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De Moivre's Theorem and Roots of A Complex Number HL Questions With Mark Scheme - IB
De Moivre's Theorem and Roots of A Complex Number HL Questions With Mark Scheme - IB
π
1a. Find the roots of z 24 = 1 which satisfy the condition 0 < arg (z) <
2
, expressing your answers in the form reiθ , where r, [5 marks]
θ ∈ R
+
.
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Markscheme
24
(r (cos θ + i sin θ)) = 1 (cos 0 + i sin 0)
r
24
= 1 ⇒ r = 1 (A1)
πn
24θ = 2πn ⇒ θ =
12
, (n ∈ Z) (A1)
π
0 < arg (z) <
2
⇒ n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
πi 2πi 3πi 4πi 5πi
z = e
12
or e 12
or e 12
or e 12
or e 12
A2
Note: Award A1 if additional roots are given or if three correct roots are given with no incorrect (or additional) roots.
[5 marks]
1b. Let S be the sum of the roots found in part (a). [4 marks]
Markscheme
π 2π 3π 4π 5π
Re S = cos 12 + cos
12
+ cos
12
+ cos
12
+ cos
12
π 2π 3π 4π 5π
Im S = sin 12 + sin
12
+ sin
12
+ sin
12
+ sin
12
A1
⇒ Re S = Im S AG
[4 marks]
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π π π π √a+√b
1c. By writing 12
as ( 4 − ) , find the value of cos 12 in the form c
, where a, b and c are integers to be determined. [3 marks]
6
Markscheme
π π π π π π π
cos
12
= cos (
4
−
6
) = cos
4
cos
6
+ sin
4
sin
6
M1A1
√2 √3 √2 1
= +
2 2 2 2
√6+√2
=
4
A1
[3 marks]
1
1d. Hence, or otherwise, show that S = 2
(1 + √2) (1 + √3) (1 + i) . [4 marks]
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Markscheme
5π π π π π π π
cos
12
= cos (
6
+
4
) = cos
6
cos
4
− sin
6
sin
4
(M1)
5π π π π
Note: Allow alternative methods eg cos 12 = sin
12
= sin (
4
−
6
) .
√3 √2 1 √2 √6−√2
=
2 2
−
2 2
=
4
(A1)
π 2π 3π 4π 5π
Re S = cos 12 + cos
12
+ cos
12
+ cos
12
+ cos
12
√2+√6 √3 √2 1 √6−√2
Re S = 4
+
2
+
2
+
2
+
4
A1
1
=
2
(√6 + 1 + √2 + √3) A1
1
= (1 + √2) (1 + √3)
2
[4 marks]
π π
2a. Consider w = 2 (cos
3
+ i sin
3
) [3 marks]
Markscheme
2π
w
2
= 4cis (
3
); w
3
= 8cis (π) (M1)A1A1
Note: M1 can be awarded for either both correct moduli or both correct arguments.
Note: Allow multiplication of correct Cartesian form for M1, final answers must be in modulus-argument form.
[3 marks]
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2b. Sketch on an Argand diagram the points represented by w0 , w1 , w2 and w3. [2 marks]
Markscheme
A1A1
[2 marks]
21√3
Show that the area of the quadrilateral Q is 2
.
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Markscheme
1
use of area = 2
ab sin C M1
1 π 1 π 1 π
2
× 1 × 2 × sin
3
+
2
× 2 × 4 × sin
3
+
2
× 4 × 8 × sin
3
A1A1
π
Note: Award A1 for C =
3
, A1 for correct moduli.
21√3
=
2
AG
Note: Other methods of splitting the area may receive full marks.
[3 marks]
π π
2d. Let z . The points represented on an Argand diagram by z 0 , form the vertices [6 marks]
+ 1 2 n
= 2 (cos n
+ i sin n
), n ∈ Z z , z , … , z
of a polygon Pn .
π
Show that the area of the polygon Pn can be expressed in the form a (bn − 1) sin n
, where a, b ∈ R .
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Markscheme
1 π 1 π 1 π 1 π
2
× 2
0
× 2
1
× sin
n
+
2
× 2
1
× 2
2
× sin
n
+
2
× 2
2
× 2
3
× sin
n
+ … +
2
× 2
n−1
× 2
n
× sin
n
M1A1
Note: Award M1 for powers of 2, A1 for any correct expression including both the first and last term.
π 0 2 4 n−2
= sin n
× (2 + 2 + 2 + … + 2 )
[6 marks]
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3. Determine the roots of the equation (z + 2i)3 ,
= 216i z ∈ C , giving the answers in the form z = a√3 + bi where a, b ∈ Z . [7 marks]
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Markscheme
METHOD 1
π π
216i = 216 (cos
2
+ i sin
2
) A1
1
π π 3
z + 2i = √216(cos(
3
2
+ 2πk) = i sin(
2
+ 2πk)) (M1)
π 2πk π 2πk
z + 2i = 6 (cos(
6
+
3
) + i sin(
6
+
3
)) A1
π π √3
i
z1 + 2i = 6 (cos + i sin ) = 6( + ) = 3√3 + 3i
6 6 2 2
5π 5π −√ 3 i
z2 + 2i = 6 (cos + i sin ) = 6( + ) = −3√3 + 3i
6 6 2 2
3π 3π
z3 + 2i = 6 (cos
2
+ i sin
2
) = −6i A2
METHOD 2
3
3 2
3 2
2 3
(a√3) − 3 (a√3) (b + 2) + i (3(a√3) (b + 2) − (b + 2) ) = 216i
3 2
(a√3) − 3 (a√3) (b + 2)
2
= 0 and 3(a√3) (b + 2) − (b + 2)
3
= 216 M1A1
2
a (a
2
− (b + 2) ) = 0 and 9a2 (b + 2) − (b + 2)3 = 216
a = 0 or a2 = (b + 2)
2
if a = 0, − (b + 2)
3
= 216 ⇒ b + 2 = −6
∴ b = −8 A1
if a2 2
= (b + 2) , 9(b + 2) (b + 2) − (b + 2)
2 3
= 216
3
8(b + 2) = 216
3
(b + 2) = 27
b + 2 = 3
b = 1
2
∴ a = 9 ⇒ a = ±3
METHOD 3
3 3
(z + 2i) − (−6i) = 0
attempt to factorise: M1
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((z + 2i) − (−6i)) ((z + 2i)
2
+ (z + 2i)(−6i) + (−6i) ) = 0
2 IB Questionbank
A1
(z + 8i)(z
2
− 2iz − 28) = 0 A1
z + 8i = 0 ⇒ z = −8i A1
2i±√−4−(4×1×−28)
z
2
− 2iz − 28 = 0 ⇒ z =
2
M1
2i±√108
z =
2
2i±6√3
z =
2
z = i ± 3√ 3 A1A1
Special Case:
Note: If a candidate recognises that √216i (anywhere seen), and makes no valid progress in finding three roots, award A1
3
= −6i
only.
