a variety of other
independent applications.
Windows 7 Installation
Steps
1. Turn your computer on then

press Del or F2 (depend on your
computer’s mainboard) to enter
the system BIOS
2. Go to Boot menu and choose

Boot From CD/DVD.
3. Press F10 to save the

configuration and exit BIOS then
reset your computer.
4. Insert Windows 7 DVD into your

DVD drive then start up your
computer, Windows 7 will be
loading files.
5. Select these parts: Language to

Install,Time and currency format,
Keyboard or input method. Then
click Next.
6. Choose Install Now if you want

to install Windows 7. Choose the
Windows 7 version that you want to
install in 'Select the operating system
you want to install' . Here we choose
Windows 7 Ultimate then click next
(depending on your Windows DVD,
this step is an option).
7. Click 'I accept the license terms' in 'Please read the license' then click Next.
8. Choose 'Upgrade' in 'Which type of installation do you want' if you want to

upgrade from an older Windows version to Windows 7, 'Custom (advance)' if you
want to install a new version of Windows.
9. Choose Partition for installation, if your computer has only one hard disk, it will
be easy for selection, but if it has some Partition, you will have to consider which
Partition to choose.
10. Wait for Installing Windows to progress. Your computer might be restarted during
the process.
11. Type you’re a user account and computer name.After click Next.
12. Type a password for your account, you can also Type a password hint to help in
case of forgetting the password in the future, and then click Next.
13. Type in activation code or key for your license in Product key box if you have any.
Click Next.
14. Choose how to protect your Windows. Here we choose Use recommended settings.
15. Set up your Time zone then click Next.
16.Choose an option from 3 choices: Public Network, Work Network, Home Network.
Choose Home Network for using Internet at home.
Networking:
http://www.slideshare.net
ETHERNET CABLE: COLOR-CODE STANDARDS
The information listed here is to assist Network Administrators in the color coding of
Ethernet cables. Please be aware that modifying Ethernet cables improperly may cause loss
of network connectivity. Use this information at your own risk, and insure all connectors
and cables are modified in accordance with standards. The Internet Centre and its affiliates
cannot be held liable for the use of this information in whole or in part.
T-568A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable
The T-568A standard is supposed to be used in new network installations. Most off-the-
shelf Ethernet cables are still of the T-568B standard; however, it makes absolutely no
functional difference in which you choose.
T-568B Straight-Through Ethernet Cable
Both the T-568A and the T-568B standard Straight-Through cables are used most often as
patch cords for your Ethernet connections. If you require a cable to connect two Ethernet
devices directly together without a hub or when you connect two hubs together, you will
need to use a Crossover cable instead.
RJ-45 Crossover Ethernet Cable
A good way of remembering how to wire a Crossover Ethernet cable is to wire one end
using the T-568A standard and the other end using the T-568B standard. Another way of
remembering the color coding is to simply switch the Green set of wires in place with the
Orange set of wires. Specifically, switch the solid Green (G) with the solid Orange, and
switch the green/white with the orange/white.
Ethernet Cable Instructions:
1. Pull the cable off the reel to the desired length and cut. If you are pulling cables
through holes, its easier to attach the RJ-45 plugs after the cable is pulled. The total
length of wire segments between a PC and a hub or between two PC's cannot exceed
100 Meters (328 feet) for 100BASE-TX and 300 Meters for 10BASE-T.
2. Start on one end and strip the cable jacket off (about 1") using a stripper or a knife.
Be extra careful not to nick the wires, otherwise you will need to start over.
3. Spread, untwist the pairs, and arrange the wires in the order of the desired cable
end. Flatten the end between your thumb and forefinger. Trim the ends of the wires
so they are even with one another, leaving only 1/2" in wire length. If it is longer
than 1/2" it will be out-of-spec and susceptible to crosstalk. Flatten and insure there
are no spaces between wires.
4. Hold the RJ-45 plug with the clip facing down or away from you. Push the wires
firmly into the plug. Inspect each wire is flat even at the front of the plug. Check the
order of the wires. Double check again. Check that the jacket is fitted right against
the stop of the plug. Carefully hold the wire and firmly crimp the RJ-45 with the
crimper.
5. Check the color orientation, check that the crimped connection is not about to come
apart, and check to see if the wires are flat against the front of the plug. If even one
of these are incorrect, you will have to start over. Test the Ethernet cable.
Ethernet Cable Tips:
 A straight-thru cable has identical ends.

