Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Life and Earth Science Reviewer
Life and Earth Science Reviewer
Life and Earth Science Reviewer
(SHS):
by:
DELA CRUZ, IAN ANGELO P.
“THE WHOLE UNIVERSE WAS IN A HOT, DENSE
STATE BUT NEARLY 14 BILLION YEARS AGO,
EXPANSION STARTED WAIT!
Notes:
By Mass
Oort Cloud
Long Period Comets (period >
200 years) seems to come
mostly from a spherical region
at about 50,000 AU from the
Sun.
Common
Characteristics
and Exceptions
of the Solar
System
Common Characteristics and Exceptions
The earth’s orbit
• The Greek philosophers including Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC )
observed the Sun rising in the east and setting in the west and
inferred that the Sun revolved around Earth in a geocentric (Earth-
centered) orbit.
Galileo's Letter to the Prince of Venice
Aristotle’s model is wrong
Europa
Io
• Galileo’s observations of the orbits of Jupiter’s four largest satellites
revealed that the Aristotle-Ptolemy model is unbelievable
• We now know that the planets, including the Earth, orbit the Sun.
Callisto
Ganymede
A new law
• Isaac Newton (1665) discovered the force that held the
planets in their orbits around the sun - gravity.
• gravitation, "every body in the universe attracts every other
body.“
• Force = mass x acceleration = ma
• Gravitational Force = gm1m2/r2
White light contains a continuum of colors from short wave violet to long wave red
Helium
Redshift: absorption spectra shift to red with
retreat of the emitter
Analogy: Passing train whistle, high to low frequency = short to long wavelength
“Doppler Effect”
Blue, moving toward us
• NON-SCIENTIFIC
1. Egyptian Gods (First rising of the Sun comes forth the world from sea.
2. Creation Theory (Supreme beings/Biblical)
3. Kuba ver. of Creation (M’bombo)
4. India ver. of Creation (Purusha)
5. Philippine ver. Of Creation (Maguayan and Captan)
Origin of the Universe
• The spectral shift of light coming from distant galaxies tells
us that the universe is expanding out of a very small
volume that began at most 15 billion years ago
Gravitational Collapse
Accretion Nebular
Capture
H 2O
Symbols for elements
Origin of Heavy Elements
• A star more than 8-20 times the mass of our sun burns faster, then
expands into a red super giant star, similar to Betelgeuse.
• Pressure is high enough to also produce the heavier elements
including silicon Si, magnesium Mg, iron Fe.
• Once its fuel is exhausted,
a supernova explosion occurs.
8 Most rocks are Main Sequence Stars
14 made of these two
Super Giant
Stars
Origin of Our Solar System
MANTLE 0 km Lithosphere
Note progression of ~100 km
Lower mantle ~350 km Asthenosphere
densities
Oil and water
CORE
(most dense)
Outer ~2900 km
core
Conversion Factors
~5155 km
Inner
core 6370 kilometers to the center of the Earth
“Lithosphere”
“Asthenosphere”
Earth has a large liquid outer core, makes a magnetic field, and so a thick atmosphere
The Layers of the Earth
The Four Layers The Earth is composed of four
different layers. The crust is
the layer that you live on, and it
is the most widely studied and
understood. The mantle is
much hotter and has the ability
to flow. The outer core and
inner core are even hotter
with pressures so great you
would be squeezed into a ball
smaller than a marble if you
were able to go to the center of
the Earth!
The Crust
The Earth's Crust is like
the skin of an apple. It is
very thin in comparison to
the other three layers. The
crust is only about 3-5
miles (8 kilometers) thick
under the oceans (oceanic
crust) and about 25 miles
(32 kilometers) thick under
the continents (continental
crust).
The Lithospheric Plates
NASA
Earth As A Closed System
The stratosphere
(10 to 50 km),
•The troposphere (0-10 contains ozone that
km) constitutes the protects life on the
climate system that planet by filtering
maintains the conditions harmful ultraviolet
suitable for life on the radiation from the
planet's surface. Sun.
Atmosphere: Interactions with other Earth System components
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere Geosphere
Biosphere
The Biosphere
The biosphere is the “life zone” of the Earth, and includes all
living organisms (including humans), and all organic matter that has not
yet decomposed.
