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9-SFG NUMERICAL PROBLEM-29-Jul-2019Material - I - 29-Jul-2019 - SFG-lecture - Notes PDF
9-SFG NUMERICAL PROBLEM-29-Jul-2019Material - I - 29-Jul-2019 - SFG-lecture - Notes PDF
4-1 微波電路講義
4.1 Impedance and equivalent voltages and currents
• Equivalent voltages and currents
Microwave circuit approach
Interest: voltage and current at a set of terminals (ports), power flow
through a device, and how to find the response of a network
For a certain mode in the line, the line characteristics are represented by
it’s global quantities Zo, l.
Define: equivalent voltage (wave) transverse electric field
equivalent current (wave) transverse magnetic field
voltage (wave)/current (wave) = characteristic impedance or
wave impedance of the line
and voltage current = power flow of the mode
→ use transmission line theory to analyze microwave circuit
performance at the interested ports
4-2 微波電路講義
• Impedance
characteristic impedance of the medium
Et
wave impedance of the particular mode of wave Zw
Ht
V
characteristic impedance of the line Z o
I
V ( z)
input impedance at a port of circuit Z in ( z )
I ( z)
4-3 微波電路講義
Discussion
1. Transmission line model for the TE10 mode of a rectangular
waveguide
y V ( x, z ) E dl E y dy
: x dependent , non - unique value
x
transverse fields (Table 3.2, p.117) transmission line model
j z j zx x V V o e j z V o e j z
Ey ( A e A e ) sin C1V sin
a a I I o e j z I o e j z
1 x x V o j z V o j z
Hx ( A e j z A e j z ) sin C 2 I sin e e
Z TE10 a a Zo Zo
E y k Vo Vo
Z TE10 Zo Zo
H x Io Io
1 1
P
2 E y H x * dxdy P Vo I o *
2
4-4 微波電路講義
(derivation of C1 and C2)
x x
E y ( A e j z A e j z ) sin C1 (Vo e j z Vo e j z ) sin
a a
A A
Vo , Vo
C1 C1
1 x x
Hx ( A e j z A e j z ) sin C 2 ( I o e j z I o e j z ) sin
Z TE10 a a
A A
Io , Io
C 2 Z TE10 C 2 Z TE10
2
1 a b * ab 2 1 * A 2
P A Vo I o
*
E y H x dxdy C C
1 2
2 0 0 4 Z TE10 2 2 C1C 2* Z TE10 ab
Vo A C 2 Z TE10 C2
Z TE10 Zo =-1
Io C1 A C1
2 2
C1 , C2
ab ab
4-5 微波電路講義
2. Ex.4.2
4-6 微波電路講義
4.2 Impedance and admittance matrices
V1+, I1+
reference plane V1¯, I1¯
for port 1
Z o1 V1, I1 port 1
(plane for
V1 0 ) t1 N-port VN+, IN+
network VN¯, IN¯
port N IN ,VN Z on
reference plane
Vi Vi Vi tN
for port N
1 (plane for
I i I i I i (V i V i )
Z oi VN 0 )
Vi Vi
Z oi
Ii I i
1 1
Pinc , i R e{V i I i *}, Pin , i R e{V i I i *}
2 2
4-7 微波電路講義
• Impedance matrix
V1 Z11 Z12 Z 1 N I1
V Z Z 2 N I 2
2 21 V responsei
V Z I , , Z ij i
Ij source j
