CULTURAL HERITAGE • documents (e.g.
codes, laws, land titles,
 Legacy is what remains after one’s
time. Handed down from one generation
to another, legacy magnifies one’s life
and living. It is said that legacy is what
cultural heritage is.
 According to John Feather, cultural
heritage is a human creation intended to
inform.
Examples:
• architectures such as buildings, houses,
and structures
• artifacts like books, documents, objects,
images, clothing, accessories, and jars
• things that make people who they are,
like oral stories, values, laws, norms,
rituals, and traditions
 Cultural heritage helps historians and
archaeologists understand and decipher
the way of living people of yesterday
had. Through these objects, we are
presented with facts and figures which
help us draw the landscape of the world
as it once was.
Tangible and Intangible Heritage
• Cultural heritage is a representation of
the ways of living established by a
society or a group that is passed on
from generation to generation.
• Cultural heritage can be categorized as
either tangible or intangible.
Tangible
• Tangible means perceptible, touchable,
concrete, or physical. A tangible
heritage is a physical artifact or object
significant to the archaeology,
architecture, science, or technology of a
specific culture.
Objects that can be stored are included in this
category, such as:
• traditional clothing,
• utensils (e.g. beadwork, water vessels),
• vehicles (e.g. the ox wagon),
literature), and
• public works and architecture built and
constructed by a cultural group (e.g.
buildings, historical places, monuments,
temples, graves, roads, bridges).
Intangible Heritage
• Intangible is the opposite of tangible.
Unlike tangible heritage, an intangible
heritage is not a physical or concrete
item. Intangible heritage is that which
exists intellectually in the culture.
Intangible heritage includes:
• songs,
• myths,
• beliefs,
• superstitions,
• oral poetry,
• stories, and
• various forms of traditional knowledge
such as ethnobotanical knowledge
•
The Meaning and Significance of Human
Evolution
 Evolution is the process of developing
physical and biological change in a
species over a period of time. Natural
changes and events forced species to
adapt to the environment while some
faced extinction for being unable to do
so.
The Significance of Artifactual Evidences in
Understanding Evolution
 Artifactual evidences are the only
source of knowledge in understanding
the lifestyle and the developments that
occurred in each transitional stage of
human evolution. Early human species
were discovered through fossils which
are remains preserved in rock.
Scientists study the structure, shape,
and development of skeletal properties
including head shape and teeth to
determine biological differences across
early to modern species.
OLDOWAN TOOLKIT
- the oldest stone tools, known as the
Oldowan toolkit, consist of at least:
1. Hammerstones
2. Stone cores that show a series of flake scars
along one or more edges
3. Sharp stone flakes
- This began 2.6 million years ago
CULTURAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION
Objectives:
1. Discuss the cultural and socio-political
evolution: from hunting and gathering to the
agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial
revolutions.
A. The Neolithic Revolution
B. Early civilizations and the rise of the state
C. Democratization
2. Explore the significance of human material
remains and artefactual evidence in interpreting
cultural and socio-political evolution
The Neolithic Revolution
 the appearance of agriculture and
pastoralism
The origins of agriculture and domestic
animals.
 The development of agriculture and the
domestication of animals took place
independently in different parts of the
world, but the Near East,
Mesoamerica, southeast Asia, and
China were among the first and most
significant regions.
 The Neolithic period began around
6,000 years ago when humans first
settled down and began farming. They
continued to make tools and weapons
from flint and some kinds of tool, such
as scrapers for preparing hides, stayed
the same.
 But the Neolithic also saw the
introduction of new kinds of stone tool.
Domesticated Plants
 There are about 200,000 wild species,
12 domesticated plants account for
80% of the tonnage of all crops:
Cereals: wheat, corn, barley, rice, sorghum
Pulses: soybeans
Tubers: potato, manioc, sweet potato
Sugar: sugar cane, beet sugar
Fruit: banana
Large Terrestrial Domesticates
The Major Five:
1. Sheep
2. Cow
3. Goat
4. Pig
5. Horse
 Agriculture led to a sedentary lifestyle
Pastoralism led to a nomadic lifestyle
Dangers of Neolithic Revolution
 The vulnerability of monoculture
 Soil destruction
 Disease
The Early Civilizations and the Rise of the
Estates
 Civilization is: the formation of a highly
complex and organized group of people.
 A key in the development of a civilization
is the creation of cities.
 There are 4 other features that are part
of a civilization:
 Cities and Government
 Jobs and Technology
 Social Classes and
Religion
 Writing and Record
Keeping
Democratization
3 Waves of Democratization
1. 1818-1926: France, Britain, U.S., etc.
2. 1943-1965: West Germany, Italy, Austria,
