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TP0000065 (E) Platinum RTDs PDF
TP0000065 (E) Platinum RTDs PDF
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 3
THE INTERNATIONAL PRACTICAL TEMPERATURE SCALE ..................................................................... 4
TEMPERATURE/RESISTANCE RELATIONSHIP ........................................................................................... 4
ALTERNATIVE DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................... 7
DETECTOR TOLERANCE & ACCURACY ...................................................................................................... 7
DETECTOR SELECTION CHART.................................................................................................................... 9
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SIZES ................................................................................................... 9
DETECTOR TECHNICAL INFORMATION..................................................................................................... 10
Temperature / Resistance Relationships ..................................................................................................... 10
Tolerance & Interchangeability..................................................................................................................... 10
Temperature Range ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Calibration .................................................................................................................................................... 10
Stability......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Self Heating.................................................................................................................................................. 10
Thermal Response Time.............................................................................................................................. 10
Vibration ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Pressure ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
DETECTORS WITH EXTENSION LEADS ..................................................................................................... 11
DETECTOR CALIBRATION FACILITIES ...................................................................................................... 11
PRECISION PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETER STANDARDS.................................................... 11
CLOSE TOLERANCE APPLICATIONS ......................................................................................................... 12
Tolerance ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Insulation Resistance ................................................................................................................................... 12
Lead Connection .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Self Heating.................................................................................................................................................. 12
Thermal EMF's ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Screening And Electrical Interference.......................................................................................................... 12
Immersion Errors And Stem Conduction ..................................................................................................... 12
DETECTOR APPLICATION INFORMATION ................................................................................................. 13
TEMPERATURE/RESISTANCE TABLE -200ºC TO 0ºC............................................................................... 14
TEMPERATURE/RESISTANCE TABLE 0ºC TO 209ºC ................................................................................ 15
TEMPERATURE/RESISTANCE TABLE 210ºC TO 419ºC ............................................................................ 16
TEMPERATURE/RESISTANCE TABLE 420ºC TO 629ºC ............................................................................ 17
INTRODUCTION
The sophistication of todays process control and monitoring equipment, for industrial and laboratory usage,
requires a temperature measurement capability having the highest repeatability and stability.
For precise temperature measurement the Platinum Resistance Thermometer offers the best overall
advantage of any device and the ceramic bodied wire-wound platinum resistance temperature detector has
the highest performance, when compared against 'film' and 'glassed' types of detectors.
Detectors manufactured by Sensing Devices Limited are of the wire.wound type, in which the platinum
winding is partially supported by a high temperature glass adhesive, inside a ceramic tube. This construction
provides a detector in which stability, repeatability and accuracy are of the highest available for most
industrial and laboratory applications.
1 - Ceramic Body
2 - Platinum Winding
3 - Platinum Leads
By concentrating on this detector type, SDL have been able to offer the largest possible selection of sizes to
suit all types of requirements. Also, the unique company organisation allows standard and special detector
designs to be delivered with an unrivalled service.
This brochure details the range of detector sizes available in three temperature/resistance characteristics.
The unit of the fundamental physical quantity known as thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, is the kelvin,
symbol K, defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
For historical reasons, related to the way temperature scales were originally defined, it is common practice to
express a temperature in terms of its difference from that of a thermal state 0.01 kelvins lower than the triple
point of water. A thermodynamic temperature, T, expressed in this way is known as a Celsius temperature,
symbol t, defined by t = T - 273.15K.
The unit of celsius temperature is the degree Celsius, symbol ºC, which by definition, is equal in magnitude
to the kelvin. A difference of temperature may be expressed in kelvins or degrees Celsius.
The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) has been constituted in such a way that
any temperature measured on it is a close approximation to the numerically corresponding thermodynamic
temperature. Moreover, such measurements are easily made and are highly reproducible; in contrast, direct
measurements of thermodynamic temperatures are both difficult to make and imprecise. The IPTS-68 uses
both International Practical Kelvin Temperatures, symbol T68, and International Practical Celsius
Temperatures, symbol t68. The relationship between T68, and t68 is the same as that between T and t, that is,
t68 = T68 - 273.15K
The units T68 and t68 are the Kelvin, symbol K, and the degree Celsius, symbol ºC; that is, the names of the
units are the same as those used for the thermodynamic temperatures T and t.