[7 marks]
z1
4a. Consider the complex numbers z1 = 1 + √3i, z2 = 1 + i and w = z2
. [3 marks]
Markscheme
π π
z1 = 2cis (
3
) and z2 = √2cis (
4
) A1A1
Note: Award A1A0 for correct moduli and arguments found, but not written in mod-arg form.
|w| = √2 A1
[3 marks]
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4b. By expressing z1 and z2 in modulus-argument form write down the argument of w. [1 mark]
Markscheme
π π
z1 = 2cis (
3
) and z2 = √2cis (
4
) A1A1
Note: Award A1A0 for correct moduli and arguments found, but not written in mod-arg form.
π
arg w =
12
A1
[1 mark]
4c. Find the smallest positive integer value of n, such that wn is a real number. [2 marks]
Markscheme
EITHER
πn
sin(
12
) = 0 (M1)
OR
n
arg(w ) = π (M1)
nπ
= π
12
THEN
∴ n = 12 A1
[2 marks]
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Markscheme
∘ ∘
2 sin(x + 60 ) = cos(x + 30 )
2(sin x cos 60
∘ ∘
+ cos x sin 60 ) = cos x cos 30
∘
− sin x sin 30
∘
(M1)(A1)
√3 √3
1 1
2 sin x ×
2
+ 2 cos x ×
2
= cos x ×
2
− sin x ×
2
A1
3 √3
⇒ sin x = − cos x
2 2
1
⇒ tan x = − M1
√3
A1
∘
⇒ x = 150
[5 marks]
1
5b. Show that sin 105 . [3 marks]
∘ ∘
+ cos 105 =
√2
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Markscheme
EITHER
sin 105
∘
= sin 60
∘
cos 45
∘
+ cos 60
∘
sin 45
∘
and
(A1)
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
cos 105 = cos 60 cos 45 − sin 60 sin 45
√3 √3
1 1 1 1 1 1
A1
∘ ∘
sin 105 + cos 105 = × + × + × − ×
2 √2 2 √2 2 √2 2 √2
1
= AG
√2
OR
A1
∘ ∘ 2 ∘
(sin 105 + cos 105 ) = 1 + sin 210
1
=
2
A1
1
AG
∘ ∘
sin 105 + cos 105 =
√2
[3 marks]
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5c. Let z = 1 − cos 2θ − i sin 2θ, z ∈ C, 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π . [9 marks]
Find the modulus and argument of z in terms of θ. Express each answer in its simplest form.
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Markscheme
EITHER
2 2
|z| = √(1 − cos 2θ) + (sin 2θ) M1
A1
2 2
|z| = √1 − 2 cos 2θ + cos 2θ + sin 2θ
2
= √2(2sin θ)
= 2 sin θ A1
let arg(z) = α
sin 2θ
tan α = − M1
1−cos 2θ
−2 sin θ cos θ
= 2
(A1)
2sin θ
= − cot θ A1
π
arg(z) = α = − arctan(tan(
2
− θ)) A1
π
= θ −
2
A1
OR
M1A1
2
= 2sin θ − 2i sin θ cos θ
|z| = 2 sin θ A1
π
arg(z) = θ −
2
A1
[9 marks]
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5d. Hence find the cube roots of z in modulus-argument form. [5 marks]
Markscheme
attempt to apply De Moivre’s theorem M1
π π
1 1 1 θ− +2nπ θ− +2nπ
A1A1A1
2 2
(1 − cos 2θ − i sin 2θ) 3 = 2 3 (sin θ) 3 [cos( ) + i sin( )]
3 3
Hence cube roots are the above expression when n = −1, 0, 1 . Equivalent forms are acceptable. A1
[5 marks]
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6a. Let ω be one of the non-real solutions of the equation z 3 = 1 . [4 marks]
(i) 1 + ω + ω
2
;
(ii) 1 + ω* + (ω*)
2
.
Markscheme
(i) METHOD 1
3
1−ω
1 + ω + ω
2
=
1−ω
= 0 A1
as ω ≠ 1 R1
METHOD 2
−1±√3i
solutions of 1 − ω3 = 0 are ω = 1, ω =
2
A1
(ii) 1 + ω* + (ω*)
2
= 0 A2
[4 marks]
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6b. Show that (ω − 3ω2 )(ω2 − 3ω) = 13 . [4 marks]
Markscheme
(ω − 3ω )(ω
2 2
− 3ω) = −3ω
4
+ 10ω
3
− 3ω
2
M1A1
EITHER
= −3ω (ω
2 2
+ ω + 1) + 13ω
3
M1
= −3ω
2
× 0 + 13 × 1 A1
OR
= −3ω + 10 − 3ω
2
= −3(ω
2
+ ω + 1) + 13 M1
= −3 × 0 + 13 A1
OR
−1±√3i
substitution by ω =
2
in any form M1
THEN
= 13 AG
[4 marks]
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6c. Consider the complex numbers p = 1 − 3i and q = x + (2x + 1)i , where x ∈ R . [5 marks]
Markscheme
2
(M1)(A1)
2 2
|p| = |q| ⇒ √1 + 3 = √x + (2x + 1)
2
5x
2
+ 4x − 9 = 0 A1
[5 marks]
2
6d. Solve the inequality Re(pq) + 8 < (Im(pq)) . [6 marks]
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Markscheme
pq = (1 − 3i) (x + (2x + 1)i) = (7x + 3) + (1 − x)i M1A1
2
Re(pq) + 8 < (Im(pq)) ⇒ (7x + 3) + 8 < (1 − x)
2
M1
⇒ x
2
− 9x − 10 > 0 A1
[6 marks]
3
π π
7a. Use de Moivre’s theorem to find the value of (cos( 3 ) + i sin( 3 )) . [2 marks]
Markscheme
3
π π
(cos(
3
) + i sin(
3
)) = cos π + i sin π M1
= −1 A1
[2 marks]
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7b. Use mathematical induction to prove that [6 marks]
n +
(cos θ − i sin θ) = cos nθ − i sin nθ for n ∈ Z .
Markscheme
show the expression is true for n = 1 R1
therefore if true for n true for n , true for n , so true for all n(∈ R1
+
= k = k + 1 = 1 Z )
Note: To award the final R mark the first 4 marks must be awarded.
[6 marks]
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7c. Let z = cos θ + i sin θ . [2 marks]
Markscheme
n n n n
(z) + (z*) = (cos θ + i sin θ) + (cos θ − i sin θ)
[2 marks]
(ii) Write down the binomial expansion of (z + z*)3 in terms of z and z*.