 A crossover cable has different ends.
 A straight-thru is used as a patch cord in Ethernet connections.
 A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices without a hub or for connecting
two hubs.
 A crossover has one end with the Orange set of wires switched with the Green set.
 Odd numbered pins are always striped, even numbered pins are always solid colored.
 Looking at the RJ-45 with the clip facing away from you, Brown is always on the right,
and pin 1 is on the left.
 No more than 1/2" of the Ethernet cable should be untwisted otherwise it will be
susceptible to crosstalk.
 Do not deform, do not bend, do not stretch, do not staple, do not run parallel with
power cables, and do not run Ethernet cables near noise inducing components.
Basic Theory:
By looking at a T-568A UTP Ethernet straight-thru cable and an Ethernet crossover cable
with a T-568B end, we see that the TX (transmitter) pins are connected to the
corresponding RX (receiver) pins, plus to plus and minus to minus. You can also see that
both the blue and brown wire pairs on pins 4, 5, 7, and 8 are not used in either standard.
What you may not realize is that, these same pins 4, 5, 7, and 8 are not used or required in
100BASE-TX as well.
Cable combination (straight)
1. WG WG
2. G G
3. WO WO
4. BL BL
5. WBL WBL
6. O O
7. WBR WBR
8. BR BR
Cable combination (crossover)
1. WG 1. WO
2. G 2. O
3. WO 3. WG
4. BL 4. BL
5. WBL 5. WBL
6. O 6. G
7. WBR 7. WBR
8. BR 8. BR
How to create Network cable

1. Unroll the required length of network cable and add a little extra wire, just in
case. If a boot is to be fitted, do so before stripping away the sleeve and ensure the boot
faces the correct way.
2. Carefully remove the outer jacket of the cable
3. Inspect the newly revealed wires for any cuts or scrapes

that expose the copper wire inside.
4. Untwist the pairs so they will lay flat between your fingers.
5. Arrange the wires based on the wiring specifications you are

following.
568B - Put the wires in the following order, from left to right:
 white orange
 orange
 white green
 blue
 white blue
 green
 white brown
 brown
568A - from left to right:

 white/green
 green
 white/orange
 blue
 white/blue
 orange
 white/brown
 brown
6. You can also use the

mnemonic 1-2-3-6/3-6-1-2
to remember which wires
are switched.
7. Press all the wires flat and parallel between your thumb and forefinger.
8. Keep the wires flat and in order as you push them into the
RJ-45 plug with the flat surface of the plug on top.
9. Place the wired plug into the crimping tool.
10. Repeat all of the above steps with the other end of the cable.
11. Test the cable to ensure that it will function in the