• The biosphere is structured into a hierarchy known as the food chain
(all life is dependant on the first tier – mainly the primary producers
that are capable of photosynthesis).
• Energy and mass is transferred from one level of the food chain to the
next.
http://www.geology.ufl.edu/Biosphere.html
Biosphere: Interactions with other Earth System components
mantle
mesosphere solid
Primarily
silica plus
iron and
magnesium
Note: Lithosphere contains both crust and uppermost (brittle) layer of mantle
Geosphere: Interactions with other Earth System components
Geosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Where Do Humans Fit In ?
A magnetic field once surrounded Mars. The red planet lost its protective
magnetic field as the smaller planet cooled down more rapidly than Earth,
losing its hot liquid core. Mars retains just isolated remnants of its atmosphere where
pockets of relict magnetism remain.
A Perfect Spot
• Earth's distance from the Sun allows water to exist as a liquid.
• Earth's atmospheric gases protect the planet from all but the largest incoming
space projectiles (comets, meteorites) and ozone blocks harmful ultraviolet
radiation from the Sun
ROCKS & MINERALS
• Minerals are the
ingredients of
rocks.
Or
1. Color
• Least useful property in identifying minerals.
• Why?
All of these are varieties of quartz!
2. Streak
• The color of a minerals powder.
• “streak test”
3. Luster
• How the minerals surface reflects light.
• Metallic vs. non- metallic.
4. Hardness
• The ability of a mineral to resist being scratched.
• “Scratch test”
Hard
5. Fracture/ Cleavage
Fracture Cleavage
• Mineral breaks • The tendency of a
unevenly or Mineral to break
irregularly evenly along its
weakest plane.
6. Crystal Form
• Some minerals tend to form crystals that aid in the
identification of the mineral.
7. Specific Gravity
• The ratio of the density of the mineral to the
density of water (1 g/cm3)
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
The basic structural unit of silicate minerals
Rocks
Monomineralic Polymineralic
• 1 Mineral • More than 1 Mineral
B. Chemical (crystaline)
• Formed from the evaporation or precipitation of sea
water.
Intrusive Extrusive
• Cools below the earths surface • Cools at the Earths surface
(slowwwwly!) (quickly!)
• Magma • Lava
• “Plutonic” • “Volcanic”
The longer the rock takes to cool, the larger the
crystals!
• The Adirondacks!
Contact Metamorphism
• Occurs when liquid rock comes into contact with
other rocks.
Identifying Characteristics of Rocks
Igneous Sedimentary
• Intergrown crystals • Cemented fragments
• Glassy texture (sediments)
• Fossils
• Organic material
Metamorphic
•Banding
•Foliated
The Rock Cycle
Geomorphic Processes:
Exogenous
II. Gradation Processes –
Weathering, Mass Wasting,
Erosion, Transportation
and Deposition/Sedimentation
Geomorphic Processes:
Rock Cycle
A. Exogenous Processes
Also called Gradational Processes, they comprise degradation
and aggradation – they modify relief
Together,
these processes are
responsible for
Denudation
of Earth’s surface
WEATHERING
• Salt Wedging
Chemical Weathering
decomposes rocks through a chemical change in its minerals
Lichens
Talus Cones
in the Canadian Rockies
Talus – pieces of rock at bottom of a rock fall
Landslides
Can cause much destruction
Humid regions:
Perennial streams and entrenched
channels, rapids, waterfalls, plunge
pools, potholes, meandering streams,
bank erosion, oxbow lakes, etc.
• Wind – Eolian Landscapes
deflation hollows, ventifacts, yardang, etc
1. Igneous Processes
block that is raised between 2 parallel faults forms a block mountain or horst if
the surface is horizontal or tilted plateau if block mountain is tilted eg : Deccan
Plateau in India.
A horst can also be formed by sinking of blocks on either side of parallel faults,
leaving central block standing high as mountain
Folding & Faulting
Rift valley or Graben
is formed when block between 2 parallel faults sinks or when block on either side
of 2 parallel faults are thrust up over central block .
