Pre- Assessment

Determine what is asked. Encircle the correct letter of the best answer.

1) Which statement is correct?

a. Alkynes are more acidic than alkenes and alkanes
b. Alkenes are more acidic than alkynes and alkanes
c. Alkanes are more acidic than alkynes and alkenes

2) The following statement are characteristics of organic compound except one:

a. Organic compound comprise almost 90% of all known compounds
b. Organic compound is mostly built up of only three element
c. Organic compound are mostly soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents.

3) The following are example of familiar plastics that are elated to hydrocarbons except.
a. Polyetlylene b. polypropylene c. polypropylere

4) Which of the following statement is incorrect?

a. Alkenes are more reactive than alkyne, due to the presence of double bond.
b. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due the presence of double bond.
c. Alkenes are more reactive than alkynes due to the presence of triple bond.

5) Which of the following statement is correct?

a. Hydrocarbon will burn in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, hydrogen and
water.
b. Hydrocarbon will burn because of the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon
and water.
c. Hydrocarbon will burn in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide
and water.
6) It is the biggest class of carbon compounds that contains carbon and hydrogen.
a. Inorganic compound b. Carbon compound c. Organic compounds

7) It is the simplest organic compound that contains only the element of carbon and
hydrogen.
a. Carbon compounds b. hydrocarbon c. Organic compound

8) It is organic compounds that consist entirely of single bonded carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
a. Alkanes b. alkenes c. alkynes

9) It is a class of hydrocarbon on saturated compound with at least one carbon to carbon

double bond.
a. Alkanes b. alkenes c. alkynes

10) It is classify as hydrocarbons which the organic chemical compound containing carbon
(c) and hydrogen (h) atom, and the feature that makes them recognized as alkynes the
presence of triple bonds.
a. Alkanes b. alkenes c. alkynes

11) Alkenes are also called as?

a. Paraffins b. mediffers c.laraffirs

12) It is a compound whose molecules contain a carbon atom.

a. Hydrogen b. carbon compounds c. carbon molecule

13) Another terms use to describe alkanes is?

a. Alefirs b. olefins c. ulefirs
14) IUPAC stands for?
a. International Union of Pule and Applied Chemistry
b. International Union of Pure and Applicable Chemistry
c. International Union for the Pure Applicable Chemistry

15) The ability to form long chains or polymers is called what?

a. cranezation b. catenation c. cametation

16) Carbon forms what bond with nonmetals and metalloids?

a. Ionic b. polar c. non-polar

17) States that there is a life force present in organic compounds that are essential to living
things, and this force is not present in non-living (and therefore, inorganic) things.
a. Fusionism b. complex c. vitalism

18) The simplest organic compounds contain only the elements carbon and hydrogen are
called what?
a. Hydrocarbon b. carhydrogen c. hycarbon

19) Hydrocarbons will burn in the presence of oxygen to produce what?

a. Lipids b. heat c. energy

20) What do you call carbon atoms that do not hold the highest allowed amount of hydrogen
atoms?
a. Saturated b. unsaturated c. polar
Carbon Compounds
After this, you will be able to:
 Define carbon compounds
 Explain the Importance of carbon compounds
 Have a better understanding about organic compounds
 Identify the basic properties of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
 Name compounds according to the IUPAC system

Carbon is a crucial element of our world. Everything that

surrounds is probably a compound of carbon. Foods, fuels, textiles,
drugs everything is either a compound of carbon or its substituent. So let
us study about some important carbon compounds.
What are Carbon Compounds?

Carbon compounds are compounds whose molecules contain a

carbon atom. They are chemical substances where a carbon atom has
bonded to an atom of another element. These compounds are
generally organic in nature.

