his central place theory as an explicit
History of Urban Planning guide.
(1941-1950)
Reporters:
Janine D. Jimenez Rommel LL. Pat
BS Architecture 4
Germany
*CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
A geographical theory that seeks to
explain the number, size and location of
human settlements in a residential system.
The theory then relied on two concepts:
threshold and range:
1. Threshold is the minimum
market (population or income) needed to
bring about the selling of a particular good
or service.
2. Range is the maximum distance
consumers are prepared to travel to acquire
goods – at some point the cost or
inconvenience will outweigh the need for
the good.
* WALTER CHRISTALLER
- German geographer
- Principal contribution “Central Place
Theory “first published in 1993
- This ground-breaking theory was the
foundation of the study of cities as system
of cities, rather than simple hierarchies or
single entities
- He moved into government service, in
Himmler’s SS-Planning and Soil Office,
during the Second World War
-Christaller was given special charge of
planning occupied Poland, and he so using
United Kingdom
*POST WAR CONSTRUCTION
The roots of the UK town and country
planning system as it emerged in the
immediate post-war years lay in concerns
developed over the previous half century
in response to industrialization and
urbanization.
The particular concerns were:
* Pollution
* Urban Sprawl
* Ribbon Development
By the outbreak of Second World War,
thinking was sufficiently advanced that,
even during the war, a series of Royal
commissions looked into specific
problems in urban planning and
development control.
* THE BARLOW COMMISSION (1940)
- was appointed by Royal Warrant dated
July 8, 1937 under the Chairmanship of
the Rt. Hon. Sir Montague Barlow
- it pointed out “the concentration of
population in great towns, especially since
the Industrial Revolution.
- the evacuation of a large part of the
population of London, because of the
outbreak of war, was clear evidence that
the Government considered the
concentration of approximately one sixth
of the country’s population in London to
be a danger to national defense
* SIR CLEMENT BARLOW
- English barrister
- Conservative party politician
* THE SCOTT COMMITTEE (1941)
- was appointed in October 1941
 - was asked to consider question of the
allocation of the land for agriculture,
industry and other uses.
- considered not only economic and
employment factors but also the welfare of
rural communities and retention of
amenities.
* THE UTHWATT COMMITTEE
- the purpose of the development rights
scheme is to control development of
undeveloped land
- based upon the submission of preserve
beauty spots and to control fringe land and
certain desirable tracts of land, coastal or
otherwise
* MARS GROUP
- also known as the “MODERN
ARCHITECTURAL REASEARCH
GOUP”
- British architectural think tank founded
in 1933 by several prominent architects
and architectural critics of the time
involved in the British modernist
movement
- founded when Sigfried Giedion of the
Congress Internationaux d’ Architecture
Moderne asked Morton Shand to assemble
a group that would represent Britain
* GREATER LONDON PLAN
- The plan for London issued by the Mars
Group (the English wing of CIAM) and
prepared by their Town Planning
Committee was a marked contrast to
anything that had gone before and one
might add anything produced
subsequently.
* SIR LESLIE PATRICK
ABERCOMBRIE
- English town planner. Educated at
Uppingham School, Rutland
- Poet and literary critic
- He made award winning designs for
Dublin City Centre and gradually asserted
his dominance as an architect of
international renown, which came about
through the re-planning of Plymouth, Hull,
Bath, Edinburgh and Bournemouth, among
others
- Its main purpose was to point out the
main directions of development and
reconstruction of London, which in the
past decades had faced big changes and
irregular growth.
* Inner Urban Ring
- Restricted any new housing or
industrial development that were deemed
to be above the limit of tolerable
conditions
- Reconstructing damaged buildings in a
modern interpretation of their original state
* Suburban Ring
- Would be developed with a mix of both
housing and light industry so that no
regions became inefficient dormitory
suburbs.
*Green Belt Ring
- Encourage the creation of parkland and
recreational spaces, restrictions were
placed on all development apart from that
within existing villages.
*Outer Country Ring
- Would support farmland whilst
containing a number of satellite towns that
would help to relocate large populations
away from the overcrowded areas of
central London.