Egs are the Rhine Rift Valley (between the Black Forest of Germany & the Vosges
of France) & the East African Rift Valley.
Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift
• Evidence for Continental Drift
A. Theory of continental drift is the idea that the
continents have moved horizontally to their current
locations.
1. This theory was developed by Alfred
Wegener.
2. Wegener believed
that all of the continents
were connected as one
large land mass (he
called Pangea) about
200 million years ago.
Divergent Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
Transform Boundaries
Components of Plate Tectonics: there are three main types of plate margins
Divergent, Convergent and Transform
Here we see Divergent Margins (the Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge – Harry’s Sea-Floor Spreading)
and Convergent Margins (the dense Pacific Ocean Plate is being dragged under South
America – called subduction zones )
Continental Lithosphere
Oceanic Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Subduction Zone
Divergent Boundaries (Rising Convection Currents) Mid-Ocean Ridge
Convergent Boundaries (Descending
Convection Currents)
Subduction Zone
Mid-Atlantic
Ridge
45º 45º
NORTH EURASIAN
AMERICAN PLATE
JUAN DE PLATE
FUCA PACIFIC
PLATE ARABIAN PLATE
PLATE
PHILIPPINE
CARIBBEAN
PLATE
PLATE
AFRICAN
0º COCOS PLATE 0º
PLATE
FIJI
SOUTH
PLATE
AMERICAN
PLATE INDIAN-
PACIFIC NAZCA
PLATE AUSTRALIAN
PLATE
PLATE
Mid-Atlantic
SCOTIA
PLATE
Ridge
45º 45º
ANTARCTIC PLATE
ANTARCTIC PLATE
Convergent plate
boundary Seven or so major plates, about an equal number of small plates
Divergent plate
boundary
Transform plate
boundary
Divergent boundaries are located
mainly along Mid-Ocean Ridges
(MORs)
The East African Rift
Oceanic lithosphere
being subducted
(a)
Subducted Ocean Plate loses water and adjacent Mantle partially melts,
new buoyant magma rises to the surface, forming a
Volcanic Arc such as the Andes Mountains of South America
Once the ocean crust between them is subducted, the continents collide. Both
are thick and made of buoyant (low density) minerals, so neither continent can
be subducted under the other
Collisional
mountains
(b)
Collisions formed the Appalachians, and, more recently, the
Himalayas and the Alps.
The collision of India and Asia
produced the Himalayas
Oceanic-Oceanic
Continental-Continental
Convergent Boundaries
Types
Products
Ocean-Continent
Andes, Cascades
Ocean-Ocean
Japan, Aleutians
Asia
India Continent-Continent
Himalayas, Alps,
Appalachians
Transform Fault Boundaries
• Transform Boundaries are the boundaries between
two plates that are sliding horizontally past one
another.
Transform Plate
Boundaries
• Tension
• Stretches and pulls rock
• Rock becomes thinner
• Occurs near divergent boundaries
• Shear
• Distorts rock by pushing parts of the rock in opposite directions.
• Rocks bend, twist, or break as they slide past each other.
• Common at transform boundaries
Strain
• Any change in the shape or volume of rock that
results from stress.
• If stress is applied slowly, the deformed rock may
regain its original shape when the stress is removed.
• Some stress leads to permanent deformation of the rock.
• Type of strain depends on composition of rock, temperature,
and pressure.
• Brittle strain appears as cracks or fractures.
• Occurs mostly at the surface, lower temperature/pressure
• Also occurs when stress is applied more quickly.
• Ductile materials bend or deform without breaking.
• Occur at higher temperature/pressure
Ductile: bend without breaking
Folding
• A form of ductile strain
• A fold is a bend in a rock layer.
• Occurs when rock is compressed
and squeezed.
• Can also occur from shear stress.
• MONOCLINE fold
• Both limbs are horizontal
• Form when one side moves up or
down
• ANTICLINE fold
• Oldest layers are in the center,
turns downwards
• SYNCLINE fold
• Youngest layers are in the center,
turns upwards
Faults
• Stress (brittle strain) may cause rocks to break.
• If no movement occurs along the break = fracture.
