International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]
A Novel Strategy for Three Phase Grid Connected
Pulse Width Modulated VSI
Ritesh Dash1
Research Scholar
School Of Electrical Engineering
KIIT University
Ashok Kumar Mahapatra3
Asst. Professor
Ajay Binay Institute of Technology
Cuttack
Abstract- Reactive power management in a power network
is one of the most stochastic process involved in grid power
management system. Change in reactive power
management sometimes changes the voltage at the point of
common coupling of renewable sources with that of the grid
. Variation at the terminal voltage also affects the power
factor thereby decreasing the efficiency and increasing the
losses in the distribution as well as in the inverter. Most of
the inverter uses voltage source inverter topology to
interconnect the renewable sources to the grid and thereby
maintaining the grid synchronization and stability. This
paper utilizes the concept of hysteresis controller to control
the active and reactive power independently for a Pulse
Width Modulation based grid connected inverter. Adaptive
hysteresis controller adopted in this paper reduces both the
current harmonic and hence decreases the total harmonic
distortion (THD). Performance of the controller may be
judged from steady and transient condition of operation of
the controller. Validity of the controller has been verified
through Matlab Simulink modelling.
Keywords- Hysteresis Controller, Dispersed
Generation , Inverter Topology, Utility System, Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD).
I. INTRODUCTION
Integration of renewable sources with the traditional
power generation & transmission system has changed the
concept of vertical way of transmitting the power to diversified
and restructured way. Restructured power markets increases the
overall competitive of the power evacuation procedure. Since
the renewable sources is a clean form of energy and not
hampering the critical environment issues hence it can be
treated as an energy for future [1,2]. Being a static device power
fluctuation due to frequency mismatch is not an issue however
some power quality issues such as rise in voltage, voltage dip
and interruption needs to be addressed.
978-1-5090-5682-8 /17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
Dr. S.C Swain2
Associate Professor
School Of Electrical Engineering
KIIT University
Abhisekh Yadav4
M.Tech Scholar
School Of Electrical Engineering
KIIT University
Grid frequency are usually maintained at a constant
level because in all conventional sources of generation rotation
of synchronous generators are all most constant; however, in
dispersed generation frequency is not constant due variation in
the environmental parameters. Power generated from wind
power generators, PV generators and fuel cells are not suitable
for direct grid interconnection. Power electronic converter for
matching the injected current to that of the grid voltage is
required [3]. These converters track the phase angle present in
the grid voltage through an abc to dq transformation and
changes the injected current in accordance to grid voltage such
that harmonic distortion could be less.
Control system plays an important role in the
distributed generation for maintaining synchronisation with
grid parameters. Control can be achieved in two different ways
such as inner control and outer control algorithm. Inner control
algorithm extracts the maximum power from the source so as
to match with the grid required level. Similar to inner control
loop outer control loop also maintain synchronism among the
inverter and grid. It also takes care of the required DC link to
be maintained at the input of the converter [4].
Due to quick response and easy controllability
characteristics of current controlled based PWM-VSI, it is
usually used for the interconnection of DG to utility system [5,
6, 7]. Current controller boosted the input DC voltage such that
voltage at the inverter terminal can be maintained so as to push
the current into the grid. A number of research has been carried
out by many researcher on current control techniques as it is
capable of eliminating the dynamic performance of the drive
controller under different field orientation condition [8].
Operation of the current controller can be achieved either
through linear or nonlinear modes of operation. Ramp
controller, Predictive dead beat controller and hysteresis
controller are some of the best suited characteristic controller
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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]

