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Linear Motions: Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 - Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Linear Motions: Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 - Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Distance is the ……
Distance, s Quantity: … SI unit : ..
Speed is the
Speed,v
Speed =
Quantity: SI unit:
Velocity is the
Velocity, v
Velocity =
Direction of velocity is
Quantity : SI unit:
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
An object has a non- (a) The direction of motion changes or the motion is not linear.
uniform velocity if
(b) The magnitude of its velocity changes.
Deceleration
1. Constant =
2. increasing velocity =
3. decreasing velocity =
4. zero velocity =
5. negative velocity = object moves at opposite direction
6. zero acceleration =
7. negative acceleration = deceleration
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Comparisons between distance and displacement Comparisons between speed and velocity
Scalar quantity
SI unit SI unit :
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example 1 Example 2
Every day Rahim walks from his house to the junction Every morning Amirul walks to Ahmad’s house
which is 1.5km from his house. which is situated 80 m to the east of Amirul’s house.
Then he turns back and stops at warung Pak Din which is They then walk towards their school which is 60 m
0.5 km from his house. to the south of Ahmad’s house.
Speed =
Example 3 Example 4
Salim running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s.
An aeroplane flies towards the north with a
(a) What is his speed in ms-1 velocity 300 km hr -1 in one hour. Then, the plane
moves to the east with the velocity 400 km hr -1 in
one hour.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example 5
The speedometer reading for a car travelling due north
shows 80 km hr -1. Another car travelling at 80 km hr -1
towards south. Is the speed of both cars same? Is the
velocity of both cars same?
A ticker timer
Use:
1 tick = time interval
The time taken to make 50 ticks on the ticker tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval between 2
consecutive dots is
1 tick =
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
VELOCITY FORMULA
Time, t = 10 dicks x 0.02 s
= 0.2 s
displacement, s = x cm
velocity =
ACCELERATION
Initial velocity, u =
final velocity, v =
acceleration, a =
Elapsed time, t = (5 – 1) x 0.2 s = 0.8 s or
t = (50 – 10) ticks x 0.02 s = 0.8 s
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example 6
vu 2
a=
t
v u at u=
1 v=
s ut at 2 t=
2 s=
v u 2as
2 2
a=
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Positive gradient
Negative gradient
Zero gradient
Negative
constant
velocity
Positive
Constant
velocity
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Constant
deceleration
Example 1: Example 2:
velocity/ m s-1
20
10
time/
0 10 20 30 40
s
Based on the s-t graph above: (a) Calculate the acceleration at:
(a) Calculate the velocity at (ii) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD
(b) Describe the motion of the object at: (b) Describe the motion of the object at:
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD (ii) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM
(d) Calculate
(i) The average speed
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.3 INERTIA
Paste a picture Body moves forward when the car stops suddenly The passengers were in a
state of motion when the car was moving.
Paste a picture A boy runs away from a cow in a zig zag motion. The cow has a large inertia
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
• Two empty buckets which are hung with rope from the
Relationship between mass ceiling.
and inertia • One bucket is filled with sand while the other bucket is
empty.
• Then, both pails are pushed.
• It is found that
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.4 MOMENTUM
Definition Momentum =
SI unit:
ƒ Momentum ƒ Momentum
ƒ Kinetic energy ƒ Kinetic energy.
Total energy ƒ Total energy
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 m1 u1 + m2 u2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v
Explosion
Paste a picture Before explosion both object
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
By conservation of momentum,
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example
Example
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example
Example
A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at
30 ms-1 collides with a car of mass
1000 kg which is travelling in the opposite A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5 kg.
direction at 20 ms-1. After the collision, the two If the mass of the bullet is 10 g and it reaches a
vehicles move together. What is the velocity of velocity of 300 ms -1 after shooting, what is the
both vehicles immediately after collision? recoil velocity of the pistol?
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.5 FORCE
Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force When the forces acting on an object are not balanced,
there must be
The net force is known as
F = ma
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Both men are pushing the same mass Both men exerted the same strength.
but man A puts greater effort. So he But man B moves faster than man A.
moves faster.
Variables:
Manipulated : Force
Responding :
Acceleration
Constant : Mass
Apparatus and Ticker tape and elastic cords, ticker timer, trolleys, power supply and friction
Material compensated runway and meter ruler.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Procedure : An elastic cord is hooked over the An elastic cord is hooked over a
- Controlling trolley. The elastic cord is stretched trolley.
manipulated until the end of the trolley. The
variables. trolley is pulled down the runway
with the elastic cord being kept
stretched by the same amount of
force
Analysing
Result
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
change of momentum mv mu
time t
Unit =
Situations Explanation
Thick mattress with soft surfaces are used in events such as high jump
so that
so as to
A baseball player must catch the ball in the direction of the motion of
the ball. Moving his hand backwards when catching the ball prolongs
the time for the momentum to change so as to reduce the impulsive
force.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to pound
chillies the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar cause the pestle
to be stopped in a very short time. A large impulsive force is resulted
and thus causes these spices to be crushed easily.