• If movement occurs along the break = fault
• Normal fault
• Hanging wall (which is above fault) moves down compared to footwall (below
fault).
• Occur at divergent boundaries
• Great Rift Valley, Africa
• Reverse fault
• Hanging wall moves up compared to footwall
• Occur at convergent boundaries (compression)
• Thrust fault (type of reverse fault) – hanging wall pushed up over the footwall
• Rockies and Alps
• Strike-slip fault
• Rocks slide horizontally to each other
• Due to shear stress at transform boundaries
• San Andreas fault
Normal Fault (tensional stress)
Reverse Fault or Thrust Fault (compressional
stress)
Strike-Slip Fault (shear stress)
How Mountains form (orogeny)
• A mountain is the most extreme type of deformation.
• Mt. Everest… 8 km and still rising
• Part of the Great Himalaya range
• Mountain ranges: Great Smokey, Blue Ridge, Cumberland,
Green, Appalachian.
• Mountain belts: Circum-Pacific, Eurasian-Melanesian.
Plate Tectonics and Mountains
• Collisions: continental and oceanic crust
• Melting may also form volcanic mountains
• Cascade range, N. America
• Andes, S. America
Cascade Mountains
Mt. Hood
Mt. Jefferson
Three Sisters
Plate Tectonics and Mountains
• Collisions: oceanic and oceanic crust
• Melting may form an arc of volcanic mountains.
• Mariana islands
Aleutian Islands
Plate Tectonics and Mountains
• Collisions: continental and continental crust
• Forms uplift mountains
• Himalayas
Himalayas
Folded Mountains
• Occur when two continents
collide
• Form high mountains
• Alps, Himalayas, Appalachians,
Urals.
Plateau
• Occur when large, flat,
areas of rock are slowly
uplifted and remain flat.
• Located near mountain
ranges.
• Tibetan plateau (Himalaya)
• Colorado plateau (Rockies)
• Can also form when layers
of molten rock
accumulate.
• Or when large areas of
rock are eroded.
Fault-Block
Mountains Grabens
• Occur where parts of • Also forms long narrow valleys
Earth’s crust have been • Form when steep faults break the
stretched and broken crust into blocks and one block
into large blocks. slips downward relative to the
• Some blocks tilt or drop surrounding blocks.
relative to other blocks. • Occur with Fault-Block Mountains.
• Sierra Nevada Range, CA – Basin and Range Province,
Western U.S.
The Grand Tetons
(Fault-Block Mountains)
Dome Mountains Volcanic Mountains
• Occur when magma rises • Occur when magma erupts onto
through the crust and pushes Earth’s surface.
up the rock layers above the • Common along convergent boundaries
magma. • Cascades (Washington, Oregon, N. CA)
• Mid-Ocean Ridges form volcanic
• Black Hills, S. Dakota islands
• Adirondack, NY • Azores, N. Atlantic Ocean
• Some also form at hot spots
(volcanically active areas that do not
lie near tectonic plate boundaries).
• Hawaiian Islands
Geologic Time Scale
Artist’s conception of a smaller planetary body colliding with Earth, leading to the formation of the moon (the Giant
Impactor Theory, widely accepted since the mid-1980s)
Credit: Joe Tucciarone. Image used by permission from nasa.gov; rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect19/Sect19_2a.html
Archean Eon: 3.85 billion to 2.5 billion
Precambrian
The air is rich in nitrogen (N) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with
methane (CH4), water vapor (H2O) and other gases, but very
little oxygen (O2) is present. (38 steps)
Used by permission from National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration; Image source: Earth Science
World Image Bank http://www.earthscienceworld.org/images
Archean Eon: 3.85 billion to 2.5 billion
Precambrian
Stromatolite fossil specimen from the Yale Peabody Museum Paleobotany Division. Stromatolites
are natural formations that occur in shallow water and are the result of layers of sediment being
cemented together by biofilms of cyanobacteria and other microorganisms.
© YPM 51959
Proterozoic Eon: 2.5 billion to 542 million
Precambrian
Stromatolite fossil specimen from the Yale Peabody Museum. This specimen has been sliced in half and polished to reveal the
interior. Cyanobacteria are the most likely microorganisms involved in the formation of stromatolites like this one.