for its operation. In ramp current control method the error is amount of DC- reference voltage as compared to transformer
being compared with a triangular wave to generate the required isolation system. Injection of large amount of DC current to the
firing pulse for the inverter switches. Advantages of ramp transformer sometimes increases the saturation in the
controller is that it produces a linear output thereby reducing transformer core and thereby causing corrosion in the earthing
the switching frequency and hence reduces the harmonics system. Here in this paper as shown in fig-1[10], control system
distortion. System stability of the concerned operation is also block diagram with transformer has been considered for
affected by the inner control loop. This leads to the production checking the performance of the controller.
of amplitude error even under the steady state operation
condition of the generator and its associated auxiliaries.
Predictive controller analyses the voltage magnitude by
comparing the grid voltage with that of the internal voltage to
find the required current that is required to inject the power into
the grid. Although it gives optimum performance in terms of
both response time and accuracy, but the designing of the
controller is quite difficult due to involvement of lots of load
parameters. In contradiction to other controllers in a hysteresis
current controller, a dead band is imposed on the reference
signal to track the system around the required wave form.
However hysteresis controller suffers from a disadvantages of
requirement of large band width for generation of switching
pulses[9].
In distribution system most of the loads are nonlinear Fig 1:- Control system block diagram
and of non-unity power factor type. In order to meet the reactive
power demand of these loads , reactive power along with some III. REFERENCE CURRENT COMPUTATION SYSTEM
active power are usually drawn from the grid and hence leads The overall control structure is shown in fig-2.So before
to harmonic distortion and slower power factor management. analysing the performance of different types of current
Thus decreasing the transfer of power to the load end. controller it is required to extract the phase of each phase by
applying the parks transformation. .In Fig.2 the load currents of
This paper covers the reactive compensation three phase system are transformed into dq0 reference frame.
algorithm through hysteresis and adaptive hysteresis controller High pass filter is used in the system to extract the DC current
i.e. required to compensate the reactive power along with the and its associated components from the source.
load variation and production of real and reactive power.
The control structure of the grid connected inverter with
The organization of the paper for the proposed HCC is shown in the fig-2.
controller is as follows, section I includes a brief discussion on
different types of current control strategies and their
characteristics including their advantages and disadvantages.
+
Section II deals with three phase grid interconnection system
-
based on VSI topologies. Hysteresis current control strategies
was explained under section IV. Section V was dedicated for
result and analysis and discussion followed by conclusion in +

section VI. All the references used in the literature as discussed -

above has been annexed under reference in section VII.
II. VSI FOR VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER +

-
Three phase grid connected inverter uses two types of
topologies in order to interconnect the inverter with the grid. In
one topology it uses an isolating transformer to transfer the Fig-2 Hysteresis controller For Voltage source Inverter
power and to protect the injection of DC current into the grid.
In another kind of topology transformer less interconnection is
used. However transformer less topology requires a large

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]

1 frequency. This is done to avoid parallel switching of the

di a+ = (VDC − Va ) (1) converter.
L
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1
di a− = − (0.5V DC +V a) Hysteresis current controller [11] and adaptive current
L controller has been simulated through PI controller based on
From fig.3.8 MATLAB simulation. Actual reference current as shown in fig-
1, is derived from reference voltage source i.e. 500V in this case.
di a+
20
di Actual Current

t1 − aref t1 = HB 15 Reference Current

(2) Current Error

dt dt 10

Current (A)
0

di a− di
t 2 − aref t 2 = − HB
-5
(3) -10
dt dt -15

-20
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

1 Time (sec.)

t 1 + t 2 = Tc = (4) Fig:- 3 Actual and reference Current

fc
30

Here, t1,t2= switching intervals , fc= switching frequency. 20

Adding and substituting equation (2) and (3)in equation (4) 10

Curent (A)
we can write: 0

-10

dia+ di a− 1 di aref -20

t1 + t2 − =0 (5)
dt dt f c dt
-30
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (sec.)

Subtracting equation (13) from (14) Fig-4 Active Power

30

di a+ di a− di aref 20

t1 − t 2 − (t 1 − t 2 ) = 4 HB (6)
dt dt dt
10
Curent (A)

Substituting equation (11) in (16) -10

-20

di+
a
di aref -30

(t1 + t 2 ) − (t1 − t 2 ) = 4 HB
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (sec.)
(7)
dt dt Fig-5 Reactive Power
Substituting equation (1) in equation (5) and solving 15
HB=1 HB=3
10

diaref / dt
(t1 − t 2 ) =
5
(8)
Current (A)

+
f c (di / dt )
a
0

-5

VDC ª 2L 2
§ Va ·
2º -10

HB = «1 − 2 ¨ L + m¸ » (9) -15
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
fc L «¬ VDC © ¹ »¼ Time (sec.)