Where more detailed information abount IPTS-68 is required, it is recommended that a study be made of
'The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968'.
TEMPERATURE/RESISTANCE RELATIONSHIP
This brochure details three of the Temperature / Resistance charactersistics offered by Sensing Devices for
detector devices Pt 100: D 100: F 130.
The temperature/resistance relationship for platinum resistance thermometers can be obtained from the
Callender - van Dusen equation.
R t ' = R 0 [1 + At + Bt 2 ] …(2)
The constants A, B and C are determined by the properties of the platinum wire used in the construction and
for the detector types Pt 100, D 100 and F 130 platinum is specially selected to give nominal values of the
constants, as in Table 1. The nominal values for Alpha, Delta and Beta are also listed.
æ Delta ö
A = ç1 + ÷ o
C−1
è 100 ø
-4 -2
B = Alpha x Delta x 10 ºC
-8 -4
C = Alpha x Bêta x 10 ºC
Alpha (α) is the temperature coefficient of resistance (obtained by measurements of the detector resistance
R0 at 0ºC and R100 at 100ºC) and is defined as:
R100 − R 0
Alpha =
100 × R 0
Delta (δ) is obtained by calibration at a high temperature, for example, at the Freezing Point of Zinc
(419.58ºC).
Using Alpha, Delta and Beta the Callendar - van Dusen equation can alternatively be written:
æ é æ t öæ t ö æ t ö æ t öù ö
R = ç1 + α êt − δç ÷ç − 1÷ − βç ÷3ç − 1÷ú ÷
t ç ë è 100 øè 100 ø è 100 ø è 100 øû ÷ø
è
(β = 0 for t >, 0)
The temperature/resistance scale obtained by using the Callendar - van Dusen equation provides a
resistance value as a function of temperature t'. In order to equate this temperature to the values defined by
the International Practical Temperature Scale - 1968 (IPTS-68) a correction procedure is designated in order
that the scale conforms exactly with International Practical Celsius Temperatures, displayed as t68. For
temperatures from 0ºC to 630ºC, Figure 1 illustrates the approximate correction necessary. For temperatures
below 0ºC the correction procedure is much more complex and reference should be made to 'The
International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968' for further details.
Figure 1 - Relationship Between t68 and t' As Given By
Equation 2
In order to provide a more practical approach for users of platinum thermometers, tables of temperature
against resistance values are provided in 1 deg C steps for each detector specification.
General information relating to the three detector types Pt 100, D 100 and F 130 is provided below.
Pt 100
This is the most commonly used detector specification and is in general use throughout Europe, USA and
many other parts of the world.
The Temperature/Resistance Table is provided as a function of t'. Correction to t68 is not applied.
D 100
This detector specification is common in the USA and in Japan, where it is an accepted standard.
In the USA different organisations have developed their own standards of ice point and Alpha values,
resulting in a variety of quite variable specifications. For example SAMA Standard RC 21-4-1966, which
-1
specifies an ice point resistance of 98.129 ohms and an Alpha value of .003923ºC . This detector when
ballasted by a series resistor of 1.871 ohms conforms very closely to DIN 43760 and BS 1904. (i.e. Pt 100).
Alternatively some manufacturers indicate an Alpha of .003920, but calculation of Alpha from the respective
-1
Resistance / Temperature Table gives a value of .003916ºC .
To avoid this confusion SDL detectors Model D 100 are precisely specified on tolerance at 0ºC and on Alpha
value.
The Temperature/Resistance Table for D 100 is given directly as a function of t' and is not corrected to give
t68.
For customers using the Japanese Specifications JIS C1604-1981 it should be realised that some variation
of resistance values will occur between JIS C1604-1981 and the values listed in this brochure. This fact
results because JIS C1604-1981 Table of Temperature/Resistance values is already corrected to give
temperature as a function of t68.
F 130
This specification was originated for the British Aircraft industry.
The Temperature/Resistance Table is provided as a function of t'. Correction to t68 is not applied.
We would be pleased to quote for supplying any size of detector with other characteristics.