Japan, Korea, Columbia, Venezuela, etc.
3. 1974-1995: Portugal, Greece, Turkey (again),
Brazil, former East Bloc countries
 About 30 countries with auth systems
shifted to democratic political systems in
the 1970s and 1980s
MUSEUMS
Objective:
- Recognize national, local and
specialized museums and
archaeological and historical sites as
venues to appreciate and reflect on the
complexities of biocultural and social
evolution as part of being and becoming
human.
Classification of Museums based on
geographical area
1. National Museums and other
specialized museums in Metro Manila
- Ayala Museum, Lopez Museum,
Metropolitan Museum, Veterans
Museum, etc.
2. Provincial Museums
- Iloko Museum, Baguio Museum, Museo
Iloilo
LOCAL MUSEUM
1. Marcela Agoncillo Historical
Landmark in Taal, Batangas
This historical house was the home of Marcela
Agoncillo, the woman who sewed the first
Philippine flag. On display is a permanent
exhibit of the various flags of the Revolution and
a diorama depicting the sewing of the first
Philippine flag, as well as personal memorabilia
of the Agoncillo family.
Marcela and her diplomat-spouse
Felipe Agoncillo were living in exile in
Hongkong when fellow exile and revolutionary
leader Emilio Aguinaldo requested her to
create the Philippine flag in 1898. The
Agoncillos' home at that time was a hub for
Filipino revolutionary expatriates.
2. Miguel Malvar Shrine (Miguel Malvar
Historical Landmark) in Sto. Tomas,
Batangas
3. Museo de lipa in Lipa city, Batangas
The museum is dedicated to the
preservation of material culture of the Lipeño
lifestyle up to the 19th century. It also houses the
artworks and photographs of different Lipeño
artists.
Its collection include antique furniture,
decorative objects and artworks donated or
loaned by collectors and Lipeño families.
4. Museo Puntong Batangan in
Batangas City, Batangas
Museo Puntong Batangan
emphasizes spoken language to highlight
Batangas's heritage.
Fourteen words in Batangas Tagalog were
selected to show the province's history and
culture. The museum is divided into 14 sections,
one for each word, and each explains the
distinct Batangas culture.
a. Baon ("buried") features huge pictures
of mass graves from cholera epidemics
and massacres during the war against
America.
b. Bulanglang (a vegetable dish)
features a topographical map of
Batangas with its food history mapped
out.
c. Simba ("worship") features a video
loop of a procession.
d. In the Pangulo ("president" or
"leader") section is a list of 400 years of
barangay captains.
e. And of course there is
the Punto ("accent") sing-along room
where visitors can join along singing.
5. Tanauan City Museum in Tanauan,
Batangas
NATIONAL MUSEUM
1. National Museum of the Philippines
The National Museum is the premier
repository and custodian of the country’s
heritage.
There are 9 permanent exhibits featuring
dioramas of wreckage sites and artifacts of
precolonial and Spanish-era ships, an interactive
display on the geologic and anthropologic
history of the country, ancient burial practices,
cloth traditions and cultural diversity. The
featured artifacts and relics showcase the rich
heritage of the Philippines, dated long before
Spanish colonization.
2. Rizal Shrine and Museum in
Intramuros, Manila
This shrine was the detention cell of national
hero Jose Rizal and displays his memorabilia,
including a manuscript copy of his poem Mi
Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell) and the food
warmer where it was hidden before his
execution.
3. Bantayog ng mga Bayani Museum in
Diliman, Quezon City
and recognize the achievements of
those who came before them.
- They promote better understanding of
our collective heritage and foster
dialogue, curiosity and self-reflection .
- Yes, indeed! Museums are both
necessary and relevant today. They are
the institutions charged with conserving,
protecting and displaying artifacts from
our past and thus preserving our rich
heritage which might otherwise be lost
to private collectors or to time itself.
- Quite simply, without museums we
would most certainly lose the tangible
links to our past.

"Disappeared" was newly defined in the

20th century to describe those who were
kidnapped and killed by the military for being
considered threats to the State. The South
American countries even had a name for
them: desaparecidos.

• The Philippines had its own dark era of

systematic enforced disappearances
during the martial law years (1972-
1986), mirroring the history of
the desaparecidos in South American
dictatorships.

• The Bantayog ng mga Bayani (Shrine of

Heroes) Memorial Center honors the
memory of our own "disappeared".
The museum displays memorabilia of
the resistance movement during the
military rule of Ferdinand Marcos.

4. Bamboo Organ Museum in Las Pinas

City

The Bamboo Organ is housed inside St.

Joseph Parish Church and the museum is
located within the church compound. On display
are religious artifacts and old photographs of the
church and the Bamboo Organ.

Significance
- Museums ensure understanding and
appreciation for various groups and
cultures.

- Further, they serve to help future

generations comprehend their history