* THE NEW TOWNS
- An act of the Parliament of the United
Kingdom which allowed the government
to designate areas as new towns, and
passing development control functions to a
Development Corporation. Several new
towns were created in the years following
its passing. The act was replaced by the
New Towns Act 1965 and later the New
Towns Act 1981.
* LEWIS SILKIN
- British Labour Party politician
- Worked as a Solicitor, before becoming
a member of the London Country Council
in 1925.
- He chaired the LCC Town Planning
and the Housing and Public Health
Committees and was a member of the
Central Housing Advisory Committee.
United States
*MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
- An economic model created by
Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in
1945 article “the Nature of Cities”
- Their main goals in this were to:
* Move away from the concentric zone
model
* To better reflect the complex nature of
urban areas, especially those of larger size.
* CHAUNCY HARRIS
- Made significant contributions to the
geographical study of ethnicity,
specifically with respect to non-Russian
minorities living within the Soviet Union
* EDWARD ULLMAN
- Son of classical scholar Berthold
Ullman, was trained as a geographer at
University of Chicago where he was
influenced by the urban and economic
emphasis in social science.
- Office of Strategic Services
transportation specialist in World War II
* USONIA
- Was a word used by American architect
Frank Lloyd Wright to refer to his vision
for the landscape of the United States,
including the planning of cities and the
architecture of buildings.
- They are characterized by native
materials:
1. Flat roofs and large cantilevered
overhangs for passive solar heating and
natural cooling.
2.Natural lighting with clerestory
windows
3.Radiant-floor heating
- Frank Lloyd Wright designed Usonian
homes in Pleasantville:
1. Sol Friedman House
2. Edward Serlin House
3. Roland Reisley House
* Marshall Plan
- An American initiative to aid Western
Europe, in which the United States gave
$13 billion in economic assistance to help
rebuild Western European economies after
the end of World War II.
- the act to promote world peace and
general welfare, national interest and
foreign policy of the United States through
economic, financial, and other measures
necessary to the maintenance of conditions
abroad in which free institutions may
survive and consistent with the
maintenance of the strength and stability of
United States
The goals of United States were to:
* rebuild war-torn regions
* remove trade barriers
* modernize industry
* make Europe Prosperous once more
 * prevent the spread of Communism
*HERBERT A. SIMON
- An American political scientist,
economist, sociologist, psychologist, and
computer scientist whose research ranged
across the fields of cognitive psychology,
cognitive science, computer science,
public administration, economics,
management, philosophy of science,
sociology, and political science unified by
studies of decision-making.
Prevailing Influences
1. World War II - was fought between the
Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan)
and the Allied Powers (Britain, United
States, Soviet Union, France).
2. US-USSR Cold War - period of
geopolitical tension between the Soviet
Union and the United States
after World War II. It was waged on
political, economic,
and propaganda fronts and had only
limited recourse to weapons
3. Post War Reconstruction -
4. Establishment of the IMF-IBRD-WB -
Some 730 delegates from all 44 Allied
nations gathered at the Mount
Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods,
New Hampshire, to determine how to
regulate the international monetary
and financial order after World War
II.
Dominating Ideology
1. Welfare State
2. Marxism – Leninism – official state
ideology of Soviet Union
- two stage revolutionary development
of capitalist state into a socialist state
guided by leadership of a vanguard
party of professional revolutionaries
from working class and proletariats.
Development Orientation
1. Strong State Initiative and Involvement
2. New Town-Development
3. Suburbanization
4. Planner – Expert
Planners of Influence
1. WALTER CHRISTALLER
- German geographer
- Principal contribution “Central Place
Theory “first published in 1993
- This groundbreaking theory was the
foundation of the study of cities as system of
cities, rather than simple hierarchies or single
entities
- He moved into government service, in
Himmler’s SS-Planning and Soil Office,
during the Second World War
- Christaller was given special charge of
planning occupied Poland, and he so using
his central place theory as an explicit guide.
2. SIR CLEMENT M-BARLOW
- English barrister
- Conservative party politician
3. MARS GROUP
- The Modern Architecture Research
Group or MARS Group, was a British
architectural think tank founded in 1933
by several prominent architects and
architectural critics of the time involved
in the British modernist movement.
