History & Historiography – is an eyewitness account of what occurred and therefore dates

back to the actual time when the event took place

History
■ Secondary Sources
■ Etymology
– is produced after the event has occurred and therefore is not an
– from Greek ἱστορία, ‘historia’, meaning “inquiry” eyewitness account given by a person who was present when the
event occurred.
– Classical Latin as ‘historia’, meaning “investigation, inquiry,
research, account, description, written accounts of past events,
writing of history, historical narrative, recorded knowledge of the PRIMARY SECONDARY
past events, story, narrative”.

■ Why there is a need to be inquisitive?

• Created at the time of event • A summary or collection of
To search for the truth - history involves a closer examination of a matter in existing data
search for true information • First-hand information and original
data • One step removed from the
Past vs. History original event
• Can include:
■ Past- Everything that happened in the past – the events, the people who lived, • Will have a full citation of the
the thoughts they had -interviews, diaries, letters, journals, original sources (bibliography)

■ History- An interpretation, or rather a process by which people interpret speeches • Can include:
records left over from the past
-autobiographies -textbooks
It exists in:
-articles with original research, data, or -Review Articles
Artifacts
new findings -Biographies
Written accounts
-Government documents and public -Historical films, music, and art
Memory
records -Articles about people and events
“Left-over” of the past
-art, maps, photographs, films, and from the past
Goal of Historian:
music -and more
Reconstruction of total past of mankind.
-artifacts, buildings, furniture, clothing

-and more
Historical Method

■ The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survival of
the past. Check PPT

Historical Sources Method of Historical Analysis

■ Primary Sources 1. Selection of subject

 2. Collection of sources Methods of Historical Criticism

3. Examination of genuineness • Guiding Questions:

4. Extraction from sources • Who Wrote the Text, and To Whom is the Text Written?

• What was Written, and What Actually Happened?

• When was the Text Written?

HISTORICAL CRITICISM • Why did the Writer Write this Text?

■ Also known as historicism or higher criticism, refers to the study of literary

texts, in terms of their historical origins and development within those
contexts.

■ More with helping reader understand the work by reacting the exact meaning
and impact it had on its original audience.

Types of Historical Criticism

EXTERNAL (Content)

• concerned with establishing the authenticity or genuineness of data.

• Considers the ff:

-the historical context of the source (time and place it was written and the situation
at the time

- the author’s background, intent, and authority of the subject

- the source’s relevance and meaning today

INTERNAL (Context)

• concerned with the validity, credibility, or worth of the content of the

document

• Considers the ff:

- author’s main argument or points of view

- biases

- author’s claim based on the evidences presented or other available evidence at the
time.