PER DEV CAHP 8
COMPETENCE – related to
According to the US National Institues of
Health, “mental health includes our
emotional, psychological, and social
well-being. It affects how we think, feel,
and act as we cope with life. It also helps
determine how we handle stress, relate to
others, and make choices. Mental Health
is important at every stage of life, from
childhood and adolescence through
adulthood. ”
* CONCEPTS OF MENTAL HEALTH
INCLUDE THE FF. :
1. SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING – this
may be defined as one’s personal
(subjective) thoughts and feelings abt
one’s overall state of being.
Good mental health - is tied to the
individual’s self-concept and emotions
abt him.
Person w/ healthy concept or self-identity
exudes charm and confidence , is usually
sociable , productive, and can maintain
healthy relationships. POSITIVE
WARM regard for oneself serves as a
foundation of mental health.
Negative self-concept – will have a
negative effecton one’s mental health and
well-being.
Anxiety and unhappiness – anger , loss
of interest in studies, shunning away
people
2. PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY
Self-efficacy – one’s perception of one’s
value and worth, effectiveness and ability
in performing a task or activity.
Low self esteem may exibit types of
behavior that are Self-destructive or
self-sabotaging.
3. AUTONOMY – deals with one’s
capacity to separate one’s identity from
other significant persons like parents,
lovers, and special friends. – is the
capacity for self-direction and having a
clearly defined role identity.
Expectations – are clarified and adjusted
according to the role an indi. Takes, better
appreciation
Lack of autonomy – can lead to
co-dependence among those who cannot
define themselves as separate entities
from people they depend on either
emotionally, physically, socially, .. ---
can lead relational conflicts “clingy
needy”
4.
Adaptability – capacity to adjust to
self-esteem and self-identity. –
perception of one’s capacity to
effectively perform a function or activity
using specific skills and knowledge , and
achieving the desired results at a given
time.
5. INTERGENERATIONAL
INDEPENDENCE – refers to the
relationships between indi. Who belong
to diff. Generations but may be living
separately as independent, autonomous
persons during a specific period of time.
Self-actualization - is abt fulfilling
one’s perceived potentials, becoming the
person that one has always aspired for.
6. SELF-ACTUALIZATION OF ONE’S
INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL
POTENTIAL, AMONG OTHER.
* the model includes what is referred to as
the 5 life taks :
1. ESSENCE OR SPIRITUALITY
2. WORK AND LEISURE
3. FRIENDSHIP
4. LOVE
5. SELF-DIRECTION
* 12 sub-tasks as major components of
wellness or well-being that comprise the
Wheel of Wellness espoused by Myers,
Witmer, Sweeney 2000 :
1. Sense of Worth
2. Sense of Control
3. Realistic Beliefs
4. Emotional Awareness and Coping
5. Problem Solving And Creativity’
6. Sense of Humor
7. Nutrition
8. Physical Exercise
9. Self-care
10. Stress Management
11. Gender Identity
12. Cultural Identity
Resiliency - capacity to establish and
maintain one’s balance ang well-being in
the face of adversity. – ability to get back
on one’s feet after a disaster or crisis
changes necessary for one’s survival and
balance
Wonderful self-concept – having
spirituality that provides philosophical ..
The worl health organization clearly
noted that poor mental health plays a
significant role in diminished immune
functioning ..
Mental health problem - short term
and temporary change in a persons
thought, feelings, or behaviour that upsets
one’s well-being , interpersonal,
relationships, and productivity.
Mental illness - refers to diagnosable
mental disorders characterized by
changes on one’s thinking, feeling and
behaviour, as well as in one’s
relationships and productivity.
20% - 10-19 yrs of age
The WHO enumerated possible mental
health challenges faced by adolescents
worldwide. : a. Conduct or behaviour
disorders, anxiety, depression, and eating
disorders violent behaviour, ...
Peer groups – can also provide the
support needed y an adolescent in
distress.