- The MARS Group came after several
previous but unsuccessful attempts at
creating an organization to support
modernist architects in Britain such as
those that had been formed on
continental Europe like the Union des
Artistes Modernes in France.
4. SIR PATRICK ABERCROMBIE
- English town planner. Educated at
Uppingham School, Rutland
- Poet and literary critic
 - He made award winning designs for
Dublin City Centre and gradually asserted
his dominance as an architect of
international renown, which came about
through the re-planning of Plymouth,
Hull, Bath, Edinburgh and
Bournemouth, among others
5. LEWIS SILKIN
- British Labour Party politician
- Worked as a Solicitor, before
becoming a member of the London
Country Council in 1925.
- He chaired the LCC Town Planning
and the Housing and Public Health
Committees and was a member of the
Central Housing Advisory Committee.
6. CHAUNCY HARRIS
- Made significant contributions to the
geographical study of ethnicity,
specifically with respect to non-
Russian minorities living within the
Soviet Union
7. EDWARD ULLMAN
- Son of classical scholar Berthold
Ullman, was trained as a geographer at
University of Chicago where he was
influenced by the urban and economic
emphasis in social science.
- Office of Strategic Services
transportation specialist in World War II
8. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
- American architect, interior designer,
writer and educator who designed more
than 1000 structures, 532 of which were
completed.
- Wright believed in designing
structures that were in harmony with
humanity and its environment, a
philosophy he called organic
architecture.
9.HERBERT A. SIMON
- An American political scientist,
economist, sociologist, psychologist, and
computer scientist whose research ranged
across the fields of cognitive psychology,
cognitive science, computer science, public
administration, economics, management,
philosophy of science, sociology, and
political science unified by studies of
decision-making.
Influential Planning Works
 CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
- A geographical theory that seeks to
explain the number, size and location
of human settlements in a residential
system.
- The theory then relied on two
concepts: threshold and range
1. Threshold is the minimum market
(population or income) needed to bring
about the selling of a particular good or
service.
2. Range is the maximum distance
consumers are prepared to travel to acquire
goods – at some point the cost or
inconvenience will outweigh the need for the
good.
 BARLOW COMMISSION
- Was appointed by Royal Warrant
dated July 8, 1937 under the
Chairmanship of the Rt. Hon. Sir
Montague Barlow
 REBUILDING LONDON
- The plan for London issued by the
Mars Group (the English wing of
CIAM) and prepared by their Town
Planning Committee was a marked
contrast to anything that had gone
before and one might add anything
produced subsequently.
 THE COUNTY OF LONDON PLAN
- Its main purpose was to point out
the main directions of development
and reconstruction of London, which
 in the past decades had faced big 2. Natural lighting with
changes and irregular growth. clerestory windows
3. And radiant-floor
 GREATER LONDON PLAN heating
- The greater London Plan of 1944 was
developed by Sir Leslie Patrick Planning Concerns Outcomes
Abercombrie (1879-1957). The plan
1. Emphasis on physical form and spatial
was directly related to the County of
arrangement
London Plan written by
2. Functional and Compact Settlements
Abercombrie in 1943, with
3. Rational Comprehensive Planning
contributions by John Henry Model
Forshaw (1895-1973) 4. End of British Rule in Jerusalem;
 THE NEW TOWNS ACT Transferred to Jordan
- An act of the Parliament of the
United Kingdom which allowed the
government to designate areas as
new towns, and passing development
control functions to a Development
Corporation. Several new towns were
created in the years following its
passing. The act was replaced by the
New Towns Act 1965 and later the
New Towns Act 1981.
 MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
- Their main goals in this were to:
1. Move away from the
concentric zone model
2. To better reflect the
complex nature of urban
areas, especially those of
larger size.
 USONIA
- Was a word used by American
architect Frank Lloyd Wright to refer
to his vision for the landscape of the
United States, including the planning
of cities and the architecture of
buildings.
- They are characterized by native
materials:
1. Flat roofs and large
cantilevered overhangs
for passive solar heating
and natural cooling.