I k 0, k j I k 0, k j
VN Z N 1 ZN2 Z NN I N
• Admittance matrix
4-8 微波電路講義
Discussion
1. Reciprocal network
Z Z t , Z ij Z ji
, Z and Y : symmetric matrix
Y Y t , Yij Y ji
(derivation)
source port 1 port 2
a V1a, I1a V2a, I2a
b V1b, I1b V2b, I2b
reciprocity theorem: V1aI1b + V2aI2b =V1bI1a + V2bI2a
4-9 微波電路講義
2. T and Πnetworks
(derivation) I2=0
Z1 Z2
V1 Z11 Z12 I1
V Z Z 22 I 2 I1 V1 V2
2 21 Z3
V1 V2
Z11 Z1 Z 3 , Z 21 Z 3 Z12
I1 I 2 0
I1 I 2 0
V2
Z 22 Z 2 Z3
I2 I1 0
I2
Y22 Y1 Y3
V2 V1 0
4-11 微波電路講義
3. Impedance matrix and T-network of a lossless transmission line section
I1 I2 Z1 Z2
V1 Zo , V2
Z3
z
0 l
(derivation)
V ( z ) Vo e jz Vo e jz , I ( z ) Yo (Vo e jz Vo e jz ), B.C. V1 V (0), I1 I (0), V2 V (l ), I 2 I (l )
1
V1 Vo Vo , I1 Yo (Vo Vo ) Vo (V1 Z o I1 )
2
1 1
V2 Vo e jl Vo e jl (V1 Z o I1 )e jl (V1 Z o I1 )e jl V1 cos l jZ o I1 sin l.....(1)
2 2
1 1
I 2 Yo (Vo e jl Vo e jl ) Yo [ (V1 Z o I1 )e jl (V1 Z o I1 )e jl ] jYoV1 sin l I1 cos l.....(2)
2 2
(2) V1 jZ o I1 cot l jZ o I 2 csc l.....(3) cot l csc l
(3) Z jZ o
(1) V2 jZ o I1 cos l cot l jZ o I 2 cot l jZ o I1 sin l csc l cot l
Z1 Z11 Z12 jZ o (cot l csc l ) Z 2 , Z 3 Z12 jZ o csc l
4-12 微波電路講義
4. Reciprocal lossless network
Re{Z ij } 0
4-13 微波電路講義
4.3 The scattering matrix
t1’ t1
V1’+ V1+ port 1
V1’¯ V1¯
N-port
1=l1 tN tN’
network
port N VN VN’+
+
VN¯ VN’¯
N=lN
V S SNN VN
N N1 SN 2
4-14 微波電路講義
Discussion V1 8.56 8.56 V
2
1. Ex 4.4 a 3dB attenuator (Zo=50Ω)
Z in 8.56 41.44 50 141.8 50
Z in Z o
S11 0 S 22 Zin
141.8//58.56=41.44
Z in Z o
41.44 50 1 1
V2 V2 V1 0.707V1 V1 V1 S 21V1
41.44 8.56 50 8.56 2 2
1
0
2
S : lossy, reciprocal, symmetric
1
0
2
2
1 V1
incident power to port 1:
2 Zo
2
1
2 V1 2
1 V2 1 2 1 1 V1
transmitted power from port 2: : 3dB attenuation
2 Zo 2 Zo 2 2 Zo
input match
attenuator design R1 , R2
attenuation value 微波電路講義
4-15
2. T-type attenuator design
Zo R1 R1
Eth V1 R2 V2 Zo
Z in
1
Zin R1 Z o // R2 R1 Z o
R1 Zo
1
V2 R2 // R1 Z o Zo 2
S 21 R2 Zo
V1 R1 R2 // R1 Z o R1 Z o 1 2
1 2 1
R1 Zo Zo
3dB attenuator
1
1 2 1
2 2
R2 Zo 2 2Zo
1 2
4-16 微波電路講義
3. Relation of [Z], [Y], and [S]
4-17 微波電路講義
4. Reciprocal network
S S t, S : symmetric matrix
(derivation)
Vn Vn Vn Vn (Vn I n ) / 2
Let Z on 1,
I n Vn Vn Vn (Vn I n ) / 2
1 1
V (V I ) ( Z U ) I
2 2
1 1
V (V I ) ( Z U ) I
2 2
V ( Z U )( Z U ) 1 V S ( Z U )( Z U ) 1
from 3
S (( Z U ) ) ( Z U ) ( Z U ) ( Z U ) S
t 1 t t 1
4-18 微波電路講義
5. Lossless network (unitary property)
1 N i j
S S U , S S
t * *
ki kj
k 1 0 i j