© YPM 53535A
Artist’s conception of an astraspid (Astraspis desiderata). Astraspids were a small group of armored, jawless vertebrates from the middle
Ordovician Period. Used by permission; drawing by Phillipe Janvier, http://tolweb.org/Astraspida/16906
A nautiloid fossil (Bickmorites bickmoreanum) from the middle Silurian Period. ©YPM IP 19158
High oxygen levels (25-30% compared to 21% today) allow insects like
dragonflies to grow large (50 cm wingspan!) despite primitive respiratory
systems; ferns common; frogs develop. Great swamps form coal deposits
around the world. (3.5 steps)
Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Photo Greg Watkins-Colwell © YPM R24134
Drawn by Margaret M. Colbert. Used by permission from American Museum of Natural History
Left: Apatosaurus and Stegosaurus, two of the most iconic dinosaurs of the Jurassic Period. Right: Close-up of a flying reptile (Rhamphorhynchus).
Both images from The Age of Reptiles Mural by Rudolph F. Zallinger; images reflect 1940’s conceptions of dinosaur morphology and habits.
© 2010 Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University
First snakes; first grasses and flowering plants appear; mass extinction of
dinosaurs about 65 million years ago
(.6 steps)
Himalayas began to form; many new mammal species; earliest whales and
dolphins; first bats; first large land mammals (.5 steps)
A pair of early horse-like mammals (Merychippus) from The Age of Mammals, a mural by Rudolph F. Zallinger.
Copyright © 1966, 1975, 1989, 1991, 2000 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
All rights reserved.
Phanerozoic Eon 542 million to present
Cenozoic Era 65.5 million to present
Tertiary Period 65.5 million to 2.6 million
At the beginning of the Eocene, Earth much warmer than today; climate at
north and south poles similar to modern-day Pacific Northwest (like Seattle,
Washington); rainy, tropical climate and semi-tropical plants in Wyoming.
(.4 steps)
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis skull cast from the Yale Peabody Museum Vertebrate Paleontology collection. Aegyptopithecus is
an early member of the group that led to apes. The original specimen was collected in Egypt. © YPMVP 23975
Phanerozoic Eon 542 million to present
Cenozoic Era 65.5 million to present
Tertiary Period 65.5 million to 2.6 million
Mammoth (Mammuthus sp.) from The Age of Mammals, a mural by Rudolph F. Zallinger.
Copyright © 1966, 1975, 1989, 1991, 2000 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
All rights reserved.
Phanerozoic Eon 542 million to present
Cenozoic Era 65.5 million to present
Quaternary Period 2.6 million to present
Most recent ice age ends about 10,000 years ago. The climate rapidly
warms up to its present state, and plants and animals familiar to us
today inhabit our landscape. “Neolithic” period of human history
(.0001 steps)
Glacier flowing into Prince William Sound, Alaska. Used by permission: Department of the Interior/USGS
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Presented by:
Ian Angelo P. Dela Cruz
Special Science Teacher 1
San Francisco High School
objectives
• The learners needs to demonstrate an understanding of:
• How the Planet Earth evolved in the last 4.6 billion years (including the age of
the Earth, Major, Geologic Time subdivisions, and marker fossils).
Heavy
Bombardment
Phase
The Sculpting of Earth
FORMATION OF
MOON
Giant Impact
Hypothesis
“Theia”
Geologic Time Scale
Artist’s conception of a smaller planetary body colliding with Earth, leading to the formation of the moon (the Giant
Impactor Theory, widely accepted since the mid-1980s)
Credit: Joe Tucciarone. Image used by permission from nasa.gov; rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect19/Sect19_2a.html
The Sculpting of Earth
CHAPTER 2:
Earth Cooling and Primitive Life
Earth cooling and Primitive Life
• 4.0 – 2.5 billion years ago
• Cooling of Earth
• Archean Eon
• Prokaryotic Bacteria
Earth cooling and Primitive Life
• 4.0 – 2.5 billion years ago
• Cooling of Earth
• Archean Eon
• Prokaryotic Bacteria
Earth cooling and Primitive Life
• 4.0 – 2.5 billion years ago
• Cooling of Earth Vaalbara: Earth’s First
Supercontinent
• Archean Eon
• Prokaryotic Bacteria
Earth cooling and Primitive Life
• 4.0 – 2.5 billion years ago
• Cooling of Earth Vaalbara: Earth’s First
Supercontinent
• Archean Eon
• Prokaryotic Bacteria
Earth cooling and Primitive Life
• 4.0 – 2.5 billion years ago
• Cooling of Earth
• Archean Eon
• Prokaryotic Bacteria
Archean Eon: 3.85 billion to 2.5 billion
Precambrian
The air is rich in nitrogen (N) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with
methane (CH4), water vapor (H2O) and other gases, but very little
oxygen (O2) is present.