* 5 steps IN IMPROVING MENTAL
HEALTH ( national health service of the
United Kingdom )
1. CONNECT – with the ppl around you:
your family, friends, classmates, .. spend
time developing these relationships.
2. BE ACTIVE – physical activity
generates positive sense of wellness.
Sports , physical activity ..
3. KEEP LEARNING – learning new
skills or obtaining new knowledge can
give u sense of achievement
4. GIVE TO OTHERS – giving to others
is not limited to money or other material
things.
5. TAKE NOTICE – be aware of what is
happening around u AWARENESS IS
ALSO REFERRED TO AS
MINDFULNESS and being mindful can
positively change the way u feel abt
life..
CHAPTER 9
Daniel Goleman , emotional intelligence :
why it can matter more than IQ 1995 ,
the author presented the physiological
process on how emotions occur. Goleman
stated that “ all emotions, are in essence,
impuses to act, the instant plan for
handling life taht evolution has instilled
in us. “ he traces origins of emotions from
human race’s survival instinct to SENSE,
ASSESS, AND ACT ON ANY THREAT
TO ITS LIFE AND SURVIVAL. This
instinct is also known as the : flight or
fight” response that animals and humans
alike are capable of doing when faced in
danger.
*parts of human brain involved in
creation of emotions, : AMYGDALA,
NEOCORTEX, AND FRONTAL
LOBES.
According to dr. Joseph leodoux 1992 ,
the amygdale has become the center of
action , the emotional sentinel that can
take control of our actions even before the
neocortex could asses what to do.—keeps
a memory bank.
1st thalamus 2nd neocortex ( thinking
brain ) 3rd amygdale 4th frontal lobes
Knee-jerk reaction – small amounts of the
coming from the thalamus escape to the
amygdala. Happening even before the
info. Was processed by the rational part
of the brain -- “hijacking of the
amygdala”
Pre-frontal cortex – controls emotions so
we can deal better and more effectively
w/ the situation
Amygdala - acts on its own in pushing
the other buttons for a body response
EI – lies between the interaction of the
amygdale and pre-frontal cortex
PETER SALOVEY –1st introduced EI ,
psychologist from yale university who
showed how intelligence can be brought
to our emotions. Later on, salovey was
joined by JOHN MAYER , a
psychologist from the university of new
Hampshire, in formulating emotional
intelligence. Goleman defines EI as the
ability to motivate oneself and persist in
the face of frustrations, ..
* salovey identified 5 domains of
emotional intelligence :
1. KNOWING ONE’S EMOTIONS OR
SELF-AWARENESS
 Self-awareness brings w/ it the
skill for self-reflection. This is
abt a person who recognizes an
emotion being felt
2. MANAGING EMOTIONS –
 Alabama psychologist Dolf
Zillmann was quoted by
Goleman in hos book on how
anger happens. To zillmann,
anger is triggered by something
that endangers a person’s life or
status , or even one’s balance.
3. MOTIVATING ONESLEF –
 Hope – is a major indicator of
emotional intelligence . hope is
the element present when one is
fighting some overwhelming
anxiety , a defeatist attitude , or
depression. Optimism – great
motivator , and like hope, it
provides a peson w/
expectations that things will turn
out better or right
4. RECOGNIZING EMOTIONS IN
OTHERS
 Empathy – the capacity to
recognize the emotions in other
people
 Daniel stern – psychiatrist at the
cornell university , he found outr
that the capacity of an individual
to empathize is linked to the
individ. Need for others to
recognize and receive their
emotions and respomd to them
( ATTUNEMENT ) – THIS
MEANS THATR IF A
PERSON DOES NOT
RECEIVE EMPATHY from
others, the tendency is not to
have empathy for others as well.
Empathy also becomes the basis
of a person’s set of moral
principles ..
5. HANDLING RELATIONSHIPS
 ORGANIZING GROUPS –
leadership skill essential in
mustering groups of people toward a
common action
 NEGOTIATING SOLUTIONS –
talent to bring ppl in conflict to talk
and come up with a solution is
usually found among mediators of
disputes.
