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11 Prod Systems
11 Prod Systems
11 Prod Systems
Operational Breakdown of
Garment
Session 10
Manufacturing Process
1
Factors
(a)Supervision d) Productivity
(b)Labour e) Throughput time
(c)Quality control f) Layout
Manual System
(a) Make through system
(b) Modular production system
(c) Assembly system
Make through system
4
9 Traditional method of production (entire
garment made by one person)
9 highly skilled and versatile labour required.
[Rare/expensive]
9 Operator is given the complete bundle of cut
work.
9 Large varieties X small quantities |couture
and sample making
Characteristics
(a) Supervision – minimal, at most supervisor gives the
bundle with some explanation
(b) Labour – highly skilled, expensive
(c) Quality control – necessary but not at the level
required for gmt. produced by semi‐skilled labour
d) Productivity – low due to lack of specialisation
e) Throughput time–reduced to minimum, no
necessity for reserves of work
f) Layout – flexible arrangement of m/c
Modular production system
7
“An organized group of individuals working
together in a co‐operative manner to accomplish
individual goals effectively and efficiently while
simultaneously accomplishing goals of the team
or organisation”
Working in modular system:
9The line layout is U ‐shaped with garments
progressing around the line.
9Each operator is cross trained on a different
portion of line depending on skills and operation
complexity. (Ideally all the operators are cross trained on all the operations.)
9Thus operators work predominantly on
predetermined adjacent tasks
9Each operator is assigned at least one
operation.
9Operatives work on standing workstations.
9The first and last operations are uniquely
assigned to the first and last operator respectively
9Work In Progress (WIP) is kept to a minimum.
A U-Shaped Production Line
In 1 2 3 4
Workers
Out 10 9 8 7
Assembly System
12
Assembly System
9Each operator is assigned to 1 operation only
9Bundles of garment components are moved
sequentially from operation to operation
9Bundles consist of garment parts needed to
complete a specific operation or garment
component
9Firms work with varied bundle sizes as well as
standard bundle sizes
Assembly System
9Bundles are assembled in cutting room where
cut parts are matched
9Each bundle receives a ticket that identifies
style#, size , shade and list of operations
9Bundle tickets also consist of a master list of
operations and corresponding coupons for each
operation
Assembly System
There are two variations of the assembly line
system being followed in the industries namely
9Progressive Bundle systems
9Unit production system
Progressive Bundle System (P.B.S.)
17
Progressive Bundle System
9M/c and ops. are organized into sections acc.
to basic fn, which produce sub components
9Within each sections, work is balanced
according to time required for each sub‐fn
9layout acc. to sequence of operations
9Work store @ start & end of every section
9Due to buffer–sections are independent
Progressive Bundle System
Close
Make Set Back
pockets store store store
pockets &
front
Prepare Make
fronts Make backs store store
collars
Set
store
collars
Set
Finish store
sleeves
store Make sleeves
Progressive Bundle System
Characteristics
a.Supervision – required; to ensure correct
movement and balance of work within sections
b.Labour – various skill & cost levels
c.Quality control – individual operations are
inspected
d.Productivity – relatively higher than most of
other systems
Progressive Bundle System
Characteristics
e.Throughput time–high; due to large work
stored at beginning & end
f.Layout – very important
Progressive Bundle System
Disadvantages of PBS are:
9Machine investment costs are high.
9not suitable for short‐run prodn and frequent
style changes, as these require rearrangement of
the workstation.
9It involves high handling costs for bundle
handling and transportation.
Progressive Bundle System
Disadvantages of PBS are:
9It requires a high level of work in progress and
therefore a high capital commitment
9It requires a high level of management skills to
arrange the workflow and decide on the number
of operators for each operation
9Individual performance can be monitored and
incentives offered
Progressive Bundle System
Advantages of PBS are:
9High productivity
9A high level of labour utilization can be achieved
9Training time and costs can be reduced
9Semi‐skilled labour can be used.
Unit Production System
25
Unit Production System (U.P.S.)
Similar to a relay race, each production operator
has a task and passes that garment on to the next
person. Normally there is only one garment
between operations.
1983 : Computers were used to plan, control and
direct the flow of work through the system
The essential features of UPS
1. The unit of production is single garment and
not bundles.
2. The garment components are automatically
transported from work station to work station
according to pre‐determined sequence.
3. The work station are so constructed that the
components are presented as close as possible to
the operator’s left and in order to reduce the
amount of movement required to grasp and
position and component to be sewn.
Working of UPS
9all the components for one garment are loaded
onto a carrier at a work station specially designed
for this purpose.
9the carrier has sub‐sections with quick‐release
retaining clamp
9batch of garments are loaded into carriers
9carriers are fed past mechanical/electronic
device which records the no. of the carrier and
takes it to its first destination
Straight line or Syncro System
29
9Based on synchronized flow of work through
each stage of producing a garment
9Time synchronization(line balancing) is very impt.
9Rigid, vulnerable to absenteeism and machine
breakdowns reserve operators and m/c s.b.
available to fill the gaps
9Requires sufficient volumes/style
Chute system
Bench system
Characteristics
(a) Supervision – due to its rigidity, supervisors main
focus is line balancing. Every minor delays cause
serious repercussions
(b) Labour – relatively high skill levels required,
different ops have to be performed to maintain
line balance
(c) Quality control – inline Q.C. must be more alert
and intensive, Q problems can cause hold‐ups
(d) Productivity – can be very high due to repetitions
Characteristics
(e) Throughput time – very short as a result of
low WIP, no intermediate work stores other
than the bundles awaiting the next op.
(f) Layout – simplest, it’s straight line!!!