Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aptitude Formulae
Aptitude Formulae
Aptitude Formulae
CUBOID
True Discount (T.D.) = Rs. (156 - 100) = Rs. 56 = (Sum due) - (P.W.)
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
Amount
5. When the sum is put at compound interest, then P.W. = R T
1+
100
IMPORTANT FACTS
Cost Price:
The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
Selling Price:
The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P.
Profit or Gain:
If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
Loss:
If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
Gain x 100
Gain % =
C.P.
Loss x 100
Loss % =
C.P.
(100 + Gain %)
SP = x C.P
100
(100 - Loss %)
SP = x C.P.
100
100
C.P. = x S.P.
(100 + Gain %)
100
C.P. = x S.P.
(100 - Loss %)
10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.
11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P.
12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss
of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by:
13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then
Error
Gain % = x 100
(True Value) - (Error)
%.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Ratio:
The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction and we write it
as a : b.
In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term
or consequent.
5
Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
9
Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number
does not affect the ratio.
7. Proportion:
Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.
Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d).
8. Comparison of Ratios:
a c
We say that (a : b) > (c : d) > .
b d
9. Compounded Ratio:
10. The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is (ace : bdf).
11. Duplicate Ratios:
a c a+b c+d
If = , then = . [componendo and dividendo]
b d a-b c-d
1.
2.
3.
4. Factorial Notation:
Examples:
i. We define 0! = 1.
ii. 4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24.
iii. 5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120.
5. Permutations:
The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time,
are called permutations.
Examples:
i.All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a
time are (ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb).
ii. All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are:
( abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)
6. Number of Permutations:
n
n!
Pr = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =
(n - r)!
Examples:
6
i. P2 = (6 x 5) = 30.
7
ii. P3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210.
iii. Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!.
7. An Important Result:
If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another
kind; p3 are alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.
n!
Then, number of permutations of these n objects is =
(p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)
8. Combinations:
Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a
number of objects is called a combination.
Examples:
1. Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections
are AB, BC and CA.
Note: AB and BA represent the same selection.
5. Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the same
combination.
9. Number of Combinations:
n
n! n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors
Cr = = .
(r!)(n - r!) r!
Note:
n
. Cn = 1 and nC0 = 1.
n
i. Cr = nC(n - r)
Examples:
11
(11 x 10 x 9 x 8)
i. C4 = = 330.
(4 x 3 x 2 x 1)
16 16 16
16 x 15 x 14 16 x 15 x 14
ii. C13 = C(16 - 13) = C3 = = = 560.
3! 3x2x1
1. Alligation:
It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given
price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
2. Mean Price:
The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
3. Rule of Alligation:
4. Suppose a container contains x of liquid from which y units are taken out and replaced by
water.
y n
After n operations, the quantity of pure liquid = x 1- x units.
1. Stock Capital:
The total amount of money needed to run the company is called the stock capital.
2. Shares or Stock:
The whole capital is divided into small units, called shares or stock.
For each investment, the company issues a 'share-certificate', showing the value of each
share and the number of shares held by a person.
The person who subscribes in shares or stock is called a share holder or stock holder.
3. Dividend:
4. Face Value:
The value of a share or stock printed on the share-certificate is called its Face
Value or Nominal Value or Par Value.
5. Market Value:
The stock of different companies are sold and bought in the open market through brokers
at stock-exchanges. A share or stock is said to be:
i. At premium or Above par, if its market value is more than its face value.
ii. At par, if its market value is the same as its face value.
iii. At discount or Below par, if its market value is less than its face value.
Thus, if a Rs. 100 stock is quoted at premium of 16, then market value of the stock =
Rs.(100 + 16) = Rs. 116.
Likewise, if a Rs. 100 stock is quoted at a discount of 7, then market value of the stock =
Rs. (100 -7) = 93.
6. Brokerage:
(ii) When stock is sold, brokerage is subtracted from the selling price.
Remember:
9 1
= x 100 % = 7 %.
120 2
Banker's Discount:
Suppose a merchant A buys goods worth, say Rs. 10,000 from another merchant B at a credit of
say 5 months. Then, B prepares a bill, called the bill of exchange. A signs this bill and allows B to
withdraw the amount from his bank account after exactly 5 months.
The date exactly after 5 months is called nominally due date. Three days (known as grace days)
are added to it get a date, known as legally due date.
Suppose B wants to have the money before the legally due date. Then he can have the money
from the banker or a broker, who deducts S.I. on the face vale (i.e., Rs. 10,000 in this case) for
the period from the date on which the bill was discounted (i.e., paid by the banker) and the legally
due date. This amount is know as Banker's Discount (B.D.).
Thus, B.D. is the S.I. on the face value for the period from the date on which the bill was
discounted and the legally due date.