 PERSONAL CONNECTION –
talent where ampathy and
connecting with another person’s
emotions are manifested. Teachers
have this.
 SOCIAL ANALYSIS – talent to
step out of a situation and
objectively form insights abt the
way ppl feel and behave. Therapists
are gifted with this talent.
-- EI could be part of the 7 key varieties:
1. Verbal-linguistic,
mathematical-logical, spatial,
kinaesthetic, musical, interpersonal,
intrapersonal two more were added :
natural and spiritual .
-- ROBERT PLUTCHIK – psychologist
who theorized that emotions are
multi-dimensional, or having various
intensities, identified these are :
adoration, ecstasy, anticipation, rage,
disgust, grief,surprise ,and fear
* goleman also refers to 8 main families
of emotions and their corresponding
members:
1. ANGER : fury, outrage, resentment,
wrath, exasperation, indignation
2. SADNESS : grief, sorrow,
cheerlessness, gloom, melancholy, self-
pity, loneliness
3. FEAR : anxiety, apprehension,
nervousness, concern, misgiving,
consternation
4. ENJOYMENT : happiness, joy, relief,
contentment, bliss, delight, pride, thrill
5. LOVE : acceptance, friendliness, trust,
kindness, affinity, adoration, agape
6. SURPRISE : shock, astonishment ,
amazement, wonder
7. DISGUST : contempt, scorn, distate,
disdain
8. SHAME : guilt, embarrassment,
chagrin, remorse, regret, humiliation
EI also referred to as EQ emotional
Quotient – is more important in achieving
success in one’s career or personal life
than IQ. – foundation in developing
important skilss necessary for one’s
success at work,
IG is not a surefire element to one’s
success
* emotional intelligence is important as
it directly affects ;
1. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
HEALTH – emotional intelligence
equips one with tools in managing stress;
and stress, w/c usually brings discomfort
and illness
2. WORK PERFORMANCE – either
in school if u are still a student, or at work,
if u r already employed. EI helps in
understanding ppl and situations more
objectively ..
3. RELATIONSHIPS – interpersonal
relationships are enhanced bc emotions
are expressed in a more positive way, w/
empathy, genuine caring is expressed and
shared
 5 domains ( guide in
developing one’s EI :
 Domain 1 : knowing one’s
emotion and being aware
of oneself
 Domain 2: managing one’s
emotions
 Domain 3 : motivating
oneself
 Domain 4 : recognizing
emotions in others
 Domain 5 : handling
relationships
CHAPTER 10
Survival was the primary reason why
human beings have the fundamental need
to belong.
Relationships are essential to one’s
happiness
Personal relationship type of
relationship w/c is closely associated w/ a
person and w/c can only have meaning to
this person. – involve degree of
commitment
Privacy and intimacy – two
characteristics that define personal
relationship
* 3 attachment styles as defined by
ainsworth, blekar, waters, wall ( 1978) :
1. SECURE ATTACHMENT – is when
the primary caregiver is most of the time
present and available and when all the
emotional needs of an infant are met,
providing a sense of security to the infant.
2. AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT -
when the primary caregiver is cold and
detached, and even unresponsive to a
child’s need.
A child senses rejection and this often
leads to premature detachment and
self-reliance.
3. ANXIOUS-AMBIVALENT
ATTACHMENT-
* 3 stages of falling in love :
1. LUST – is driven by sex hormones ,
testosterone, and estrogen.
2. ATTRACTION – lovestruck phase,
w/c involves neurotransmitters in the
brain such as dopamine, neropinephrine,
and serotonin. Person loses sleep
3. ATTACHMENT – when the couple in
love decides to continue with the
relationship, they enter the attachment
stage where long-lasting commitments
are exchange . oxytocin - released
during childbirth to help in breastfeeding
and during orgasm promote intimacy
Vasopressin – promotes long-term
relationships.