Example 1
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a burning house.
His velocity just before landing on the ground is 6 ms-1.
(a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit the ground.
(b) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s legs if he
bends upon landing and takes 0.5s to stop?
(c) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s legs if
he does not bend and stops in 0.05 s?
(d) What is the advantage of bending his legs upon landing?
Example 2
Rooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500 N. The time of
contact of his boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is the impulse
delivered to the ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is
the velocity of the ball?
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Component Function
Headrest
Air bag
Windscreen
Crumple zone
Front Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel, aluminium, plastic or
bumper rubber.
ABS Enables drivers to quickly stop the car without causing the brakes to lock.
Seat belt
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.8 GRAVITY
Gravitational
Force Objects fall because they are
Free fall An object is falling freely when it is falling under the force of gravity
only.
An object falls freely only
In vacuum,
They fall with
Gravitational field The gravitational field is the region around the earth in which an object
experiences a force towards the centre of the earth. This force is the
gravitational attraction between the object and the earth.
The gravitational field strength is defined as the gravitational force which acts
on a mass of 1 kilogram.
F -1
g= Its unit is N kg .
m
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
-1
Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg
-2
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s
-2
The approximate value of g can therefore be written either as 10 m s
-1
or as 10 N kg .
At vacuum state: There is no air At normal state: Both coin and feather
resistance. will fall because of gravitational force.
The coin and the feather will fall Air resistance effected by the surface area of
freely. a fallen object.
Only gravitational force The feather that has large area will have
acted on the objects. Both will fall more air resistance.
at the same time. The coin will fall at first.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
(a) The two spheres are falling The two spheres are falling down with
with an acceleration. the same acceleration
The distance between two The two spheres are at the same level
successive images of the sphere at all times. Thus, a heavy object and
increases showing that the two a light object fall with the same
spheres are falling with increasing gravitational acceleration
velocity; falling with an Gravitational acceleration is
acceleration. independent of mass
Example 1
A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the ground. What
is
(a) its speed when it strikes the ground
(b) ) the height of the coconut tree
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
rd
Newton’s 3 Law
Addition of Forces
Resultant force, F = +
Resultant force, F = +
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
STEP 2
Complete the parallelogram
scale: 1 cm = ……
Inclined Plane
Fx = F cos θ
Component of weight parallel to the plane = mg sin θ
Component of weight normal to the plane = mg cos θ
Fy = F sin θ
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
(d) (e)
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Lift
Pulley
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
W = Fs W= ,F= s=
s F
W= F s
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Potential Energy m=
Gravitational potential energy is h=
the energy of an object due to
g=
its higher position in the
gravitational field. E=
E=
Principle of Conservation of Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot
Energy
be created or destroyed.
The energy can be transformed from
Example 4
A worker is pulling a wooden block of weight, W, with a force
of P along a frictionless plank at height of h. The distance
travelled by the block is x. Calculate the work done by the
worker to pull the block.
Example 5
A student of mass m is climbing
up a flight of stairs which has
the height of h. He takes t
seconds..
What is the power of the student?
Example 6 Example 7
A stone is thrown upward with
initial velocity of
-1
20 ms . What is the maximum
height which can be reached by
the stone?
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example 8
Example 9
Example 10
A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he slides down the
slope, he does work to overcome friction of 140 J. What is his velocity at the end of the slope?
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.11 ELASTICITY
Stretching a solid
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
F= k x where
F=
x=
k=
2
= elastic potential energy = ½ F x = ½ k x
Force constant of the spring, k The force required to produce one unit of extension of the
spring.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
The same load is applied to each spring. The load is shared equally among the springs.
Tension in each spring = W Extension of W
Tension in each spring =
each spring = x 2
Total extension = 2x x
Extension of each spring =
If n springs are used: The total 2
extension = n x If n springs are used:
x
The total extension =
n
Example 1
The original length of each
spring is 10 cm.
With a load of 10 g, the extension
of each spring is 2 cm.
What is the length of the spring
system for (a),
(b) and (c)?
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
coin leaf
Mass
of the taken
Time coin to fall in a vacuum
Coin and leaf of different mass reach the bottom of the container at the same time.
Coin and leaf fall down due to gravitational force. The magnitude of gravitational pull is constant.
It does not depend on the mass
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Water Rocket
Stability of the rocket during flight Use plasticine to make the head
of the rocket
Example 4
Diagram 4.1 shows a cradle with a baby in it is oscillating vertically. Diagram 4.2
shows another identical cradle with a heavier baby in it is oscillating vertically. It
is observed that the cradle with a heavier mass baby oscillates at a higher
frequency.
Design an experiment to test the hypothesis using spring, slotted weight and other
suitable apparatus.
Variables :
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Responding variable :
Constant variable : 1
c(iii) Apparatus : Metre rule, retort stand with clamp ,steel spring, slotted weight and 1
pin.
c(iv)
Record 1
Extension of spring :
Measure the
Repeat the 1
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Initial length , l0 = cm
(vii) 1
Total 12
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