The majority of these molecules are organic

carbon compounds (e.g., benzene, sucrose), although a
large number of inorganic carbon compounds also
exist (e.g., carbon dioxide). One important
characteristic of carbon is catenation, which is the
ability to form long chains or polymers. These chains may be linear or
can form rings.
Uses of Carbon Compounds
The uses of carbon compounds are limitless. Life as we know it
relies on carbon. Most products contain carbon, including plastics,
alloys, and pigments. Fuels and foods are based on carbon.

Properties of Carbon Compounds

Carbon compounds share certain common characteristics:

1. Most carbon compounds have low reactivity at ordinary

temperature but may react vigorously when heat is applied. For
example, cellulose in wood is stable at room temperature, yet burns
when heated.
2. As a consequence, organic carbon compounds are considered
combustible and may be used as fuels. Examples include tar, plant
matter, natural gas, oil, and coal. Following combustion, the
residue is primarily elemental carbon.
3. Many carbon compounds are nonpolar and exhibit low solubility in
water. For this reason, water alone is not sufficient to remove oil or
grease.
4. Compounds of carbon and nitrogen often make good explosives.
The bonds between the atoms may be unstable and likely to release
considerable energy when broken.
5. Compounds containing carbon and nitrogen typically have a
distinct and unpleasant odor as liquids. The solid form may be
odorless. An example is nylon, which smells until it polymerizes.

Types of Chemical Bonds Formed by Carbon

Carbon most often forms covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon
forms nonpolar covalent bonds when it bonds to other carbon atoms and
polar covalent bonds with nonmetals and metalloids. In some instances,
carbon forms ionic bonds. An example is a bond between calcium and
carbon in calcium carbide, CaC2.
 Now let us talk about the Organic Compound –
one of the types of Carbon Compound

Organic Compounds
This is the biggest class of carbon
compounds. An organic compound must contain carbon
and hydrogen. The four major categories of organic
compounds that are present in all living things are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid.

The chemical compounds of living things are

known as organic compounds because of their association
with organisms and because they are carbon-containing compounds.

Properties of Organic Compounds

1. Some researchers feel that organic compounds must contain carbon-to-
carbon bonds or carbon-to-hydrogen bonds in order to qualify.

2. The theory of vitalism applies to the properties of organic compounds,

which states that there is a life force present in organic compounds that are
essential to living things, and this force is not present in non-living (and
therefore, inorganic) things.

3. The hydrocarbons, contain the alkanes and the alkenes, and have a high
propensity for burning; for this reason, most of our known fuel sources are
hydrocarbons.

4. Organic compounds contain what is called functional groups, a structural

unit made up of groups of atoms in a molecule that are bonded to the rest of
the molecule by a covalent bond; this bond forms between the functional
group and a carbon atom from the main body of the molecule.

5. Organic compounds-specifically ones that are important to different fields of

biology-often contain long chains of carbon atoms which can loop around
each other; different atoms can form bonds with these carbons, creating
variation in the molecule and its functional groups.
Characteristics of Organic Compounds
The general characteristics of Organic Compounds include:
 Can be isolated as well as prepared
in laboratory
 Comprise almost 90% of all known
compounds.
 Mostly built up of only three
elements- carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. Other elements like
halogen, nitrogen as well as
phosphorous are also present but to
a lesser extent.
 Possess complex structures and high molecular weights
 Their properties are decided by certain active atom or group of atoms known
as the functional group.
 They are mostly insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
 They are combustible in nature
 Chemical reactions involving organic compounds proceed at slower rates.

Hydrocarbons
The simplest organic compounds contain only the elements carbon
and hydrogen, and are called hydrocarbons. Even though they are
composed of only two types of atoms, there is a wide variety of
hydrocarbons because they may consist of varying lengths of chains,
branched chains, and rings of carbon atoms, or combinations of these
structures. In addition, hydrocarbons may differ in the types of carbon-
carbon bonds present in their molecules.