Attraction – 1st step toward liking
someone : involves our unconscious
assessment of another person’s genes
through their physical appearance. –
determinants of good health
PHEROMONES – an odourless
chemical found in urine and sweat, and
can only be detected through an organ as
the nose , are also involved in the
assessment of a future mate , ..
* rozenbeerg quarterly mentions several
theories and research results related to
attraction and liking :
1. TRANSFERENCE EFFECT – there
are times we meet ppl who we
immediately like or dislike
2. PROPINQUITY EFFECT – sense of
familiarity
3. SIMILARITY – we often like ppl who
we have similarities with
4. RECIPROCITY – we like ppl who like
us back.
5. PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS –
major factor in liking someone , 1st
impression
6. PERSONALITY
CHARACTERISTICS AND TRAITS –
people get attracted to 2 characteristics
that lead liking the other person : 1.
Empathic person (who exude warmth
and sympathy 2. Socially competent
persons – good communicators and
enjoy good conversations
* 3 components (robert stenberg’s
triangular theory of love :
1. INTIMACY – that lovely moment
when someone understands and validates
us. (reis, clark, holmes) joseph powell
defined intimacy : absolute human
certainty that no one can know his own
beauty .. “
Communication – key component in
developing intimacy, where self –
disclosure is practiced ..
2. COMMITMENT – act of deciding to
consistently fulfil and live by agreements
made w/ anoher person, entity, or cause ,
where the values of integrity and respectr
serve as a guide to one’s beghavior and
thinking
3. PASSION – defined in generic terms,
is the intense state of being that drives
and consumes a person to pursue an
interest , a vision, or a person. Romantic,
passion connotes sexual attraction , and
intimacy. Reciprocity (mutual liking)
what triggers a couple to move forward
romance and intimacy, to commitment.
Commitment – saying yes, u are into this
relationship and will stick to it for as long
as possible.
* 3 variables (rozenberg quarterly )
commitment :
1. ACCUMULATION OF ALL
REWARDS OF THE RELATIONSHIP
– considered as the most important
determinant of satisfaction in a
relationship , rewards of the relationship
include support from partner ; sexual
satisfaction; emotional; financial; and
physical security; adventure; and novelty
2. TEMPTATION OF ALTERNATIVE
PARTNERS - the presence of possible
alternatives for another partner can rock
the relationship and destabilize the
commitment of a couple.
3. INVESTMENTS MADE BY THE
COUPLE IN THE RELATIONSHIP -
important in maintaining commitment.
These investments may include time
spent together, common beliefs and
experiences ...
 4 behaviors married couples
may do that can predict a
divorce or separation
1. CRITICISM – this happens when
there is the absence of unconditional
positive regard for each other in a
relationship . ; finding fault
2. DENIAL OF THE EXISTENCE OF
CONFLICT – when one party eludes the
presence of a problem and refuses to
discuss it , as if belittling the problem
3. CONTEMPT- like criticism , is
present when someone who looks down
on the party as inferior does not give
unconditional positive regard, and
aggravates the situation by expressing
superiority over the other.
* responsibilities that are necessary in a
relationship to make it flourish and stay
beneficial :

1. BE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT
YOU THINK AND SAY TO THE
OTHER PERSON
2. BE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT U
PROMISE TO DO OR NOT DO
3. ENSURE THE RELATIONSHIP IS
MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL
4. RESPECTR THE OTHER PARTY
OR PARTIES INVOLVED
5. BE READY TO PROVIDE
SUPPORT WHEN NEEDED
CHAPTER 11
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP – tend to be
less intimate, with lesser self- disclosure,
but may still be exclusive , and may
demand certain levels of loyalty as in
fraternities or religious org. and to lesser
extent, loosely knitted social clubs.