(derivation)
Let Z on 1
lossless (incident power=transmitted power) net averaged input power P
i
in , i =0
1 1
Re(V I ) Re[( V V ) t ( V V )] Im
t * * *
Pin
2 2
1 t * t * t * t *
Re[ V V V V V V V V )] 0
2
V S V
*
V S S V
t * t t t * *
V V V V
S S U
t *
N
6. Lossy network S
k 1
ki ki 1
S *
4-19 微波電路講義
7. Ex.4.5 0.150o 0.85 45o
S =
0.8545 0.20
0 0
4-20 微波電路講義
8. Shift property
t1’ t1 t2’
V1’+ V1+ V1¯ port 1 port 2 V2 V2’+
+
V1’¯ V2¯ V2’¯
1=l1 t2 2=l2
S'11 e j 21 S11, S'21 e j1 S21e j2 , S'12 e j2 S12e j1 , S'22 e j 22 S22
4-21 微波電路講義
10. Power waves on a lossless transmission line with Zoi Ii
Vi Vi Z oi I i
incident (power) wave : ai =
Z oi 2 Z oi
Vgi Zoi Vi ZL
Vi Vi Z oi I i
reflected (power) wave : bi =
Z oi 2 Z oi
b Vi Z oj Pin,i
V S V b S a , S ij i
aj
ak 0 ,k j
V j Z oi
Vk 0 ,k j
1 1 2 1 2 2
Pin ,i Re{ Vi I i* } ai bi Pinc ,i Prefl ,i Pinc ,i (1 S ii ) PL
2 2 2
(derivation
)
Vi V i- V i -V i- a i - b i
ai ,b i ,V i V i V i Z oi (a i b i ),I i
Z oi Z oi Z oi Z oi
1 1 1 2 2 Im
Pin ,i Re{V i I i* }= Re{(a i b i )(a i - b i ) *}= Re{ a i - b i a *i b i - a i b i* }
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 bi
= a i - b i =Pinc ,i Prefl ,i Pinc ,i (1 S ii ),S ii
2 2 a i a k 0 ,ki
2 2
1 V i 2 V i 2
= Re{Pi - Pi } Pi ai ,Pi bi 微波電路講義
2 Z oi 4-22 Z oi
11. Two-port device with its S-matrix
b1
S11 : reflection coefficient at port 1 with port 2 matched
a1 a2 0
b2
S 21 : forward transmiss ion coefficient with port 2 matched
a1 a2 0
b1
S12 : reverse transmiss ion coefficien t with port 1 matched
a2 a1 0
b2
S 22 : reflection coefficien t at port 2 with port 1 matched
a2 a1 0
b1 S11 S12 a1 b1 a 1 S 11 a 2 S 12
b S S22 a2 b2 a 1 S 21 a 2 S 22
2 21
4-23 微波電路講義
12. Reflection coefficient and S11, S22
Zg
Zo, out L ZL
g in
Zin Zout
Zin Z g Z out Z L Z L Zo
in g , out L , if Z g Z o then L
Zin Z g Z out Z L Z L Zo
Zo
Zo
two-port Zo two-port
S11 Zo S22
network network
Z out Z o
Zin Z o S22
S11 Z out Z o
Zin Z o
4-24 微波電路講義
13. RL and IL
b1
RL at port 1: - 20 log -20 log S11
a1
b2
IL from port 1 to port 2: - 20 log -20 log S21
a1
PL1
insertion loss IL(dB) 10 log
PL 2
a1 a1 b2
Zg PL1 Zg PL2
b1 two-port
Zo Zo
network
usually Zg=Zo
4-25 微波電路講義
14. Two-port S-matrix measurement using VNA
V1 V1 V2 V2
DUT
Zo
a1 b1 b2 a2
→ S11 → S21
1 2 V gi2 Re Z ri
PL Pin ,i ai Pinc ,i 2
2 2 Z Z
L gi
2
1 V gi
if Z L Z g * PL = :maximum power trasfer from source
8 Re Z L
4-28 微波電路講義
a F (V Z r I ) a1
Z r1
b F (V Z r * I ) b1 port 1
Z r1 0 . 0 N- port
0 . 0 0 network