We use hydrocarbons every day, mainly as fuels, such as natural gas,

acetylene, propane, butane, and the principal components of gasoline,
diesel fuel, and heating oil. The familiar plastics polyethylene,
polypropylene, and polystyrene are also hydrocarbons. We can
distinguish several types of hydrocarbons by differences in the bonding
between carbon atoms. This leads to differences in geometries and in the
hybridization of the carbon orbitals.
Exercise #1
Match the column A to column B. Write the letter of correct answer on
space provided.

Column A Column B

___1. One characteristic of carbon; the a) organic compound

ability to form long chains or polymers.
b) slower rate
___2. Compounds whose molecules contain
c) vitalism
a carbon atom.
d) compounds
___3. Plastics, alloy, pigment, fuel and
foods are contains ______? e) hydrocarbons
___4. Example of carbon compounds have a f) chemical compounds of living things
low reactivity at ordinary temperature but
may react vigorously when heat is applied. g) CaC2

___5. Chemical reactions involving organic h) catenation

compounds proceed at _____ when it comes
i) cellulose
with organic compound.
j) carbon compounds
___6. Bond symbol between calcium and
carbon in calcium carbide

___7. This is known as organic compounds

because of their association with organisms
and because they are carbon containing
compounds

___8. A theory that states that there is a life

force present in organic compound.

___9. The simplest organic

compounds contain only the elements
carbon and hydrogen.

___10. This is the biggest class of carbon

compounds.
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes
Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are all organic hydrocarbons. An organic
molecule is one in which there is at least one atom of carbon, while a hydrocarbon
is a molecule which only contain the atoms hydrogen and carbon.

Hydrocarbons will burn in the presence of oxygen to produce energy,

carbon dioxide and water. The energy emitted by this reaction is that stored in the
carbon to hydrogen bonds.

While these hydrocarbons have many similarities, there are a few

differences as well.

Alkanes
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded
carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Alkanes, also
called paraffins, are a class of hydrocarbons that are fully saturated with
hydrogen. Alkanes are also saturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes are the simplest and
least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and hydrogens. They
are commercially very important, being the principal constituent of gasoline and
lubricating oils and are extensively employed in organic chemistry; though the role
of pure alkanes (such as hexanes) is delegated mostly to solvents. The
distinguishing feature of an alkane, making it distinct from other compounds that
also exclusively contain carbon and hydrogen, is its lack of unsaturation. That is to
say, it contains no double or triple bonds, which are highly reactive in organic
chemistry.

Properties of some Alkanes

Nomenclature for Alkanes

Alkanes are named with the suffix “-ane” following the hydrocarbon prefixes. The
series contains methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10),
pentane (C5H12), and so on. For carbon chains with length of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10
atoms, the prefixes are “hex-,” “hept-,” “oct-,” “non-,” and “dec-,” respectively.

For the higher molecular weight compounds, the four bonds formed by carbon
allow for a number of variations on the carbon skeleton. These multiple forms,
which share the same molecular formula, are known as isomers. The prefix “n-,”
for normal, is reserved for the linear, unbranched forms of these alkanes

Alkenes
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons unsaturated compounds with at least
one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Another term used to describe alkenes is
olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double
bond.

Physical properties of the Alkenes

 Boiling Points

The boiling point of each alkene is very similar to that of the alkane with the same
number of carbon atoms. Ethene, propene and the various butenes are gases at
room temperature. All the rest that you are likely to come across are liquids.

In each case, the alkene has a boiling point which is a small number of degrees
lower than the corresponding alkane. The only attractions involved are Van der
Waals dispersion forces, and these depend on the shape of the molecule and the
number of electrons it contains. Each alkene has 2 fewer electrons than the alkane
with the same number of carbons.

 Solubility
Alkenes are virtually insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents.