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Markscheme
(i) zz∗ = (cos θ + i sin θ)(cos θ − i sin θ)
A1
2 2
= cos θ + sin θ
= 1 AG
(iii) (z + z*)
3
= (2 cos θ)
3
A1
z
3
+ 3z + 3z* + (z*)
3
= 2 cos 3θ + 6 cos θ M1A1
[5 marks]
Markscheme
3 2
4cos θ − 2cos θ − 3 cos θ + 1 = 0
3 2
4cos θ − 3 cos θ = 2cos θ − 1
θ = 0 A1
or 3θ = 2π − 2θ (or 3θ = 4π − 2θ) M1
2π 4π
θ = , A1A1
5 5
Note: Do not accept solutions via factor theorem or other methods that do not follow “hence”.
[6 marks]
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2π 2π
8a. Let w = cos
7
+ i sin
7
. [3 marks]
Markscheme
EITHER
7
2π 2π
w
7
= (cos
7
+ i sin
7
) (M1)
= cos 2π + i sin 2π A1
= 1 A1
so w is a root AG
OR
z
7
= 1 = cos(2πk) + i sin(2πk) (M1)
2πk 2π
z = cos(
7
) + i sin(
7
) A1
2π 2π
k = 1 ⇒ z = cos( ) + i sin( ) A1
7 7
so w is a root AG
[3 marks]
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8b. (i) Expand (w − 1)(1 + w + w2 + w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w )
6
. [3 marks]
Markscheme
(i) (w − 1)(1 + w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w )
6
= w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w
6
+ w
7
− 1 − w − w
2
− w
3
− w
4
− w
5
− w
6
M1
= w
7
− 1 (= 0) A1
(ii) w
7
− 1 = 0 and w − 1 ≠ 0 R1
so 1 + w + w2 + w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w
6
= 0 AG
[3 marks]
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8c. Write down the roots of the equation z 7 − 1 = 0, z ∈ C in terms of w and plot these roots on an Argand diagram. [3 marks]
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Markscheme
the roots are 1, w, w2 , w3 , w4 , w5 and w6
approximately correct angular positions for 1, w, w2 , w3 , w4 , w5 and w6 A1
Note: Condone use of cis notation for the final two A marks.
Note: For the final A mark there should be one root in the first quadrant, two in the second, two in the third, one in the fourth, and one
on the real axis.
[3 marks]
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8d. Consider the quadratic equation z 2 + bz + c = 0 where b, c ∈ R, z ∈ C . The roots of this equation are α and α∗ where α∗ is [10 marks]
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Markscheme
(i) α∗ = (w + w
2
+ w )∗
4
= w ∗ +(w ) ∗ +(w )∗
2 4
A1
since = 6
w∗ = w , (w )∗ = w
2 5
and (w4 )∗ = w
3
R1
⇒ α∗ = w
6
+ w
5
+ w
3
AG
b = −(w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w )
6
(A1)
= −(−1)
= 1 A1
EITHER
= w
10
+ w
9
+ w
8
+ 3w
7
+ w
6
+ w
5
+ w
4
A1
= (w
6
+ w
5
+ w
4
+ w
3
+ w
2
+ w) + 3 M1
= 3 − 1 (A1)
OR
= w
10
+ w
9
+ w
8
+ 3w
7
+ w
6
+ w
5
+ w
4 4
(= w (1 + w + w )(w
3 3
+ w
2
+ 1)) A1
= w (w
4 6
+ w
5
+ w
4
+ w
2
+ w + 1 + 3w )
3
M1
4 6 5 4 3 2 3
= w (w + w + w + w + w + w + 1 + 2w )
4
= w (2w )
3
(A1)
THEN
= 2 A1
[10 marks]
8e. Using the values for b and c obtained in part (d)(ii), find the imaginary part of α, giving your answer in surd form. [4 marks]
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Markscheme
−1±i√7
z
2
+ z + 2 = 0 ⇒ z =
2
M1A1
Im(w + w
2 4
+ w ) > 0 R1
√7
Im α =
2
A1
[4 marks]
9a. Solve the equation z 3 = 8i, z ∈ C giving your answers in the form z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) and in the form z = a + bi where [6 marks]
a, b ∈ R .
Markscheme
Note: Accept answers and working in degrees, throughout.
π π
z
3
= 8 (cos(
2
+ 2πk) + i sin(
2
+ 2πk)) (A1)
9π 9π
2 (cos(
6
) + i sin(
6
)) A2
z = ±√3 + i, − 2i A2
Note: Award A1 for two correct solutions in each of the two lines above.
[6 marks]
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5/27/2019 π IB Questionbank
π
9b. Consider the complex numbers z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 2 (cos(
2
) + i sin(
6
)) . [11 marks]
(iv) Find the smallest value p > 0 such that (z2 )p is a positive real number.
Markscheme
Note: Accept answers and working in degrees, throughout.
π π
(i) z1 = √2 (cos(
4
) + i sin(
4
)) A1A1
z1 z2 = (1 + i) (√3 + i) M1
= (√3 − 1) + i (1 + √3) A1
π π π π
(iii) z1 z2 = 2√2 (cos(
6
+
4
) + i sin(
6
+
4
)) M1A1
5π √3+1
tan
12
= A1
√3−1
= 2 + √3 M1A1
pπ
(iv) (M1)
p p
z2 = 2 (cis ( ))
6
z2
p
is a positive real number when p = 12 A1
[11 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
10a. Find three distinct roots of the equation 8z 3 + 27 = 0, z ∈ C giving your answers in modulus-argument form. [6 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
METHOD 1
27 27
z
3
= −
8
=
8
(cos π + i sin π) M1(A1)
27
=
8
(cos(π + 2nπ) + i sin(π + 2nπ)) (A1)
3 π+2nπ π+2nπ
z =
2
(cos( ) + i sin( )) M1
3 3
3 π π
z1 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) ,
3
z2 =
2
(cos π + i sin π) ,
3 5π 5π
z3 =
2
(cos + i sin ) . A2
3 3
π
Note: Accept − as the argument for z3 .
3
METHOD 2
3
8z + 27 = 0
3
⇒ z = −
2
so (2z + 3) is a factor
⇒ 4z
2
− 6z + 9 = 0 A1
3 π π
z1 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) ,
3
z2 =
2
(cos π + i sin π) ,
3 5π 5π
z3 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) . A2
π
Note: Accept − 3 as the argument for z3 .