field.
Set up Network Configuration

Step 1: Set up the hardware
 Connect the router's WAN port to your Internet source, such as a DSL or cable
modem, using the first network cable.
 Connect one of the router's LAN ports (most routers have four LAN ports) to the
computer using the second network cable.
 Plug the router into the power outlet using its power adapter, as you would with
most electronics. If the router has an on-off switch, make sure the router is on.
Step 2: Accessing the Web interface
 The next step is to use the Web browser to display the router's Web interface.
Basically, you will need two things: the router's URL, which is always its default IP
address, and default log-in information. You'll find this information in the router's
manual, and sometimes it's printed on the underside of the router, as well.
 Once you have gotten these two pieces of information, just type the router's IP
address in the address bar of a browser on a connected computer, press Enter,
and then enter the log-in information, after which you'll be greeted with the Web
interface.
 You can quickly find out the router's default address by using the ipconfig
command on a Windows computer.
Step 3: Router’s Basic Setting
 Wizard: This is where you can start a step-by step guided setup process. Many
routers' interfaces show the wizard when the Web interface is accessed for the
first time. You just have to go through and set up a few of the routers' settings,
such as its log-in password (to be changed from the default -- you should
definitely do this to keep your network secure) and the name and password for
the Wi-Fi network (or networks, for dual-band routers). Some wizards also ask for
your time zone, the current time and date, and so on. With most routers you can
skip the wizard and set up the router manually, if you want to, or you can finish
the wizard and get back to the interface to further customize the network.
 Wireless (or Wireless settings): Where you can customize the router's Wi-Fi
network(s). You can pick the name of the network, change the password, turn the
Wi-Fi Protected Setup feature on or off, and a lot more.
 WAN (or Internet): Most of the time you should use the Auto setting for this
section. However, some ISPs might require special settings; in those cases you
can enter them here.
 LAN (or Network settings): This is where you can change the local network
settings, including the default IP address of the router itself. (Note that if you
change the router's default IP address, which is recommended for security
reason, you'll then need to use the new address to access the router's Web
interface.) Here you can also change the range of IP addresses used for local
clients, and add clients to the DHCP Reservation list. Once on this list, the clients'
IP addresses will remain the same, which is required for some Internet
applications. Most of the time, you don't need to change anything in this section
at all.
 Admin password (or Password): Change the router's password. This is the
password required when you log in the router's Web interface.
 System: Where you can back up the current settings of the router to a file, or
restore settings from a file; update the router's firmware; and so on. It's always
helpful to back up the router's settings before you make changes.
COC III
Pre-setup steps
- install windows server

-set static ip set up
-ip that the router gave you
-default gateway is the ip of your router
-set-up Server name
-restart
1. Set-up domain controller (active Directory)
Add roles
-Before you begin Dialog box
*click next
-Server roles Dialog box
*check Active Directory Domain Services
-.NET installation prompt will pop up
*hit add required features
-Active Directory Domain Services Dialog Box
*click next
-Confirmation
*click install
-Progress
-Results
*click close
2. Enable remote desktop
-Allow Remote connections
3. configure DNS
-run dcpromo.exe
-welcome screen
*click next
-compatibility screen
*click next
-choose deployment configuration
*create a new domain in a new forest
-root domain name
*anything.net (.net for network this could be anything) click next
-forest functional level
*windows server 2008 r2
-additional domain controller components
* DNS server checked click next
-do you want to continue
*click Yes
-location for kdatabase, logfile, sysvol
*note that if the proctor asked you to partition the hard drive so that the other
partition will be the database, you must do so but if not stated then just accept defaults and click
next.
-admin password
*enter password then click next
-summary
*click next
-finish and restart
*if the setup is successful, you will see your domain before the user name e.g.
COOL/Administrator where COOL is the domain name and the Administrator is the default user
4. Create Users and Group Organizational Unit
(this is custom depending on the person on how he/ she wants to organize the organizational units.
He/she may create sub-organizational units inside the organizational unit he made)
-Open Active Directory Users and Computers
-Create organizational unit in your domain
*right click > new > organizational unit> enter name > click ok
- create users within the organizational unit. Preferably this is the client PC.
-right click within the organizational unit > new > user. Fill necessary fields. Fill
password. uncheck users must change password at next login. Click ok.
5. Setup DHCP
- in the server manager
- add role
-before you begin
*click next
-introduction to dhcp server
*click next
-network connection bindings
*click next
-ipv4 dns settings
* input the server ip address on the preferred dns server ipv4 address
-wins server settings
* select wins not required radio button
-add edit scopes
*click add >enter scope name and starting ip address should be the next ip address
to the server > default gateway is the ip of the router. Click okay then next
-ipv6
*click disabled
-dhcp server authorization
*use current credentials >next
-confirmation
*install
-results
*close > restart
6. Setup File Services, remote desktop, print and doc services
-Open server manager, click add roles, check file service, remote desktop, click next, next,
next, encircle do not require, configure later, next, next, check all, next, next, print server
check, file server(check first five), next, create name any name, next. Storage check box,
install.
7. Connect client PC to server
IN the client PC
- open the network and sharing center
-open change adapter settings
-right click local area connection
-select properties
-ipv4 settings
-properties
-input server ip to the dns server
-apply and close
- go to computer system properties (right click computer then select properties)
-on computer name, domain, and workgroup settings click change settings
-click change
-change from workgroup to domain
-enter admin credentials
-finish and restart
-login to the domain
8. Network Sharing and Folder Redirection
-create folder in the server
-right click then properties
-sharing tab select everyone/ domain users
-open active directory users and computers go to the client user you created. Then double
click. In the Profile tab, home folder subgroup connect drop down select Z: to
\\servername\sharedfoldername\%username% click apply then click close.
-in the domain computers, drag the client computer to the ou you created.
-open group policy management
-navigate to the domain, to the organizational unit, then right click select create GPO > enter
name hit ok. Right click the gpo then edit
-under computer configuration > Policies > Administrative Template > Network, right click
offline files then edit. Disable then ok.
- under user configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Folder Redirection right click
whatever you want then edit. Setting : Basic – Redirect everyone’s folder to the same location Root
path: \\servername\sharedfolder then apply
-on the client pc input gpupdate /force then restart
9. Install Printer in client
COC IV
System backup and restore
System backup
1. Open backup and restore