Naming of Alkene
Here are some basic rules for naming alkenes from the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC):
1. The longest chain of carbon atoms containing the double bond is considered
the parent chain. It is named using the same stem as the alkane having the
same number of carbon atoms but ends in -ene to identify it as an alkene.
Thus the compound CH2=CHCH3 is propene.
2. If there are four or more carbon atoms in a chain, we must indicate the
position of the double bond. The carbons atoms are numbered so that the
first of the two that are doubly bonded is given the lower of the two possible
numbers. The compound CH3CH=CHCH2CH3, for example, has the double
bond between the second and third carbon atoms. Its name is 2-pentene (not
3-pentene).
3. Substituent groups are named as with alkanes, and their position is indicated
by a number. Thus,

is 5-methyl-2-hexene. Note that the numbering of the parent chain is always

done in such a way as to give the double bond the lowest number, even if that
causes a substituent to have a higher number. The double bond always has
priority in numbering.

Example:

The longest chain containing the double bond has five carbon atoms, so the
compound is a pentene (rule 1). To give the first carbon atom of the double bond
the lowest number (rule 2), we number from the left, so the compound is a 2-
pentene. There is a methyl group on the fourth carbon atom (rule 3), so the
compound’s name is 4-methyl-2-pentene.
Exercise #2:
Name each compound according to the IUPAC system:

1.)

2.)

3.)

4.)

5.)
Alkynes
Alkynes are hydrocarbons, which are organic chemical compounds
containing carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms, and the feature that makes them
recognized as alkynes is the presence of triple bonds.
Alkynes are the class (or category) of
organic hydrocarbon compounds that
include a part consisting of two carbon
atoms attached to each other by a triple
covalent bond, which is usually represented
in molecular diagrams as three parallel
straight lines between the carbon atoms
attached together by that triple bond.
Alkyne molecules can vary in size up to very long molecules most of which consist
of carbon atoms attached to each other and also to hydrogen atoms.

Properties of Alkynes
In general, alkynes are in gaseous form and they are soluble in organic
solvents, like benzene and acetone. They are, however, insoluble in water. Another
property of an alkyne is that, if you try to burn it, the flame results will turn out to
be a sooty flame.

Alkynes are more acidic than alkenes and alkanes, and the boiling point of
alkynes also tends to be slightly higher than alkenes and alkanes.

 All alkynes are odorless and colorless with the exception of ethylene which has
a slight distinctive odor.
 The first three alkynes are gases, and the next eight are liquids. All alkynes
higher than these eleven are solids
 Alkynes are slightly polar in nature
 The boiling point and melting point of alkynes increases as their molecular
structure grows bigger. The boiling point increases with increase in their
molecular mass
 Also, the boiling points of alkynes are slightly higher than those of their
corresponding alkenes, due to the one extra bond at the carbon site.
Naming of Alkyne
1. Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains the
carbon‐carbon triple bond. The parent name of the alkyne comes from the IUPAC
name for the alkane of the same number of carbon atoms, except the ‐ ane ending
is changed to ‐ yne to signify the presence of a triple bond. Thus, if the longest
continuous chain of carbon atoms containing a triple bond has five atoms, the
compound is pentyne.

2. Number the carbon atoms of the longest continuous chain, starting at the
end closest to the triple bond. Thus, is numbered from right to left, placing the
triple bond between the second and third carbon atoms of the chain. (Numbering
the chain from left to right incorrectly places the triple bond between the third and
fourth carbons of the chain.)

3. The position of the triple bond is indicated by placing the lower of the pair
of numbers assigned to the triple‐bonded carbon atoms in front of the name of the
alkyne. Thus the compound shown in rule 2 is 2‐pentyne.
 4. The location and name of any substituent atom or group is indicated. For
example, the compound is
5‐chloro‐2‐hexyne.

Exercise #3:
Name the following compounds:
1.)

2.)