One special detector manufactured is R 25.5/50P which is specially designed for inclusion into Precision
Temperature Standards for calibration purposes. The resistance at 0ºC is 25.5 ohms and the minimum Alpha
value is .003925ºC.
Detectors supplied by Sensing Devices incorporate precisely selected materials and this, along with closely
-1
controlled manufacturing techniques, ensures an Alpha deviation typically less than ±0.000003ºC . This
ensures the very highest conformance to the temperature/resistance characteristics thus giving full
confidence in detector interchangeability and allowing critcal measurements, such as determination of small
temperature differentials, to be made with accuracy, stability and repeatability.
The most typical tolerance band for industrial usage, specifically chosen by Sensing Devices as their
standard, is ±0.1% of resistance at 0ºC (R0). However, closer tolerance detectors are available in the
following tolerance bands.
Table 2
Band Tolerance(% of R0)
1. 0.1 (Standard)
2. 0.05
3. 0.03
4. 0.02
5. 0.01
Sensing Devices can supply detectors with tolerance values in accordance with Bands 1 to 5 as in Table 2,
or in accordance with any International Specification or other specification as required by the customer.
However it should be appreciated that originally DIN 43760 and BS 1904:1964 specified a tolerance at 0ºC
of 100 ±0.1 ohms and it is still widely accepted that 1/2, 1/3, 1/5 and 1/10 DIN refer to these respective
fractions of 0.1 ohms. In 1979 DIN 43760 was revised and the current DIN 43760-1980 now has tolerance
bands of ±0.12 ohms (Class B) and ±0.06 ohms (Class A). The current situation in Europe is that
specifications BS 1904:1984, DIN 43760-1980 and IEC 751:1983 now completely conform on all tolerance
values and characteristics.
These tolerance values include deviations in R0 and Alpha, but when using these allowed deviations the
values for Alpha can vary from 0.003837 to 0.003863 for Class B and from 0.003845 to 0.003855 for Class A
-
detectors. For detectors manufactured by Sensing Devices typical Alpha deviation is less than ±0.000003ºC
1
.
Table 3 illustrates the tolerances applicable for specifications DIN 43760-1980, BS 1904:1984, IEC 751:1983
and JIS C1604-1981, together with the Sensing Devices Bands 1 to 5.
At the higher temperatures it should be appreciated that the tolerance deviation is most affected by variation
of Alpha values, rather than R0 accuracy.
T = Tolerance (%)
Type = Single
Where closer tolerance detectors are required alternative tolerance Bands 2, 3, 4 & 5 are available in
quantity, with tolerances of 0.05, 0.03, 0.02 & 0.01 ohms respectively.
Temperature Range
The Sensing Devices range of temperature detectors are designed for use over the temperature span from -
200ºC to +800ºC. However, to avoid contamination special care should be taken when using detectors
above 300ºC, particularly when using metal sheaths.
Calibration
For all detectors the calibration point is 5mm from the ceramic body and at Customer's request detectors can
be supplied with calibration values at 0ºC and 100ºC, or at other temperatures.
Normally two leads, of platinum or platinum group metals, exit from the ceramic body (four leads for duplex
units) and have a standard length of 9mm. Longer lead lengths are available to special order.
Vibration
When properly supported, detectors will withstand a vibration level of 30g over the frequency range of 10Hz
to 1kHz.
Pressure
The construction of Sensing Devices ceramic bodied detectors ensures that they are insensitive to large
changes of pressure. However, it should be realised that since the detectors are not hermetically sealed,
they should be protected from contamination by liquids or gases by the use of suitable protection sheaths.
DETECTORS WITH EXTENSION LEADS
At Customer's request any quantity of detectors can be supplied already fitted with extension leads, which
may be of silver, silver plated copper, nickel or platinum, with an outer covering of PVC, PTFE or glass-fibre
insulation. Since an extremely wide choice of lead extension lengths and material types is possible, it is
requested that the factory be consulted before ordering.
DETECTOR CALIBRATION FACILITIES
The methods of thermometer calibration at Sensing Devices are similar to those used by the National
Physical Laboratory and other internationally recognised measurement laboratories, where Standard
Thermometers are compared against the unknown thermometer or detector, under constant temperature
conditions or by direct measurements at the appropriate freezing points.
