Electric Circuits and Networks 28-08-2018

Lecture 12: Natural frequencies

Lecturer: Dr. Vinita Vasudevan Scribe: Shashank Shekhar

Natural frequencies

R L

Vin +
− i1 C

Z
di 1
Vin = iR + L + idt
dt C
dVin d 2i di i
= L 2 +R +
dt dt dt C
characteristic equation: Assume solution is est and substitute in differential equation.
R 1
s2 + s+ =0
L LC
Solve for roots of the characteristic equation and get natural frequencies
r
R R2 1
s1 , s 2 = − ± 2
−
2L 4L LC
s1 t s2 t
solution :k1 e + k2 e , s1 , s2 are the natural frequencies
Equivalently,
1
 
Vin (s) = R + sL + I (s)
sC
s2 LC + sRC + 1
= I (s)
sC

sC
I (s) = Vin (s)
s2 LC + sRC + 1
Roots of the denominator polynomial (poles) are the natural frequencies

* Independent of input - roots depends on R, L, C ⇒ property of the system and nothing

to do with input.

* unforced network; set all input = 0 (short voltage source, open circuit current sources);
solve for all branch currents/ voltages using initial conditions.

k1 es1 t + k2 es2 t + · · · + kn esn t

1
zero-input solution: solve k1 , k2 , . . . kn using initial voltages across capacitors and currents
through inductors. If there is a initial condition such that ki , 0 then si is a natural fre-
quency.
The number of independent initial conditions that can be specified in the network deter-
mines the number of natural frequencies.

initial condition for both capcitors

C1 C1 R
can not be specified independently

R2

R1

i1 L i2 C

" #" # " #

R1 + sL −sL I1 a
=
−sL R2 + sL + 1/sC I2 b
| {z } |{z}
Network matrix (mesh basis) initial conditions
 
  1 "R + sL + 1/sC sL
#" #
a
I  2
 1  =
  D sL R1 + sL b
I2
(R + sL + 1/sC) a + sL (b)
I1 = 2
D
2
s LC (R1 + R2 ) + s (R1 R2 C + L) + R1
D=
sC
sLa + (R1 + sL) b
I2 =
D
Denominator polynomial determines the natural frequencies. Given by the determinant of
the network matrix. To get natural frequencies solve for roots of D = 0. Note that Both I1
and I2 have same denominator polynomial.
The natural frequencies of any response in the circuit will belong to the set given by roots
of D = 0. All network variables need not have all the natural frequencies.

k1 es1 t + k2 es2 t + · · · + kn esn t

Note:
zero input solution: k1 , k2 , . . . kn is determined from initial conditions.
Natural response: k1 , k2 , . . . kn is determined using both inputs and initial conditions.
When initial conditionas are zero, the zero input reponse is zero, but the natural response
is not zero.

2
 V1 Vc V2
+ −

1F
1F 1Ω 1Ω 1F

" #" # " #

2s + 1 −s V1 a
=
−s 2s + 1 V2 b
| {z }
Node basis Network matrix (admittance matrix)
D = 3s2 + 4s + 1, s = −1, −1/3

All capacitor voltages cannot be specified independently.

Vc = V1 − V2
s+1 s+1
= a− b
D D
D = (s + 1) (s + 1/3)

Vc has only one natural frequency; s = −1/3

i, v will have same natural frequency

dV
i=C
dt
same natural frequency
di d s1 t
V =L e = s1 es1 t
dt dt
R 1
es1 t = es1 t
s1
eigenfunction
For all three elements, i and v have the same natural frequencies (Eigenfunction prop-
erty).