Note: When the date of the bill is not given, grace days are not to be added.
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
(T.D.)2
2. B.G. = (B.D.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D. =
P.W.
B.G. x 100
7. T.D. =
Rate x Time
Distance Distance
Speed = , Time = , Distance = (Speed x Time).
Time Speed
5
x km/hr = xx m/sec.
18
18
x m/sec = xx km/hr.
5
1 1
the times taken by then to cover the same distance is : or b : a.
a b
5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at ykm/hr.
Then,
2xy
the average speed during the whole journey is km/hr.
x+y
1. Principal:
The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or thesum.
2. Interest:
Extra money paid for using other's money is called interest.
If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is
called simple interest.
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then
PxRxT
(i). Simple Intereest =
100
100 x S.I. 100 x S.I. 100 x S.I.
(ii). P = ;R= and T = .
RxT PxT PxR
1. Partnership:
When two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are calledpartners and
the deal is known as partnership.
Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then
at the end of the year:
II. When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are
calculated for a unit of time by taking (capital x number of units of time). Now gain
or loss is divided in the ratio of these capitals.
Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then,
A partner who manages the the business is known as a working partner and the one who
simply invests the money is a sleeping partner.
1. Odd Days:
In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are calledodd days.
2. Leap Year:
Examples:
The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365
days.
Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0
odd days.
No. of days: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Day: Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.
1. Results on Triangles:
i. Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
ii. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
iii. Pythagoras Theorem:
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
Area Area
Length = and Breadth = .
Breadth Length
3
3. Area of an equilateral triangle = x (side)2.
4
a
4. Radius of incircle of an equilateral triangle of side a = .
23
a
5. Radius of circumcircle of an equilateral triangle of side a = .
3
6. Radius of incircle of a triangle of area and semi-perimeter s =
s
2. Circumference of a circle = 2 R.
2 R
3. Length of an arc = , where is the central angle.
360
1 R2
4. Area of a sector = (arc x R) = .
2 360
R2
2. Area of semi-circle = .
2
1 1
Thus, = 1 tenth = .1; = 1 hundredth = .01;
10 100
99 7
= 99 hundredths = .99; = 7 thousandths = .007, etc.;
100 1000
Put 1 in the denominator under the decimal point and annex with it as many zeros as is
the number of digits after the decimal point. Now, remove the decimal point and reduce
the fraction to its lowest terms.
25 1 2008 251
Thus, 0.25 = = ; 2.008 = = .
100 4 1000 125
Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change its value. Thus,
0.8 = 0.80 = 0.800, etc.
If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of decimal places,
then we remove the decimal sign.
1.84 184 8
Thus, = = .
2.99 299 13
5.
6. Operations on Decimal Fractions:
i. Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Fractions: The given numbers are so
placed under each other that the decimal points lie in one column. The numbers so
arranged can now be added or subtracted in the usual way.
ii. Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction By a Power of 10: Shift the decimal point
to the right by as many places as is the power of 10.
iv. Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Counting Number: Divide the given number
without considering the decimal point, by the given counting number. Now, in the
quotient, put the decimal point to give as many places of decimal as there are in
the dividend.
Suppose we have to find the quotient (0.0204 ÷ 17). Now, 204 ÷ 17 = 12.
7. Comparison of Fractions:
3 6 7
Let us to arrange the fractions , and in descending order.
5 7 9
3 6 7
Now, = 0.6, = 0.857, = 0.777...
5 7 9
6 7 3
Since, 0.857 > 0.777... > 0.6. So, > > .
7 9 5
8. Recurring Decimal:
If in a decimal fraction, a figure or a set of figures is repeated continuously, then such a
number is called a recurring decimal.
1 22
Thus, = 0.333... = 0.3; = 3.142857142857.... = 3.142857.
3 7
Pure Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction, in which all the figures after the decimal
point are repeated, is called a pure recurring decimal.
Converting a Pure Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction: Write the repeated
figures only once in the numerator and take as many nines in the denominator as is the
number of repeating figures.
5 53 67
Thus, 0.5 = ; 0.53 = ; 0.067 = , etc.
9 99 999
Mixed Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction in which some figures do not repeat and
some of them are repeated, is called a mixed recurring decimal.
Converting a Mixed Recurring Decimal Into Vulgar Fraction: In the numerator, take
the difference between the number formed by all the digits after decimal point (taking
repeated digits only once) and that formed by the digits which are not repeated. In the
denominator, take the number formed by as many nines as there are repeating digits
followed by as many zeros as is the number of non-repeating digits.
16 - 1 15 1 2273 - 22 2251
Thus, 0.16 = = = ; 0.2273 = = .
90 90 6 9900 9900
1. Experiment:
2. Random Experiment:
An experiment in which all possible outcomes are know and the exact output cannot be
predicted in advance, is called a random experiment.