Standard Thermometers at Sensing Devices, with NAMAS certification, are regularly checked against
certificated resistors, at the Trple Point of Water (0.01ºC) and at the freezing points of various metals, to
ensure continuous conformity with their originally certificated values. Measurements are made using an
-7
inductively-coupled ratio bridge with an accuracy of ±4 parts in 10 of ratio and a resolution at 0ºC of
0.0001ºC.
The same equipment is used for sample monitoring tests of the batches detectors manufactured by Sensing
Devices as part of a daily routine, each batch having its own individual production history record. Together
with the continuous monitoring during production, this ensures that all detectors manufactured, rigidly
conform to their individual specifications especially where detectors are selected to closer tolerances than
normally required.
For manufacturers or users of thermometers and detectors the following calibration points are available.
t68/ºC
a) 0ºC Constant Temperature Ice Bath
b) 0.01ºC Triple point of Water
c) 100ºC Boiling Point of Water
d) 231.9681ºC Freezing Point of Tin
e) 419.58ºC Freezing Point of Zinc
Detailed calibration certificates are supplied in accordance with individual customer requirements in which
the results are usually listed in 1 deg C steps. The error resulting from linear interpolation within these
-4
intervals would be less than 10 ºC.
PRECISION PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETER STANDARDS
Where customers require Precision Platinum Resistance Thermometer Standards for calibration purposes,
reference should be made to Sensing Services brochures detailing the S, Q and Q/S ranges.
For a detector with 0.25mm diameter platinum leads, connecting 4 wires at a point 6mm from the ceramic
instead of 5mm will give a 4.6 milliohms error. Thus great care must be taken in positioning the lead out
wires accurately.
Self Heating
A 1.6mm diameter x 25mm long detector has a self heating characteristic of 0.015ºC/mW in water flowing at
1 metre per second. In air with only natural convection this can be between 20 and 40 times greater. A
detector passing a current of 1mA dissipates 0.1mW of heat at 0ºC. This will give a self heating effect of 0.6
milliohms in flowing water and 12-24 milliohms in naturally circulating air. Thus a reasonable figure for the
measuring current in a naturally circulating air application would be 0.3mA. Smaller detectors require even
less current for the same error level.
Thermal EMF's
Sensing Devices Band 5 detectors have an interchangeability at 0ºC of ±0.025ºC. In terms of voltage,
assuming a current of 0.3mA, this represents ±3 microvolts at 0ºC. Therefore a thermal EMF of 0.3 microvolt
will give a 10% error in the tolerance. Any junctions of dissimilar metals within the detector, or between the
detector and the measuring instrument, must therefore be at the same temperature within ±0.01ºC. AC
energisation can largely eliminate the problem.
Screening And Electrical Interference
Electrical interference from AC supplies or other sources can also effect accuracy and is almost entirely
dependent on the installation and type of instrumentation in use.
Immersion Errors And Stem Conduction
For a 25mm long detector contained in a stainless steel sheath, varying the immersion length from 3-4
inches in flowing water causes a resistance change of 3 milliohms. The differential for a variation from 4-5
inches is reduced to 1.4 milliohms and therefore a minimum immersion depth of 6 inches is recommended.
• All materials used must be capable of operating over the temperature range required.
• At the time of assembly, the materials must be completely moisture and contaminant free.
• Differential thermal expansion should be carefully considered from both manufacturing and operating
viewpoints.
• Welding is the recommended method of connecting extension leads.
• Risk of flux contamination restricts the use of brazing techniques.
• Construction of protective sheaths and housings should also be carried out by welding wherever
possible.
• Lubricants used in the manufacture of tubing are a source of contamination and should be removed
before use.
• Since ceramic bodied detectors are not hermetically sealed, the use of protection sheaths is
recommended for most applications.
• At elevated temperatures, precautions should be taken to protect against platinum poisoning from the
use of incompatible materials.
• Consideration must be given to minirnising the effects of process induced vibration and shock
particularly in flow applications.
• To enable the highest accuracies to be realised, the electrical insulation resistance must be as high as
possible to avoid shunt effects.