Used by permission from National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration; Image source: Earth Science World Image
Bank http://www.earthscienceworld.org/images
Archean Eon: 3.85 billion to 2.5 billion
Precambrian
Stromatolite fossil specimen from the Yale Peabody Museum Paleobotany Division. Stromatolites are
natural formations that occur in shallow water and are the result of layers of sediment being cemented
together by biofilms of cyanobacteria and other microorganisms.
© YPM 51959
Earth cooling and Primitive Life
CHAPTER 3:
An Oxygenated Atmosphere
An Oxygenated Atmosphere
• 2500 – 541 million years ago
• Oxygenation of Earth
• Proterozoic Eon
• Eukaryotic Cells
An Oxygenated Atmosphere
• 2500 – 541 million years ago
• Oxygenation of Earth
• Proterozoic Eon
• Eukaryotic Cells
An Oxygenated Atmosphere
• 2500 – 541 million years ago
• Oxygenation of Earth
• Proterozoic Eon
• Eukaryotic Cells
An Oxygenated Atmosphere
• 2500 – 541 million years ago Snowball Earth
• Oxygenation of Earth
• Proterozoic Eon < 300,000,000 years
• Eukaryotic Cells
An Oxygenated Atmosphere
• 2500 – 541 million years ago Endosymbiotic Theory
• Oxygenation of Earth
• Proterozoic Eon “emergence of the
• Eukaryotic Cells aerobic eukaryotes”
An Oxygenated Atmosphere
• 2500 – 541 million years ago
• Oxygenation of Earth
• Proterozoic Eon Proterozoic Eon
• Eukaryotic Cells
Proterozoic Eon: 2.5 billion to 542 million
Precambrian
Stromatolite fossil specimen from the Yale Peabody Museum. This specimen has been sliced in half and polished to reveal the
interior. Cyanobacteria are the most likely microorganisms involved in the formation of stromatolites like this one.
© YPM 53535A
Cambrian Explosion
Cambrian Explosion and Fossil Records
• 541 – 245 million years ago
• Diversification of Life
• Paleozoic Era
• Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Cambrian Explosion and Fossil Records
• 541 – 245 million years ago
Modocia typicalis
• Diversification of Life
• Paleozoic Era
• Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Phanerozoic Eon 542 million to
present
Paleozoic Era 542 million to 251
million
Artist’s conception of an astraspid (Astraspis desiderata). Astraspids were a small group of armored, jawless vertebrates from the middle
Ordovician Period. Used by permission; drawing by Phillipe Janvier, http://tolweb.org/Astraspida/16906
A nautiloid fossil (Bickmorites bickmoreanum) from the middle Silurian Period. ©YPM IP 19158
Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Photo Greg Watkins-Colwell © YPM R24134
High oxygen levels (25-30% compared to 21% today) allow insects like
dragonflies to grow large (50 cm wingspan!) despite primitive respiratory
systems; ferns common; frogs develop. Great swamps form coal deposits
around the world.
Drawn by Margaret M. Colbert. Used by permission from American Museum of Natural History
Left: Apatosaurus and Stegosaurus, two of the most iconic dinosaurs of the Jurassic Period. Right: Close-up of a flying reptile (Rhamphorhynchus).
Both images from The Age of Reptiles Mural by Rudolph F. Zallinger; images reflect 1940’s conceptions of dinosaur morphology and habits.