METHOD 3
3
8z + 27 = 0
Substitute z = x + iy M1
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5/27/2019
8(x
3 2
+ 3ix y − 3xy
2 3
− iy ) + 27 = 0 IB Questionbank
⇒ 8x
3
− 24xy
2
+ 27 = 0 and 24x2 y − 8y 3 = 0 A1
y = 0, y = x√3, y = −x√3
3 3 3√ 3
⇒ (x = −
2
, y = 0) , x =
4
, y = ±
4
A1
3 π π
z1 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) ,
3
z2 =
2
(cos π + i sin π) ,
3 5π 5π
z3 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) . A2
π
Note: Accept − 3 as the argument for z3 .
[6 marks]
10b. The roots are represented by the vertices of a triangle in an Argand diagram. [3 marks]
27√3
Show that the area of the triangle is .
16
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
EITHER
1
Valid attempt to use area = 3(
2
ab sin C) M1
√3
1 3 3
= 3 ×
2
×
2
×
2
×
2
A1A1
OR
1
Valid attempt to use area =
2
base × height M1
1 3 3 6√ 3
area =
2
× (
4
+
2
) ×
4
A1A1
THEN
27√3
=
16
AG
[3 marks]
Total [9 marks]
11a. (i) Use the binomial theorem to expand (cos θ + i sin θ)5 . [6 marks]
(iii) State a similar expression for cos 5θ in terms of cos θ and sin θ.
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(i) (cos θ + i sin θ)
5
5 4 2 3 2
= cos θ + 5icos θ sin θ + 10i cos θsin θ+
3 2
10i cos θsin θ + 5i
3 4 4
cos θsin θ + i sin θ
5 5
A1A1
5 4 3 2
(= cos θ + 5icos θ sin θ − 10cos θsin θ−
2 3 4 5
10icos θsin θ + 5 cos θsin θ + isin θ)
(ii) (cisθ)
5
= cis5θ = cos 5θ + i sin 5θ M1
5 4 3 2 2 3
= cos θ + 5icos θ sin θ − 10cos θsin θ − 10icos θsin θ+
A1
4 5
5 cos θsin θ + isin θ
AG
4 2 3 5
sin 5θ = 5cos θ sin θ − 10cos θsin θ + sin θ
A1
5 3 2 4
cos 5θ = cos θ − 10cos θsin θ + 5 cos θsin θ
[6 marks]
11b. Let z = r(cos α + i sin α) , where α is measured in degrees, be the solution of z 5 − 1 = 0 which has the smallest positive [4 marks]
argument.
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(rcisα)
5 5
= 1 ⇒ r cis5α = 1cis0 M1
r
5
= 1 ⇒ r = 1 A1
A1
∘
α = 72
[4 marks]
11c. Using (a) (ii) and your answer from (b) show that 16sin . [4 marks]
4 2
α − 20sin α + 5 = 0
Markscheme
use of sin(5 × 72) = 0 OR the imaginary part of 1 is 0 (M1)
A1
4 2 3 5
0 = 5cos α sin α − 10cos αsin α + sin α
A1
2 4 2 4 4
0 = 5(1 − 2sin α + sin α) − 10sin α + 10sin α + sin α
so 16sin AG
4 2
α − 20sin α + 5 = 0
[4 marks]
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5/27/2019 √a+b√c
IB Questionbank
11d. Hence express sin 72∘ in the form where a, b, c, d ∈ Z . [5 marks]
d
Markscheme
20±√400−320
M1A1
2
sin α =
32
20±√80
sin α = ±√
32
±√10±2√5
sin α =
4
A1
Note: Award A1 regardless of signs. Accept equivalent forms with integral denominator, simplification may be seen later.
√3
as 72 ,
> 60 sin 72 >
2
= 0.866 … we have to take both positive signs (or equivalent argument) R1
√10+2√5
sin 72 =
4
A1
[5 marks]
2 cos nθ
12a. (i) Show that (1 + i tan θ)n + (1 − i tan θ)
n
= n
cos θ
, cos θ ≠ 0 . [10 marks]
3π
(ii) Hence verify that i tan 8
is a root of the equation (1 + z)4 + (1 − z)
4
= 0, z ∈ C .
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(i) METHOD 1
n n
sin θ sin θ
(1 + i tan θ)
n
+ (1 − i tan θ)
n
= (1 + i
cos θ
) + (1 − i
cos θ
) M1
n n
cos θ+i sin θ cos θ−i sin θ
= ( ) + ( ) A1
cos θ cos θ
recognition that cos θ − i sin θ is the complex conjugate of cos θ + i sin θ (R1)
use of the fact that the operation of complex conjugation commutes with the operation of raising to an integer power:
n
cos θ−i sin θ cos nθ−i sin nθ
(
cos θ
) = n
cos θ
A1
2 cos nθ
(1 + i tan θ)
n
+ (1 − i tan θ)
n
=
cos θ
n
AG
METHOD 2
n
(1 + i tan θ)
n
+ (1 − i tan θ)
n
= (1 + i tan θ)
n
+ (1 + i tan(−θ)) (M1)
n n
(cos θ+i sin θ) (cos(−θ)+i sin(−θ))
= n
+ n
M1A1
cos θ cos θ
3π
4 4 2 cos(4× )
3π 3π 8
(ii) (1 + i tan
8
) + (1 − i tan
8
) = 3π
(A1)
4
cos
8
3π
2 cos
A1
2
= 3π
4
cos
8
3π
= 0 as cos
2
= 0 R1
Note: The above working could involve theta and the solution of cos(4θ) = 0 .
3π
so i tan is a root of the equation AG
8
3π π π
(iii) either −i tan or − i tan or i tan A1
8 8 8
5π 7π
Note: Accept i tan 8
or i tan
8
.
[10 marks]
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5/27/2019 2 tan θ IB Questionbank
π
12b. (i) Use the double angle identity tan 2θ = 2
to show that tan 8
√= 2 − 1 . [13 marks]
1−tan θ
2
cos x
dx .
Markscheme
π
2 tan
π
(i) (M1)
8
tan = 2 π
4
1−tan
8
π π
tan
2
8
+ 2 tan
8
− 1 = 0 A1
π
let t = tan
8
t = −1 ± √2 A1
π
8
is a first quadrant angle and tan is positive in this quadrant, so
π
tan
8
> 0 R1
π
tan
8
= √2 − 1 AG
= 2 (4cos x − 4cos x + 1) − 1
4 2
A1
= 8cos x − 8cos x + 1
4 2
AG
π π
4 2
2 cos 4x 8cos x−8cos x+1
(iii) ∫
0
8
2
dx = 2 ∫
0
8
2
dx
cos x cos x
= 2∫
0
8 2
8cos x − 8 + sec xdx
2
M1
1
use of cos2 x =
2
(cos 2x + 1) M1
π
= 2∫
0
8
4 cos 2x − 4 + sec xdx
2
A1
π
= [4 sin 2x − 8x + 2 tan x]
8
0
A1
= 4√ 2 − π − 2 (or equivalent) A1
[13 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
z
n
+ z
−n
= cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos(−nθ) + i sin(−nθ) M1
= 2 cos nθ AG
[2 marks]
4
13b. Expand (z + z −1 ) . [1 mark]
Markscheme
4 1 1 1 1
(b) (z + z
−1
) = z
4
+ 4z
3
(
z
) + 6z
2
( 2
) + 4z ( 3
) + 4
A1
z z z
4
Note: Accept (z + z −1 ) = 16cos θ
4
.