Examples:
Details:
v. When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.
vi. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. When
we throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.
vii. A pack of cards has 52 cards.
It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.
There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face cards.
3. Sample Space:
When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called
the sample space.
Examples:
Then, E S.
n(E)
P(E) = .
n(S)
6.
7.
8. Results on Probability:
. P(S) = 1
i. 0 P (E) 1
ii. P( ) = 0
iii. For any events A and B we have : P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)
iv. If A denotes (not-A), then P(A) = 1 - P(A).
1. Logarithm:
Examples:
(ii). 34 = 81 log3 81 = 4.
1 1
(iii). 2-3 = log2 = -3.
8 8
2. Properties of Logarithms:
x
2. loga = loga x - loga y
y
3. logx x = 1
4. loga 1 = 0
1
6. loga x =
logx a
logb x log x
7. loga x = = .
logb a log a
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Common Logarithms:
8. The logarithm of a number contains two parts, namely 'characteristic' and 'mantissa'.
Characteristic: The internal part of the logarithm of a number is called itscharacteristic.
In this case, the characteristic is one less than the number of digits in the left of the
decimal point in the given number.
In this case, the characteristic is one more than the number of zeros between the decimal
point and the first significant digit of the number and it is negative.
Examples:-
26.649 1 0.06134 2
8.3547 0 0.00123 3
Mantissa:
The decimal part of the logarithm of a number is known is its mantissa. For mantissa, we
look through log table.
1. Laws of Indices:
i. am x an = am + n
ii.
am
= am - n
an
a n an
=
b bn
vi. a0 = 1
2. Surds:
3. Laws of Surds:
i. a = a(1/n)
ii. ab = a x b
iii.
a
=
b
iv. (a)n = a
v.
vi. (a)m = am
4. Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum, Time = n years.
5. When interest is compound Annually:
R n
Amount = P 1+
100
(R/2) 2n
Amount = P 1+
100
(R/4) 4n
Amount = P 1+
100
3
Amount = P 1+ R x 1+ R
100 100
9. When Rates are different for different years, say R1%, R2%, R3% for 1st, 2ndand
3rd year respectively.
R1 R2 R3
Then, Amount = P 1+ 1+ 1+ .
100 100 100
x
Present Worth = R .
1+
100
1. Concept of Percentage:
2. Percentage Increase/Decrease:
If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not
to increase the expenditure is:
R
x 100
(100 + R)
%
If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not
to decrease the expenditure is:
R
x 100
(100 - R)
%
3. Results on Population:
Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per
annum, then:
R n
1. Population after n years = P 1+
100
P
2. Population n years ago = R n
1+
100
4. Results on Depreciation:
Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per
annum. Then:
R n
1. Value of the machine after n years = P 1-
100
P
2. Value of the machine n years ago = R n
1-
100
R
3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by x 100
(100 + R)
%.
R
4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by x 100
(100 - R)
%.
1. Minute Spaces:
The face or dial of watch is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts,
called minute spaces.
A clock has two hands, the smaller one is called the hour hand or short hand while the
larger one is called minute hand or long hand.
2.
i. In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour on the hour hand.
ii. In every hour, both the hands coincide once.
iii. The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to
each other.
iv. When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart.
v. When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30 minute spaces apart.
vi. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360°
vii. Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360°.
viii. If a watch or a clock indicates 8.15, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15
minutes too fast.
On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be
15 minutes too slow.
1. CUBOID
1. BODMAS' Rule:
This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to
find out the value of given expression.
Here B - Bracket,
O - of,
D - Division,
M - Multiplication,
A - Addition and
S - Subtraction
Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the
order (), {} and ||.
After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the order:
a, if a > 0
|a| = -a, if a < 0
1. Ratio:
The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction and we write it
as a : b.
In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term
or consequent.
5
Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
9
Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number
does not affect the ratio.
2. Proportion:
Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.
Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d).
3. Fourth Proportional:
Third Proportional:
Mean Proportional:
4. Comparison of Ratios:
a c
We say that (a : b) > (c : d) > .
b d
5. Compounded Ratio:
6. The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is (ace : bdf).
7. Duplicate Ratios:
Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).
a c a+b c+d
If = , then = . [componendo and dividendo]
b d a-b c-d
8. Variations:
1
we write, x .
y
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Suppose a man has to pay Rs. 156 after 4 years and the rate of interest is 14% per annum.
Clearly, Rs. 100 at 14% will amount to R. 156 in 4 years. So, the payment of Rs. now will clear off
the debt of Rs. 156 due 4 years hence. We say that:
True Discount (T.D.) = Rs. (156 - 100) = Rs. 56 = (Sum due) - (P.W.)
5. Amount
R T
1+
100
When the sum is put at compound interest, then P.W. =