Fig-6 Switching Frequency

Here fc represents the modulation frequency. Slope of
modulation frequency can be changed so that band width of Active and reactive power exchange between inverter and
current controller can be varied at distinct point of fundamental that of the grid is shown in fig-4&5 respectively. From fig-5 it is

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]

confirmed that reactive power can only be exchanged when power [6] Jintakosonwit, H. Fujita, H. Akagi and S. Ogasawara, "Implementation
factor is less. and performance of cooperative control of shunt active filters for
harmonic damping throughout a power distribution system," Industry
Fundamental (50Hz) = 10.08 , THD= 2.69% Applications Conference, 2002. 37th IAS Annual Meeting. Conference
10
Record of the, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2002, pp. 51-58 vol.1.
8
[7] Sung-Hun Ko; Lee, S.R.; Dehbonei, H.; Nayar, C.V., "Application of
6 voltage- and current-controlled voltage source inverters for distributed
Mag

4 generation systems," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, , vol.21,

2
no.3, pp.782-792, Sept. 2006.
0
[8] Lalit Kumar Goel, Sasi K Kottayil, Renukadevi V., B. Jayanand,
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)
2000 2500
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIESHarmonic and Reactive Power
Compensation of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System, Procedia
Fig-7 Total harmonic Distortion Technology, Volume 21, 2015, Pages 438-442, ISSN 2212-0173,
[9] R. Dash and S. C. Swain, "Performance prediction of a grid interfaced PV
20
system through Matlab modelling - part-II," 2016 Biennial International
15
There is no delay here Conference on Power and Energy Systems: Towards Sustainable Energy
10

5
(PESTSE), Bangalore, 2016, pp. 1-6.
urrent (A)

0 [10] B. Renders, K. De Gusseme, W. R. Ryckaert, K. Stockman, L.

Vandevelde and M. H. J. Bollen, "Distributed Generation for Mitigating
C

-5

-10 Voltage Dips in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids," in IEEE Transactions

-15
on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1581-1588, July 2008.
-20
0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03
Time (sec.)
0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04
[11] M. Suresh, S. S. Patnaik, Y. Suresh and A. K. Panda, "Comparison of two
compensation control strategies for shunt active power filter in three-
Fig-8 Delay Period phase four-wire system," Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT),
2011 IEEE PES, Hilton Anaheim, CA, 2011, pp. 1-6.
Total harmonic distortion and delay period as shown in fig-7 &
8 shows that, a THD of 2.69% is present in the system. This
also shows that the THD present in the system is under 5% as
per the IEEE 1547 standard.

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper a new topology based on hysteresis
control method was described. Advantages of this paper is that
there is no use of phase locked loop to track the phase angle of
the system. Further the result presented in this paper also
reveals that under disturbance condition it works properly. In
comparison to all other controller Hysteresis controller was
found to be good and requires less component to design.

VI. REFERENCES
[1] D. Graovac, V. Katic and A. Rufer, "Power Quality Problems
Compensation With Universal Power Quality Conditioning System,"
in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 968-976,
April 2007
[2] L. Hassaine, E. Olias, J. Quintero, M. Haddadi, Digital power factor
control and reactive power regulation for grid-connected photovoltaic
inverter, Renewable Energy, Volume 34, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages
315-321, ISSN 0960-1481
[3] S Krauter, R Rüther, Considerations for the calculation of greenhouse gas
reduction by photovoltaic solar energy, Renewable Energy, Volume 29,
Issue 3, March 2004, Pages 345-355, ISSN 0960-1481
[4] Huajun Yu, Junmin Pan, An Xiang, A multi-function grid-connected PV
system with reactive power compensation for the grid, Solar Energy,
Volume 79, Issue 1, July 2005, Pages 101-106, ISSN 0038-092X
[5] U. Borup, F. Blaabjerg and P. N. Enjeti, "Sharing of nonlinear load in
parallel-connected three-phase converters," in IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1817-1823, Nov/Dec 2001.