[1 mark]
13c. Hence show that cos4 θ = p cos 4θ + q cos 2θ + r , where p, q and r are constants to be determined. [4 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
METHOD 1
4 1 1
(z + z
−1
) = (z
4
+ 4
) + 4 (z
2
+ 2
) + 6 M1
z z
(2 cos θ)
4
= 2 cos 4θ + 8 cos 2θ + 6 A1A1
1 1 3
4
cos θ =
8
cos 4θ +
2
cos 2θ +
8
A1
1 1 3
(or p = , q = , r = )
8 2 8
METHOD 2
2
cos 2θ+1
4
cos θ = (
2
) M1
1
=
4
2
(cos 2θ + 2 cos 2θ + 1) A1
1 cos 4θ+1
=
4
(
2
+ 2 cos 2θ + 1) A1
1 1 3
4
cos θ =
8
cos 4θ +
2
cos 2θ +
8
A1
1 1 3
(or p = , q = , r = )
8 2 8
[4 marks]
1 3 15 5
13d. Show that cos6 θ =
32
cos 6θ +
16
cos 4θ +
32
cos 2θ +
16
. [3 marks]
Markscheme
6 1 1 1 1 1 1
(z + z
−1
) = z
6
+ 6z
5
(
z
) + 15z
4
( 2
) + 20z
3
( 3
) + 15z
2
( 4
) + 6z ( 5
) + 6
M1
z z z z z
6 1 1 1
−1 6 4 2
(z + z ) = (z + 6
) + 6 (z + 4
) + 15 (z + 2
) + 20
z z z
(2 cos θ)
6
= 2 cos 6θ + 12 cos 4θ + 30 cos 2θ + 20 A1A1
1 3 15 5
6
cos θ =
32
cos 6θ +
16
cos 4θ +
32
cos 2θ +
16
AG
[3 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
π π
1 3 15 5
2 6 2
∫ cos θdθ = ∫ ( cos 6θ + cos 4θ + cos 2θ + ) dθ
0 0 32 16 32 16
1 3 15 5 2
= [
192
sin 6θ +
64
sin 4θ +
64
sin 2θ +
16
θ] M1A1
0
5π
= A1
32
[3 marks]
S is rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis. Find the value of the volume generated.
Markscheme
π
V = π∫
0
2 2
sin xcos xdx
4
M1
π π
= π∫
0
2 4
cos xdx − π ∫
0
2 6
cos xdx M1
π
3π
∫
0
2
cos xdx =
4
16
A1
2 2 2
3π 5π π
V =
16
−
32
=
32
A1
Note: Follow through from an incorrect r in (c) provided the final answer is positive.
2k
13g. (i) Write down an expression for the constant term in the expansion of (z + z −1 ) , k ∈ Z
+
. [3 marks]
π
Markscheme
2k (2k)! (2k)!
(i) constant term = ( A1
2k
) = = 2
(accept C )
k!k! k
(k!)
k
π
(2k)!π π
(ii) 2
2k
∫
0
2
cos
2k
θdθ = 2
2
A1
(k!)
2k
( )π
π ⎛ ⎞
(2k)!π k
∫
0
2
cos
2k
θdθ = 2k+1 2 ⎜or 2k+1 ⎟ A1
2 (k!) 2
⎝ ⎠
[3 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
modulus = √8 A1
π
argument = 4
(accept 45°) A1
[2 marks]
5π 5π
14b. Given z = cos(
6
) + i sin(
6
) , find in its simplest form w4 z 6 . [4 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
w z
4 6
− 64e
πi
× e
5πi
(A1)(A1)
= 64e
6πi
(M1)
= 64 A1
METHOD 2
w
4
= −64 (M1)(A1)
z
6
= −1 (A1)
w z
4 6
= 64 A1
[4 marks]
15a. (i) Express each of the complex numbers z1 = √3 + i, z2 = −√3 + i and z3 = −2i in modulus-argument form. [9 marks]
(ii) Hence show that the points in the complex plane representing z1 , z2 and z3 form the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
π 5π π 3π
(i) z1 = 2cis (
6
) , z2 = 2cis (
6
) , z3 = 2cis (−
2
) or 2cis (
2
) A1A1A1
Note: Accept modulus and argument given separately, or the use of exponential (Euler) form.
Note: Accept arguments given in rational degrees, except where exponential form is used.
nπ 5nπ
(iii) M1
3n 3n 3n 3n
z + z = 2 cis ( ) + 2 cis ( )
1 2 2 2
nπ
= 2 × 2
3n
cis (
2
) A1
9nπ nπ
2z
3n
3
= 2 × 2
3n
cis (
2
) = 2 × 2
3n
cis (
2
) A1AG
[9 marks]
15b. (i) State the solutions of the equation z 7 = 1 for z ∈ C , giving them in modulus-argument form. [9 marks]
(ii) If w is the solution to z 7 = 1 with least positive argument, determine the argument of 1 + w. Express your answer in terms of π.
2π
(iii) Show that z 2 − 2z cos( ) + 1 is a factor of the polynomial z 7 − 1 . State the two other quadratic factors with real coefficients.
7
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(i) attempt to obtain seven solutions in modulus argument form M1
2kπ
z = cis (
7
) , k = 0, 1 … 6 A1
2π
(ii) w has argument 7
and 1 + w has argument ϕ,
2π
sin( )
7
then tan(ϕ) =
2π
M1
1+cos( )
7
π π
2 sin( ) cos( )
7 7
= A1
π
2
2cos ( )
7
π π
= tan(
7
) ⇒ ϕ =
7
A1
2π
= z
2
− 2z cos(
7
) + 1 AG
4π
other quadratic factors are z 2 − 2z cos(
7
) + 1 A1
6π
and z 2 − 2z cos(
7
) + 1 A1
[9 marks]
Markscheme
3π
(i) z1 = 2√3cis
2
⇒ z1 = −2√3i A1
(z1 + z2 )
∗
= −1 + √3i A1
[3 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(i) |z2 | = 2
2π 8π 14π −4π
z = √2 cis
3
9
, √2 cis
3
9
3
, √2 cis
9
3
(= √2 cis (
9
)) A1A1
Note: Award A1 for modulus, A1 for arguments.