(EI)DAVID GOLEMAN –
JOHN R. P. FRENCH and BERTRAM
RAVEN 1959
* varieties or types of social influence :
1. compliance – when a person seems to
agree, and follows what is required of
him or her to do or believe ‘ but does not
necessarily have to really believe ..
2. identification – influenced by someone
he or she likes or looks up to; social
celebrity
3. internalization – is able to own a
certain belief or act ; willing to known
publicly
* social scientist and psychologists
identified other types of social influence
as :
 CONFORMITY – type of social
influence that involves a change
in behaviour , belief, or thinking
to be like others. – most
common and pervasive form of
social influ. – tends to
distinguish between two varities :
informational conformity
(internalization in kelman’s
term) normative conformity
( compliance )
 CONVERSION – occurs when
an indi. Wholeheartedly changes
his or her original thinking and
beliefs , actins, and attitudes to
align w/ and accept those of the
other members of a group.
 MINORITY INFLUENCE –
happens when a bigger no. Of
ppl are influenced by a much
smaller no. Of ppl to accept
minority’s way of looking at and
doing things.
 REACTANCE – reverse
reaction to some social influence
that is being imposed by a
person or a group on another to
accept a certain belief,
behaviour, or attitude
 OBEDIENCE – another form of
social influ. That involves
someone in a position of
authority
 PERSUASION – used by one
person or group to influence
their to change their beliefs,
actions, ..
* 6 existing theories of leadership :
1. TRAIT THEORY – this theory defines
leadership based on certain personality
traits such as decisiveness
2. BEHAVIORAL THEORY -
presupposes that leadership is a learned
behaviour
3. PARTICIPATIVE THEORY –
opposite of an autocratic leader, the
participative leader involves other ppl to
make common decisions
4. SITUATIONAL THEORY –no one
style of leadership and that leadership
behaviour is based on the factors present
in a situation
5. TRANSACTIONAL THEORY –
states that leadership, involves a
transaction or negotiation of resources or
position, and usually employs reward and
punishment
6. TRANSFORMATIONAL THEROY –
involves a vision which a leader uses to
rally support from followers ..
* 3 basic axioms of leadership :
1. LEADERSHIP IS SITUATIONAL
– this means that a leader’s behaviour and
what is required of him will always be
influenced by the situation. – able to asses
a situation
2. LEADERSHIP IS
NON-HIERARCHICAL- not based on
one’s position in an organizational chart
alone, ... even connections
3. LEADERSHIP IS RELATIONAL –
leaders and followers establish a
relationship where their interest are
mutually met.
** authentic leader has the ff critical
element : ( goffee and jones)
1. they walk their talk
2. they adjust to situations
3. they have a high level of comfort being
themselves
Vertical dyad Linkage (VDL) – original
leader-member theory ; 1st discussed in
the works of Dansereau, Graen, and Haga
Leader – Member Exchange ( LMX) –
states that a leader’s effectiveness is
measured by the quality of his
relationship with his followers, and diff.
Types of relationships can evolve
between the leader and follower in a
certain work situation.
 Heroic leadership is based on 4
principle :
1. self-awareness - very important
to being a leader
2. ingenuity – is not stuck in his
comfort zone bc the world is
constantly changing. Flexibility and
openness to new ideas are the
hallmark of this kind of leadership
3. love – a healthy self-concept
generates a healthy and positive
attitude when dealing w/ other ppl.
4. heroism – this type of leadership is
abt motivating and inspiring other
ppl to reach for higher goals, for
bigger and greater things.
 Authenticity – the leader is not
afraid to show his or her
weakness, reveals his human
side without fear
 Significance – leader provides
the reason or meaning for
followers to believe in
 Excitement – leader provides
motivation motivation and
inspiration to his / her followers
and excites them to pursue their
vision
 Community – leader builds a
community of followers with
whom they can associate and
forge relationships
** other types of leaders are :
1. the WHY – the visionary . the one who
believes results can be
2/ the HOW – the realist who is able to
see how to work out a vision
3. the WHAT – builder who provides the
details on how to get things done
CHAPTER 12
CONFLICT – the dynamics when two or
more ppl, org, nations perceive one
another as a threat to their needs or
interest. – perceived incompatibility of
actions or goals between people or
nations and happens when there is an
imbalance between concern for oneslef ..