3.) HC C—HC—CH3 CH3

4.) (CH3)2CHCH2C≡CH

5.)
Exercise #4
Lab dito mo isingit yung crossword puzzle. Wala ng sagot. Yung mga box lng

Across:
1. The simplest organic compounds contain only the elements carbon and
hydrogen
2. States that there is a life force present in organic compounds that are
essential to living things, and this force is not present in non-living (and
therefore, inorganic) things.
3. A class of hydrocarbons unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-
carbon double bond
4. It makes alkanes distinct from other compounds that also exclusively contain
carbon and hydrogen
5. Alkanes are also called _______.
6. Compounds whose molecules contain a carbon atom.

Down:
1. The class (or category) of organic hydrocarbon compounds that include a
part consisting of two carbon atoms attached to each other by a triple
covalent bond
2. Carbon most often forms what bonds with other atoms
3. Are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and
hydrogen atoms
4. Another term used to describe alkenes is
5. This is the biggest class of carbon compounds.
Post-assessment

Determine what is asked. Encircle the correct letter of the best answer.

1) It is the biggest class of carbon compounds that contains carbon and hydrogen.

a. Inorganic compound b. Carbon compound c. Organic compounds

2) It is the simplest organic compound that contains only the element of carbon and
hydrogen.
a. Carbon compounds b. hydrocarbon c. Organic compound

3) The following are examples of the uses of hydrocarbons except:

a. Natural gas
b. Acetylere
c. Cleanser

4) It was said as one in which there is at least one atom of carbon.

a. Hydrocarbons b. organic molecule c. carbon compounds

5) It is organic compounds that consist entirely of single bonded carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
a. Alkanes b. alkenes c. alkynes

6) It is class of hydrocarbon on saturated compound with at least one carbon to carbon

double bond.
a. Alkanes b. alkenes c. alkynes

7) The following are examples of the physical properties of the alkenes except:
a. Boiling point
b. Flammable
c. Solubility
8) It is classify as hydrocarbons which the organic chemical compound containing carbon
(c) and hydrogen (h) atom, and the feature that makes them recognized as alkynes the
presence of triple bonds.
a. Alkanes b. alkenes c. alkynes

9) Alkenes are also called as?

a. Paraffins b. mediffers c.laraffirs

10) It is a compound whose molecules contain a carbon atom.

a. Hydrogen b. carbon compounds c. carbon molecule

11) The following statement are the properties of carbon compounds except:
a. Many carbon compounds are non-popular and exhibit low solubility in matter.
b. A compound contains carbon and nitrogen that typically have a distinct and
unpleasant odor as liquids.
c. Carbon compounds have big reactivity at ordinary temperature.

12) Chemical compound of living things are known as?

a. Organic compound
b. Organic molecule
c. Inorganic compound

13) Another terms use to describe alkanes is?

a. Alefirs b. olefins c. ulefirs

14) IUPAC stands for?

a. International Union of Pule and Applied Chemistry
b. International Union of Pure and Applicable Chemistry
c. International Union for the Pure Applicable Chemistry
15) The two carbon atoms attached to each offer by a triple covalent bond, is usually
presented in what?
a. Molecular graph
b. Molecular diagram
c. Molecular chart

16) Which statement is correct?

a. Alkynes are more acidic than alkenes and alkanes
b. Alkenes are more acidic than alkynes and alkanes
c. Alkanes are more acidic than alkynes and alkenes

17) The following statement are characteristics of organic compound except one:
a. Organic compound comprise almost 90% of all known compounds
b. Organic compound is mostly built up of only three element
c. Organic compound are mostly soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents.

18) The following are example of familiar plastics that are elated to hydrocarbons except.
a. Polyetlylene b. polypropylene c. polypropylere

19) Which of the following statement is incorrect?

a. Alkenes are more reactive than alkyne, due to the presence of double bond.
b. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due the presence of double bond.
c. Alkenes are more reactive than alkynes due to the presence of triple bond.

20) Which of the following statement is correct?

a. Hydrocarbon will burn in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, hydrogen and
water.
b. Hydrocarbon will burn because of the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon
and water.
c. Hydrocarbon will burn in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide
and water.