[6 marks]
(i) if z 2 = (1 + z2 )
2
;
1
(ii) if z = −
z2
.
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(i) METHOD 1
2
z
2
= (1 − 1 + √3i) = −3 (⇒ z = ±√3i) M1
π 3π −π
z = √3 cis
2
or z1 = √3 cis
2
(= √3 cis (
2
)) A1A1
π 3π −π
so r = √3 and θ =
2
or θ =
2
(=
2
)
METHOD 2
2
z
2
= (1 − 1 + √3i) = −3 ⇒ z
2
= 3cis ((2n + 1)π) M1
r
2
= 3 ⇒ r = √3 A1
π 3π
2θ = (2n + 1)π ⇒ θ =
2
or θ =
2
(as 0 ⩽ θ < 2π) A1
(ii) METHOD 1
1 cisπ
z = − 2π
⇒ z = 2π
M1
2cis 2cis
3 3
1 π
⇒ z = cis
2 3
1 π
so r =
2
and θ =
3
A1A1
METHOD 2
1 −1−√3i
z1 = − ⇒ z1 = − M1
−1+√3i
(−1+√3i)(−1−√3i)
1+√3i 1 π
z = ⇒ z = cis
4 2 3
1 π
so r =
2
and θ =
3
A1A1
[6 marks]
n
z1
16d. Find the smallest positive value of n for which ( z . [4 marks]
+
) ∈ R
2
Markscheme
z1 5π
z2
= √3 cis
6
(A1)
n
z1 n
5nπ
(
z2
) = √3 cis
6
A1
obtain n = 12 A1
[4 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
17a. Given that (x + iy)2 = −5 + 12i, x, y ∈ R . Show that [2 marks]
(i) x
2
− y
2
= −5 ;
(ii) xy = 6 .
Markscheme
(i) (x + iy)
2
= −5 + 12i
x
2
+ 2ixy + i y
2 2
= −5 + 12i A1
x
2
− y
2
= −5 AG
xy = 6 AG
[2 marks]
Markscheme
substituting M1
EITHER
2 36
x − 2
= −5
x
x
4
+ 5x
2
− 36 = 0 A1
x
2
= 4, −9 A1
x = ±2 and y = ±3 (A1)
OR
36 2
2
− y = −5
y
y
4
− 5y
2
− 36 = 0 A1
y
2
= 9, −4 A1
y
2
= ±3 and x = ±2 (A1)
THEN
[5 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
EITHER
consider z = x + iy
∗
z = x − iy
(z )
∗ 2
= x
2
− y
2
− 2ixy A1
(z ) = x
2 2
− y
2
+ 2ixy A1
(z )
2 ∗
= x
2
− y
2
− 2ixy A1
(z )
∗ 2
= (z )
2 ∗
AG
OR
∗ −iθ
z = re
(z )
∗ 2
= r e
2 −2iθ
A1
z
2
= r e
2 2iθ
A1
(z )
2 ∗
= r e
2 −2iθ
A1
(z )
∗ 2
= (z )
2 ∗
AG
[3 marks]
17d. Hence write down the two square roots of −5 − 12i . [2 marks]
Markscheme
(2 − 3i) and (−2 + 3i) A1A1
[2 marks]
Explain why, of the four roots of the equation f (x) = 0 , two are real and two are complex.
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
the graph crosses the x-axis twice, indicating two real roots R1
since the quartic equation has four roots and only two are real, the other two roots must be complex R1
[2 marks]
17f. The curve passes through the point (−1, −18) . Find f (x) in the form [5 marks]
Markscheme
f (x) = (x + 4)(x − 2)(x
2
+ cx + d) A1A1
f (0) = −32 ⇒ d = 4 A1
−18 = 3 × (−3)(5 − c) M1
c = 3 A1
[5 marks]
17g. Find the two complex roots of the equation f (x) = 0 in Cartesian form. [2 marks]
Markscheme
−3±√9−16
x =
2
(M1)
3 √7
⇒ x = −
2
± i
2
A1
[2 marks]
17h. Draw the four roots on the complex plane (the Argand diagram). [2 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
A1A1
Award A1 for two real roots and A1 for two complex roots.
[2 marks]
17i. Express each of the four roots of the equation in the form reiθ . [6 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
real roots are 4eiπ and 2ei0 A1A1
√7
3
considering − 2 ± i
2
9 7
r = √
4
+
4
= 2 A1
√7
finding θ using arctan( 3
) M1
√7 √7
θ = arctan(
3
) + π or θ = arctan(−
3
) + π A1
√7 −√7
i(arctan( )+π) i(arctan( )+π)
⇒ z = 2e
3
or ⇒ z = 2e
3
A1
[6 marks]
18. Find the cube roots of i in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ R . [6 marks]
Markscheme
π π
i = cos
2
+ i sin
2
(A1)
1
1
π π 3 π π √3
1
z1 = i 3 = (cos
2
+ i sin
2
) = cos
6
+ i sin
6
(=
2
+
2
i) M1A1
5π 5π √3
1
z2 = cos
6
+ i sin
6
(= −
2
+
2
i) (M1)A1
π π
z3 = cos(−
2
) + i sin(−
2
) = −i A1
Note: Accept exponential and cis forms for intermediate results, but not the final roots.
Note: Accept the method based on expanding (a + b)3 . M1 for attempt, M1 for equating real and imaginary parts, A1 for finding a = 0
1
and b =
2
, then A1A1A1 for the roots.
[6 marks]
3
19a. Write down the expansion of (cos θ + i sin θ) in the form a + ib , where a and b are in terms of sin θ and cos θ . [2 marks]
Markscheme
3 2 3
(cos θ + i sin θ)
3 2
= cos θ + 3cos θ (i sin θ) + 3 cos θ(i sin θ) + (i sin θ) (M1)
3
= cos θ − 3 cos θsin θ + i (3cos θ sin θ − sin θ)
2 2 3
A1
[2 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
from De Moivre’s theorem
3
(cos θ + i sin θ) = cos 3θ + i sin 3θ (M1)
3 2 2 3
cos 3θ + i sin 3θ = (cos θ − 3 cos θsin θ) + i (3cos θ sin θ − sin θ)
3
= cos θ − 3 cos θ (1 − cos θ)
2
A1
3 3
= cos θ − 3 cos θ + 3cos θ
3
= 4cos θ − 3 cos θ AG
[3 marks]
Markscheme
5
(cos θ + i sin θ) =
2 3 4 5
5 4
cos θ + 5cos θ (i sin θ) + 10cos θ(i sin θ)
3 2
+ 10cos θ(i sin θ) + 5 cos θ(i sin θ) + (i sin θ) (A1)
M1
5 3 2 4
cos 5θ = cos θ − 10cos θsin θ + 5 cos θsin θ
2
5 3 2
= cos θ − 10cos θ (1 − cos θ) + 5 cos θ(1 − cos θ)
2
A1
5 3 5 3 5
= cos θ − 10cos θ + 10cos θ + 5 cos θ − 10cos θ + 5cos θ
5
∴ cos 5θ = 16cos θ − 20cos θ + 5 cos θ
3
AG
Note: If compound angles used in (b) and (c), then marks can be allocated in (c) only.