– inflict so much pain and negative
emotions on those involved.
Reasoning – is often clouded and
miscommunication occurs esp. at the
height of an emotional argument when
words are exchanged to inflict harm on
the other. ( follows a cycle of Retaliation)
--- started by what is known as a
“triggering event” w/c happens when an
act of one party is perceived as a threat by
the other party. --- happen anywhere
whenever there are ppl. ; may also
involve just yourself ; happens between
groups and nations.
AMYGDALA – immediately releases a
knee-jerk reaction to the situation until
the pre-frontal lobes are able to process
the situation for a more approporiate
reaction to either avoid or confront the
threat.
AVOIDANCE – means to evade or dodge
the cause pf the strong emotion or
uneasiness one feels for another person
who is in conflict with you.
IGNORING – is when you are in the
same place as the other person u are in
conflict with, and u disregard and snub
his presence.
DENYING – means when someone asks
u if u are quarrelling or in disagreement
or refute the comment or observation.
** 4 strategies that pp can use when
conflict in the workplace :
1. fight – force the other party to accept a
stand that is against that party’s interest
2. submit – yield to the demands of the
other part and agree to end the conflict
3. flee- leave the situation / change topic
4. freeze – do nothing and just wit for
the other party’s next move
** conflicts may arise due to the ff:
(myres 2013)
1. competing
2. disagreement
3. perceiving threats
4. perceiving unjust treatment
5. miscommunication between parties
6. misjudging United Nations Economic and Sociall
Commission for Asia and the Pacificn
7. exhibiting behaviors (ESCAP) 4 Stages of conflict that do not
necessarily .. :
** 5 causes of conflict :
1. INTRAPERSONAL – oneself, one is
1. relationships
indecisive abt things
2. data
2. INTERPERSONAL – two or more
3. interest – driven by needs indi. , like having a misunderstanding
betwee friends ..
4. structural
3. INTRAGROUP – same interest group ,
5. values –causes conflict when org. of ex. Student org.
these values varies from one party to
another 4. INTERGROUP – two or more groups,
ex. Fraternities
** relationship often grow deeper and
more satisfying bc : * 6 steps when trying to negotiate or
resolve a personal conflict:
 Allows for issues to surface
 Raises the awareness of both 1. understand the nature of the
person’s needs conflict.
 Allows emotions to be xpresed
 Understand and accept the 2. acknowledge your feelings and
uniqueness and differences of emotions.
other ppl
3. examine you relationship with this
 Strengthens the resolve of the
person
parties to pursue common goald
 Encourages dialogue and
empowerment 4. clarify your intensions
DR. KEN THOMAS and DR. RALPH 5. if u wish to keep the relationship,
KILMANN – professor of management have a talk w/ the person involved
from Univeristy of Pittsburgh, developed
what is now popularly known as 6. once the dialogue is accomplished to
Thomas-kilmann conflict mode ur and the other person’s mutual
instrument to help ppl understand how satisfaction, then grant a
they deal with conflict by measuring a reconciliatory act
person’s behaviour in conflict situation
ASSERTIVENESS – the extent to w/c a
person will try to satisfy his/her own
needs and interest.
COOPERATIVENESS – the extent to
w/c a person will attempt to satisfy the
other person’s needs and interest
* 5 modes in dealing w/ comflict :
1. competing – assertive and
uncooperative . power and authority are
often used to win against others.
2. accommodating – unassertive and
cooperative. Willing to neglect his/her
interests
3. compromising – moderately assertive
and moderately cooperative. Neither here
nor there, prefers split
4. avoiding – unassertive and
uncooperative. Stay out of the situation
5. collaborating – assertive and
cooperative. Mutually satisfy solution