© 2010 Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University
First snakes; first grasses and flowering plants appear; mass extinction of
dinosaurs about 65 million years ago
Himalayas began to form; many new mammal species; earliest whales and
dolphins; first bats; first large land mammals
A pair of early horse-like mammals (Merychippus) from The Age of Mammals, a mural by Rudolph F. Zallinger.
Copyright © 1966, 1975, 1989, 1991, 2000 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
All rights reserved.
Phanerozoic Eon 542 million to present
Cenozoic Era 65.5 million to present
Tertiary Period 65.5 million to 2.6 million
At the beginning of the Eocene, Earth much warmer than today; climate at
north and south poles similar to modern-day Pacific Northwest (like Seattle,
Washington); rainy, tropical climate and semi-tropical plants in Wyoming.
(.4 steps)
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis skull cast from the Yale Peabody Museum Vertebrate Paleontology collection. Aegyptopithecus is
an early member of the group that led to apes. The original specimen was collected in Egypt. © YPMVP 23975
Phanerozoic Eon 542 million to present
Cenozoic Era 65.5 million to present
Tertiary Period 65.5 million to 2.6 million
Mammoth (Mammuthus sp.) from The Age of Mammals, a mural by Rudolph F. Zallinger.
Copyright © 1966, 1975, 1989, 1991, 2000 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
All rights reserved.
The Age of Mammals and Homo sapiens
• 66 million years ago – now
• Dinosaur Extinction
• Cenozoic Era
• Mammals and Homo sapiens
Phanerozoic Eon 542 million to present
Cenozoic Era 65.5 million to present
Quaternary Period 2.6 million to present
Most recent ice age ends about 10,000 years ago. The climate rapidly
warms up to its present state, and plants and animals familiar to us
today inhabit our landscape. “Neolithic” period of human history
Glacier flowing into Prince William Sound, Alaska. Used by permission: Department of the Interior/USGS
The Age of Mammals and Homo sapiens
GCC AND NATURAL HAZARDS
ATMOSPHERIC GEOLOGIC HYDROLOGIC
HURRICANES/
EARTHQUAKES FLOODS
TYPHOONS
GLOBAL
CLIMATE VOLCANIC LANDSLIDES
CHANGE ERUPTIONS
DROUGHT \LANDSLIDES
WILDFIRES TSUNAMIS
THE DILEMNA OF DISASTER
SCENARIOS FOR GLOBAL
CLIMATE CHANGE OCCURS
AT THE LOCAL LEVEL
WHERE, BROAD BRUSH STROKES ARE TOO
UNCERTAIN
THE ISSUE:
WERE RECENT UNUSUALLY SEVERE PHYSICAL EFFECTS
EXACERBATED BY SOME OF MAN’S PAST ACTIONS, OR
WERE THEY INDEPENDENT OF MAN AND EVIDENCE OF
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE?
Winter of 2008
VERY COLD IN CHINA
VERY COLD IN NEW YORK
SNOW IN AMMAN, JORDAN
VERY WARM IN SWEDEN
VERY WARM IN NORWAY
VERY WARM IN ENGLAND
SNOW IN AMMAN, JORDAN:
JANUARY; 2008
WARM IN TYNEMOUTH, UK:
FEBRUARY 2008
NO ICE IN NORWAY: JANUARY
2008
VERY COLD IN GUANGZHOU, CHINA:
JANUARY 2008
STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN:
WARMEST SINCE 1755
VERY COLD IN NEW YORK: FEBRUARY
2008
PART 1:
WHAT IS THE CURRENT
THINKING ON GLOBAL
CLIMATE CHANGE?
RISK ASSESSMENT
•MONITORING ACCEPTABLE RISK
•HAZARD MAPS RISK
•INVENTORY
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
NDRRMC
DATA BASES YOUR
AND INFORMATION COMMUNITY
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
GLOBAL • COST
CLIMATE • EXPOSURE
CHANGE
EXPECTED POLICY
NATURAL
HAZARDS • EVENT LOSS • BENEFIT
ADOPTION
•CONSEQUENCES
POLICY ASSESSMENT
MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
FOR COPING WITH THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE