PROJECT NO.

COMPILATION OF ELEMENTS IN MACHINE DESIGN II

(Elements 01)

Annealing ― Heating above the transformation range, usually 1300℉ 𝑡𝑜 1350℉, and
cooling slowly to soften the metal and increase in machining.

Hardening ― Heating above the transformation temperature and quenching usually in

oil, for the purpose of increasing the hardness.

Tempering ― Reheating to a temperature below the transformation range, followed by

any desired rate of cooling to attain the desired properties of the metal.

Stress Relieving ― Heating to a subcritical temperature, about 1,100℉ to 1,300℉ and

holding at that temperature for a suitable time for the purpose of reducing internal
residual stresses.

Normalizing ― Heating to some 100℉ above the transformation range with subsequent
cooling to below the range in still air at room temperature to produce uniform
structure of the metal.

Drilling machine ― A machine tool used for producing holes in metal by the use of a
cutting tool called drill.

Milling machine ― A machine tool use to form metal parts by removing metal from work
piece by the use of a revolving cutter with many teeth each tooth having a cutting
edge which removes its share of the stock.

Tool grinder ― A machine tool used to sharpen or shape tool by using an abrasive
wheel.

Boring machine ― A machine tool used to enlarge a hole by means of an adjustable

cutting tool with only one cutting edge.

Power saw ― A machine tool used to cut metal parts of light, medium, and large
sections using a reciprocating hack saw blade.

Shaper ― A machine tool used to machine flat or plane surfaces with a single point a
cutting tool.

Planer ― A machine tool used for production of flat surfaces on pieces too large or too
heavy to hold in a Shaper

Broaching machine ― A machine tool used to finish internal or external surfaces, such
as holes or keyways by the use of a cutter called a broach, which has a series of
cutting edges or teeth.

Bronze ― An alloy of copper and tin.

Brass ― An alloy of copper and zinc.

Rolling ― The process of forming metal parts by the use of dies after the metal is
heated to its plastic range.

Forging ― The process of forming metal parts by the use of a powerful pressure from a
hammer or press to obtain the desired shape, after the metal has been heated to
its plastic range.

SAE 1320 ― manganese steel containing approximately 0.20% carbon.

Milling machine ― A machine tool in which metal is removed by means of a revolving

cutter with many teeth, each tooth having a cutting edge which removed its shape
of the stock.

Lathe machine ― A metal turning machine tool in which the work while revolving on a
horizontal axis, is acted upon by a cutting tool which is made to remove slowly
(feed) in a direction more or less parallel to the axis of the work (longitudinal feed).

Planer ― A machine tool used to in the production of flat surfaces on pieces too large or
too heavy or, perhaps too awkward to hold in a shaper.

Grinding ― It’s consist of shaping a pieces by bringing it into contact with a rotating
abrasive wheel.

Caliper ― A tool used in measuring diameters.

Dial indicator ― Used to true an align machine tools, fixtures, and works, to test an
inspects size trueness of finished work, and to compare measurements either
heights or depth or many other measurements.

Plasticity ― The ability of metal to be deformed considerably without rupture.

Laying out ― The shop term used to include the marking or inscribing the center points,
circles, arcs, or straight lines upon metal surfaces, either curve or flat, for the
guidance of the worker.

Reaming ― An operation of sizing and finishing a hole by means of a cutting tool having
several cutting edges.

Countersinking ― The operation of making a cone shaped enlargement of the end of a

hole as for a recess for a flat head screw.

Boring ― The operation of enlarging a hole by means of an adjustable cutting tool with
only one cutting edge.

Pitch circle ― An imaginary circle passing through the points at which the teeth of the
meshing gears contact each other.

Carriage bolt ― A type of a bolt intended for use in bolting wooden parts together or
wood to metal. It has a short portion of shank just underneath a round head, which
is designed to keep the bolt from turning in the wood when the nut is tightened.
Diametric pitch ― The number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter and which gives some
indications of the size of the gear teeth.

Circular pitch ― The distance from the center of one tooth of a gear to the center of the
next consecutive tooth measured on the pitch.

Addendum ― The portion of a gear tooth those projects above or outside the pitch
circle.

Dedendum ― The portion of the gear tooth space that is cut below the pitch circle and
is equal to the addendum plus the clearance.

Gear rack ― When meshed with a gear, it is used to change rotary motion to
reciprocating motion.

Worm gears ― A kind of gears used to heavy duty works where a large ratio of speed is
required and are extensively used in speed reducers.

Bevel gears ― A kind of gears used to transmit motion from one shaft to another shaft
at an angle to the first.

Normalizing ― The uniform heating of steel above the usual hardening temperatures,
followed by cooling freely in air.

Quenching ― The operation of cooling a heated piece of work rapidly by dipping it in

water, brine or oil.

Annealing ― A method used in softening a piece of metal that is too hard to machine
and is done by heating steel slowly above the usual hardening temperature,
keeping it at the heat for to 2 hours, then cooling slowly, preferably in a furnace.

Tolerance ― The total permissible variation in the size of a dimension; the difference
between the limits of size.

Squaring ― The operation of machining the end of a work piece to make the end
square with the axis.

Backlash ― The clearance between the teeth profiles of a gear tooth.

Dividing head ― A mechanism which usually do the indexing in a machine tool.

Abrasive ― A material that can wear away a substance softer than itself.

Tap ― A cylindrical bar of steel with threads form around it and grooves or flutes
running lengthwise in it, intersecting with the threads to form cutting edges. It is
used to cut internal threads.

Feeler gage ― A set of gages consisting of thin strips of metal of various thicknesses
mounted in a steel case or holder and is widely used for measuring and checking
clearance.

Slotter ― A machine tool which is very similar to a shaper except that the ram
reciprocates vertically rather than horizontally.
Shaper ― A machine tool used principally to machine flat or plane surfaces with single-
point cutting tool.

Stud bolts ― A kind of bolts which has no head an instead has threads on the both
ends.

Independent chuck ― A kind of chuck which has reversible jaws which could be
adjusted separately.

Mandrel ― A tool which when pressed into a finished hole in a piece of work provides
centers on which the piece may be turned or otherwise machined.

Universal chuck ― A kind of chuck which should not be used where extreme accuracy
is required.

Knurling ― The process of checking or producer checkers on the surface of a piece by

rolling checkered depressions into the surface.

Live center ― It fits into the main spindle of a lathe and is so called because it acts as a
bearing surface on which the works rests. It revolves with the work. When
compared with the hardness of the dead center in the tailstock, it is usually soft,
and is so made since it does no work.

Chuck ― A gripping device with two or more adjustable jaws set radially.

Casting ― Steel balls for ball bearings are manufactured by:

Epicycloids ― Addendum of a cycloidal gear tooth is:

Headstock ― In a lathe, it comprises the main spindle, the necessary mechanism for
obtaining the various spindle speed and also certain gears which are used to
operate the quick change gears mechanism.

Hardening ― The process of heating a piece of steel to a temperature within or above

critical range and cooling rapidly

Brazing ― Welding operation in which a non-ferrous filler metal melts at a temperature

below that of the metal joined but is heated above 450℃.

Soldering ― Uniting two pieces of metal by means of a different metal which is applied
between the two in molten state.

Electric arc welding ― Fusion process in which the metal is heated into a state of fusion
permitting it to flow together into a solid joint.

Resistance welding ― Joining metal by means of high current at low voltage. During the
passage of current, pressure by the electrodes produces a forge weld.

Micrometer ― A device for accurately measuring diameters.

Feeler gage ― A group of thin steel strips for measuring clearance.

Distortion gage ― A hand tool used to measure engine crank web deflections.

Torque wrench ― A hand tool used to measure tension on bolts.

Tolerance ― The permissible variation in the size of a dimension; the difference

between the limits of size.

External gear ― A gear with teeth on the outer cylindrical surface.

Internal diameter ― The diameter of a circle coinciding with the top of the teeth of an
internal gear.

Root circle ― A circle coinciding with a tangent to the bottom of the tooth space.

Whole depth ― The total depth of a tooth space, equal to addendum plus dedendum.

Dedendum ― The depth of tooth space below the pitch circle.

Diameter pitch ― The of gear teeth to each mm pitch diameter.

Grinder ― A machine tool in which abrasive wheel is used as cutting tool to obtain a
very smooth finish.

Milling machine ― It is used to produce a variety of surfaces by using a circular-type

cutting with multiple teeth.

Shaper ― It is used principally to machine flat or plane surfaces with a single-point tool.

Boring ― Cutting a hole by means of rotating tool or the work may revolve and to the
tool remain fixed as in the lathe.

Tapping tap ― One of the following is not a tap used for cutting threads in holes.

Used to rotate the work ― An index or dividing head.

Zinc ― Galvanized iron is a term referring to iron coated with:

Bh3⁄3 ― The moment of inertia of a rectangle whose base is ‘’b’’ and height ‘’h’’ about
its base is:

Tooth outline are usually involutes curves ― In usual spur gearing:

Chromium ― A stainless steel is obtained principally by the use of the following alloying
element.

Bound ― One of the following is not a common term relating to the classification of fits.

Have a line of contact between the teeth ― Hearing bone gears are gears which:

Are not relieved when the weld is peened ― Internal stresses existing in a welded
connection:
Design stress = ultimate stress divided by factor of safety ― In general the design
stress and factor of safety are related as follows:

Feeler gage ― A group of thin steel strips for measuring clearance.

Torque wrench ― A hand tool used to measure tension on bolts.

Abrasive ― A material that can wear away a substance softer than itself.

High speed steel ― The material used in high speed process.

Brass ― An alloy of copper and zinc.

Bronze ― An alloy of copper, tin and small amount of phosphorous.

Forging ― The process of working metals by the application of sudden blows or by

steady pressure.

Brazing ― A welding operation in which a non-ferrous filler metal melts at a temperature

below that of the metal joined but is heated above 450℃.

Quenching ― The operation of cooling a heated piece of work rapidly by dipping it in

water, brine or oil.

Shaper ― A machine tool used to machine flat surfaces.