2. Click change settings for custom settings
3. Select drive where you want to save the backup image
4. Click next and then tick the let me choose in ‘What do you want to backup’ dialog box
5. Tick everything you need to backup then click next
6. Click save settings and run backup
System restore
1. Open backup and restore

2. Select where the backup is located and what the backup image is
3. Click restore

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COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING NCII Manual

Troubleshooting is the process of diagnosing the source of a problem. It is used to fix

Troubleshooting is something we all have to do at some point, though some of us have to

General tips to keep in mind

Simple solutions to common problems

Program runs slowly or isn't working properly

Program is completely unresponsive

"Non-system disk or disk error" Message

Windows shutting down message will not disappear

Computer begins randomly rebooting or crashing

Problems with the monitor and speakers

No picture on the monitor

 Confirm that the computer is turned on.

Monitor goes blank periodically

 You may have the screensaver enabled. If the

What are the Different Motherboard Components and Their

1. Back Panel Connectors & Ports

ATX Motherboard Connectors

+5 Red 7 Pin Voltage Standard

Disk Drive Power Connectors

Computer Cable Connections - How to Connect Computer Cables

Also known as D-sub cable, analog video cable

Connect one end to: computer monitor

Connect one end to: computer monitor, television

Connect one end to: PS/2 keyboard, PS/2 mouse

Connect other end to: PS/2 ports on computer

Purple PS/2 port: keyboard

Also known as RJ-45 cable

Connect one end to: router, network switch

Connect other end to: Ethernet port on computer

6. 3.5mm Audio Cable

Connect one end to: computer speakers, 3.5mm headphones,

For USB computer cable connections, there are

2 formats that are in popular use: USB 2.0 and the

8. Computer Power Cord

Connect one end to: AC power socket

Different Socket Unit for processor

How to take a PC case apart

1. Remove the sides

2. Take out innards

Once you’re inside your case, you need to check it

3. Remove optical drive blanking plates

4. Remove floppy drive blanking plates

TIP: The inside of the case can have sharp edges, so be

Step 2: How to install a power supply

1. Know your cables

2. Fit supply on to shelf

If your power supply fits at the top of your case

Slide the power supply on to this shelf and push it

If your power supply is the correct way round, its screw

If they don’t, remove the supply and rotate it 180 degrees.

How to install a motherboard

The motherboard is the backbone of your entire PC,

1. Unpack the board

Open your motherboard’s box. You’ll see lots of cables, a

2. Measure blanking plate

3. Remove unnecessary bits

First, you may have to remove a bit of metal, in a similar

Second, some ports may be covered by a flap. In this case,

4. Install the blanking plate

5. Measure where the motherboard goes

6. Fit the risers