[3 marks]
π π
19d. Hence solve the equation cos 5θ + cos 3θ + cos θ = 0 , where θ ∈ [−
2
,
2
] . [6 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
cos 5θ + cos 3θ + cos θ
5 3
= (16cos θ − 20cos θ + 5 cos θ) + (4cos θ − 3 cos θ) + cos θ = 0
3
M1
5
16cos θ − 16cos θ + 3 cos θ = 0
3
A1
4 2
cos θ (16cos θ − 16cos θ + 3) = 0
2
cos θ (4cos θ − 3) (4cos θ − 1) = 0
2
A1
√3
1
∴ cos θ = 0 ± ; 2
;±2 A1
π π π
∴ θ = ±
6
;±3;±2 A2
[6 marks]
5+√5
19e. By considering the solutions of the equation cos 5θ [8 marks]
π 7π
= 0 , show that cos 10
= √
8
and state the value of cos 10
.
Markscheme
cos 5θ = 0
π 3π 5π 7π
5θ =. . .
2
;( 2
;
2
) ; 2
; ... (M1)
π 3π 5π 7π
θ =. . .
10
; ( 10 ; 10
) ; 10
; ... (M1)
Note: These marks can be awarded for verifications later in the question.
20±√400−4(16)(5)
2
cos θ =
32
; cos θ = 0 A1
20±√400−4(16)(5)
cos θ = ±√
32
π 20+√400−4(16)(5)
cos
10
= √
32
since max value of cosine ⇒ angle closest to zero R1
4.5+4√25−4(5) 5+√5
π
cos
10
= √
4.8
= √
8
A1
7π 5−√5
cos
10
= −√
8
A1A1
[8 marks]
20. (a) Solve the equation z 3 = −2 + 2i , giving your answers in modulus-argument form. [7 marks]
(b) Hence show that one of the solutions is 1 + i when written in Cartesian form.
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
3πi
(a) z
3
= 2√2e 4 (M1)(A1)
πi
z1 = √2e 4
A1
2πi
adding or subtracting 3
M1
πi 2πi 11πi
z2 = √2e 4
+
3
= √2e 12
A1
πi 2πi 5πi
−
z3 = √2e 4 3
= √2e
−
12
A1
19πi
πi
1 i
(b) √2e 4
(= √2 ( + )) A1
√2 √2
=1+i AG
[7 marks]
1
(i) Express z
in the form u + iv .
1
(ii) If z + z
= k ,k ∈ R , show that either y = 0 or x2 + y
2
= 1 .
Markscheme
1 1 x−iy y
x
(i) z
=
x+iy
×
x−iy
= 2
x +y
2
− i 2
x +y
2
(M1)A1
1 x y
(ii) z +
z
= x + 2
x +y
2
+ i (y − 2
x +y
2
) = k (A1)
y
for k to be real, y − 2
x +y
2
= 0 ⇒ y(x
2
+ y
2
− 1) = 0 M1A1
hence, y = 0 or x
2
+ y
2
− 1 = 0 ⇒ x
2
+ y
2
= 1 AG
1
(iii) when x2 + y
2
= 1, z +
z
= 2x (M1)A1
|x| ⩽ 1 R1
⇒ |k| ⩽ 2 AG
[8 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(i) w
−n
= cos(−nθ) + i sin(−nθ) = cos nθ − i sin nθ M1A1
⇒ w
n
+ w
−n
= (cos nθ + i sin nθ) + (cos nθ − i sin nθ) = 2 cos nθ M1AG
(ii) (rearranging)
3(w
2
+ w
−2
) − (w + w
−1
) + 2 = 0 (M1)
2
⇒ 3(2cos θ − 1) − cos θ + 1 = 0 M1
2
⇒ 6cos θ − cos θ − 2 = 0 A1
√5
2
cos θ =
3
⇒ sin θ = ±
3
A1
1 √3
cos θ = −
2
⇒ sin θ = ±
2
A1
2 i √5 1 i √3
∴ w =
3
±
3
,−
2
±
2
A1A1
[14 marks]
(f) Find ∫0 2 5
sin θdθ .
π
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(a) any appropriate form, e.g. (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ) A1
[1 mark]
(b) z
n
= cos nθ + i sin nθ A1
1
z
n = cos(−nθ) + i sin(−nθ) (M1)
= cos nθ − i sin(nθ) A1
1
therefore z n −
z
n = 2i sin(nθ) AG
[3 marks]
5 2 3 4 5
1
5 1
5 1
5 1
5 1 1
(c) (z −
z
) = z
5
+ ( )z
4
(−
z
) + (
3
) z (−
z
) + (
2
) z (−
z
) + ( ) z(−
z
) + (−
z
) (M1)(A1)
1 2 3 4
10 5 1
= z
5
− 5z
3
+ 10z − z
+ 3
− 5
A1
z z
[3 marks]
5
1 1 1 1
(d) (z −
z
) = z
5
−
z
5
− 5 (z
3
−
z
3
) + 10 (z −
z
) M1A1
(2i sin θ)
5
= 2i sin 5θ − 10i sin 3θ + 20i sin θ M1A1
5
16sin θ = sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ AG
[4 marks]
(e)
5
16sin θ = sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ
5
π
LHS = 16(sin )
4
5
√2
= 16( )
2
4
= 2√ 2 (= ) A1
√2
5π 3π π
RHS = sin( ) − 5 sin( ) + 10 sin( )
4 4 4
√2 √2 √2
= −
2
− 5(
2
) + 10 (
2
) M1A1
4
= 2√ 2 (= ) A1
√2
π
hence this is true for θ =
4
AG
[4 marks]
π π
1
(f) ∫
0
2
sin θdθ =
5
16
∫
0
2
(sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ)dθ M1
π
1 cos 5θ 5 cos 3θ 2
=
16
[−
5
+
3
− 10 cos θ] A1
0
1 1 5
=
16
[0 − (−
5
+
3
− 10)] A1
8
=
15
A1
[4 marks]
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π
5/27/2019
(g) ∫
2 5
cos θdθ =
8 IB Questionbank
, with appropriate reference to symmetry and graphs. A1R1R1
0 15
Note: Award first R1 for partially correct reasoning e.g. sketches of graphs of sin and cos.
Award second R1 for fully correct reasoning involving sin5 and cos5 .
[3 marks]
23a. (a) Use de Moivre’s theorem to find the roots of the equation z 4 = 1 − i . [12 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
1
(a) z = (1 − i) 4
⇒ r = √2 A1
π
θ = −
4
A1
1
π π 4
z = (√2 (cos(−
4
) + i sin(−
4
))) M1
π π 4
1
π nπ π nπ
= 2 8 (cos(−
16
+
2
) + i sin(−
16
+
2
)) M1
1
π π
= 2 8 (cos(− ) + i sin(− ))
16 16
Note: Award M1 above for this line if the candidate has forgotten to add 2π and no other solution given.
1
7π 7π
= 2 8 (cos( ) + i sin( ))
16 16
1
15π 15π
= 2 8 (cos( ) + i sin( ))
16 16
1
9π 9π
= 2 8 (cos(−
16
) + i sin(−
16
)) A2
[6 marks]
(b)
A2
Note: Award A1 for roots being shown equidistant from the origin and one in each quadrant.
A1 for correct angular positions. It is not necessary to see written evidence of angle, but must agree with the diagram.
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
[2 marks]
1
15π 15π
2 8 ((cos )+i sin( ))
z2 16 16
(c) z1
= 1
M1A1
7π 7π
2 8 ((cos )+i sin( ))
16 16
π π
= cos
2
+ i sin
2
(A1)
= i A1 N2
( ⇒ a = 0, b = 1)
[4 marks]
(b) Given that b is a root of the equation z 5 − 1 = 0 which does not lie on the real axis in the Argand diagram, show that
1 + b + b + b + b = 0 .
2 3 4
(c) If u = b + b
4
and v = b
2
+ b
3
show that
(i) u + v = uv = −1;
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(a) (x − 1)(x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1)
= x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x − x
4
− x
3
− x
2
− x − 1 (M1)
= x
5
− 1 A1
[2 marks]
(b) b is a root
f (b) = 0
b
5
= 1 M1
b
5
− 1 = 0 A1
4 3 2
(b − 1)(b + b + b + b + 1) = 0
b ≠ 1 R1
1 + b + b
2
+ b
3
+ b
4
= 0 as shown. AG
[3 marks]
(c) (i) u + v = b
4
+ b
3
+ b
2
+ b = −1 A1
uv = (b + b )(b
4 2
+ b ) = b
3 3
+ b
4
+ b
6
+ b
7
A1
Now b 5
= 1 (A1)
Hence uv = b
3
+ b
4
+ b + b
2
= −1 A1
Hence u + v = uv = −1 AG
(ii) (u − v)
2
= (u
2
+ v ) − 2uv
2
(M1)
2 2
= ((u + v) − 2uv) − 2uv (= (u + v) − 4uv) (M1)A1
Given u − v > 0
2
u − v = √(u + v) − 4uv
2
= √(−1) − 4(−1)
= √1 + 4 A1
= √5 AG
[8 marks]
2π 2π
24. Let w = cos
5
+ i sin
5
. [12 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(a) EITHER
5
2π 2π
w
5
= (cos
5
+ i sin
5
) (M1)
= cos 2π + i sin 2π A1
= 1 A1
Hence w is a root of z 5 − 1 = 0 AG
OR
Solving z 5 = 1 (M1)
2π 2π
z = cos
5
n + i sin
5
n , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 . A1
2π 2π
n = 1 gives cos
5
+ i sin
5
which is w A1
[3 marks]
(b) (w − 1)(1 + w + w
2
+ w
3 4
+ w ) = w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
− 1 − w − w
2
− w
3
− w
4
M1
= w
5
− 1 A1
Since w 5
− 1 = 0 and w ≠ 1 , w
4
+ w
3
+ w
2
+ w + 1 = 0 . R1
[3 marks]
(c) 1 + w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
=
2 3 4
2π 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π
1 + cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ (cos
5
+ i sin
5
) + (cos
5
+ i sin
5
) + (cos
5
+ i sin
5
) (M1)
2π 2π 4π 4π 6π 6π 8π 8π
= 1 + cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
+ i sin
5
M1
2π 2π 4π 4π 4π 4π 2π 2π
= 1 + cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
− i sin
5
+ cos
5
− i sin
5
M1A1A1
Award A1 for correct cosine terms and A1 for correct sine terms.
4π 2π
= 1 + 2 cos
5
+ 2 cos
5
= 0 A1
Note: Correct methods involving equating real parts, use of conjugates or reciprocals are also accepted.
2π 4π 1
cos
5
+ cos
5
= −
2
AG
[6 marks]
25. z1 = (1 + i√3)
m
and z2 = (1 − i)
n
. [14 marks]
(a) Find the modulus and argument of z1 and z2 in terms of m and n, respectively.
(b) Hence, find the smallest positive integers m and n such that z1 = z2 .
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
Markscheme
(a) ∣1 + i√3∣ = 2 or |1 − i| = √2
∣ ∣ (A1)
π π 7π
arg(1 + i√3) =
3
or arg(1 − i) = −
4
(accept
4
) (A1)
A1
m
|z1 | = 2
n
|z2 | = √2 A1
π
arg(z1 ) = m arctan √3 = m
3
A1
−π 7π
arg(z2 ) = n arctan(−1) = n
4
(accept n
4
) A1 N2
[6 marks]
n
(b) 2
m
= √2 ⇒ n = 2m (M1)A1
π −π
m
3
= n
4
+ 2πk , where k is an integer M1A1
π π
⇒ m + n = 2πk
3 4
π π
⇒ m + 2m
4
= 2πk (M1)
3
5
mπ = 2πk
6
12
⇒ m =
5
k A1
m =12 A1
n = 24. A1 N2
[8 marks]
Markscheme
mod (z) = 2, arg(z) = 150
∘
A1A1
[2 marks]
26b. Find the cube root of z which lies in the first quadrant of the Argand diagram, giving your answer in Cartesian form. [2 marks]
Markscheme
1 1
z 3
= 2 3 (cos 50
∘ ∘
+ i sin 50 ) (M1)
= 0.810 + 0.965i A1
[2 marks]
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5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
26c. Find the smallest positive integer n for which z n is a positive real number. [2 marks]
Markscheme
we require to find a multiple of 150 that is also a multiple of 360, so by any method, M1
n = 12 A1
Note: Only award 1 mark for part (c) if n = 12 is based on arg(z) = −30 .
[2 marks]
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