Z r
0 0 . 0
port N Z rN a N
0 0 0 Z rN
Re Z r1 bN
0 . 0
1 0 . 0 0
F ,
2 0 0 . 0
0 0 0 Re Z rN
V Z I b F ( Z Z r *)( Z Z r ) 1 F a
1
S F ( Z Z r *)( Z Z r ) 1 F
1
4-29 微波電路講義
4.4 The transmission (ABCD) matrix
• Cascade network
I1 I2 I3
A B A B
+ + +
V1 _ V2 _ V3 _
C D1 C D2
V1 AV2 BI2 V V2 D
Z12 A 2 B, I1 0 CV2 DI2
I2 I1 0
I2 I 0
I2 I1 0
I2 C
1
V2 D
Z22 ,I1 0 CV2 DI2 AD BC 1
I2 C AD BC 1
I1 0 C C
4-31 微波電路講義
(derivation) S (ABCD)
b1 S11 S12 a1 V1 A B V2 V1 V1 V1 V1 (V1 Zo I1)/ 2
b S S a , I C D I ,
2 21 22 2 1 2 I1 (V1 V1 )/ Zo V1 (V1 Zo I1)/ 2
b1 V1 V Z I AV BI2 ZoCV2 Zo DI2
S11 1 o1 2
a1 a 0 V1 V 0 V1 Zo I1 V 0 AV2 BI2 ZoCV2 Zo DI2 V 0
2 2 2 2
A BYo CZo D I2
V2 0
A BYo CZo D
V2 Zo V2 I2Zo , I2 V2Yo
V2
V2 V2
b2 V2 2V2
S21
a1 a 0 V1 V 0 (V1 Zo I1) / 2 AV2 BI2 ZoCV2 Zo DI2
2 2
I 2 V2Yo
2
A BYo CZo D
4-32 微波電路講義
b V1 V2 V2 V2 V2 (V2 Zo I2 ) / 2
S12 1 ,
a2 V2 I2 (V2 V2 ) / Zo V2 (V2 Zo I2 ) / 2
a1 0 V1 0
V1 V1 V1 V 1 D B V1
, 2 , AD BC
(V2 Zo I2 ) / 2 I2 C A I1
2V1 2V1
(DV1 BI1 ZoCV1 Zo AI1 ) / DV1 BYoV1 CZoV1 AV1
2Δ I1 I2
A BYo CZo D
Zo V1 V2 V1 I1Zo , I1 V1Yo
symmetrical
b2 V2 V Z I DV BI1 Zo (CV1 AI1)
S22 2 o2 1 S11 S 22 , A D
a2 a 0 V2 V 0 V2 Zo I2 DV1 BI1 Zo (CV1 AI1)
1 1
reciprocal
I1 V1Yo
DV1 BYoV1 Zo (CV1 AYoV1) A BYo CZo D
S12 S 21 , 1
DV1 BYoV1 Zo (CV1 AYoV1) A BYo CZo D
4-33 微波電路講義
5. Example
t1
Zoc [S] Zom
t2
[S] representation can be obtained from
measurement or calculation.
coaxial-microstrip transition
(a linear circuit)
L
Zoc C1 C2 Zom
4-34 微波電路講義
4.5 Signal flow graphs
• 2-port representation
a1 S21 b2
a1 [S] a2
b1 b2 S11 S22
port 1 port 2 b1 a2
S12
b1 S11 S12 a1 b1 a 1 S 11 a 2 S 12
b S S22 a2 b2 a 1 S 21 a 2 S 22
2 21
b1
RL at port 1: - 20 log -20 log S11
a1
b2
IL from port 1 to port 2: - 20 log -20 log S21
a1
4-35 微波電路講義
Discussion Zo e
es Vs , as s
1. Source representation Zo Z s Zo
Zs
as as 1 a1
} a1
Vs s b 1 s
b1 s
b1
2. Load representation
b2
b2
L ZL L
a2 a2
4-36 微波電路講義
4. 2-port circuit representation
as a1 S21 b2
Zs
Vs
[S] s S11 S22 L
s in out LZL
b1 S12 a2
S12 S 21 Γ L as a1
b1 a1 S11 a1 S 21 Γ L S12 (1 S 22 Γ L ...) a1 S11 a1
1 S 22 Γ L
Γ in
b1 S S Γ
S11 12 21 L s in
a1 1 S 22 Γ L
S12 S 21 Γ S b1
b2 a 2 S 22 a 2 S12 Γ S S 21 (1 S11 Γ S ...) a 2 S 22 a 2
1 S11 Γ S b2
b2 S S Γ
Γ out S 22 12 21 S out L
a2 1 S11 Γ S
a2
4-37 微波電路講義
5. TRL (Thru-Reflect-Line) calibration
Find [S]DUT from 2-port measurement using three calibrators
DUT
[S]
x y
ao b1 a2 b3
e10 S21 e32
e00 e11 S11 S22 e22 e33
e01 S12 e23
bo a1 b2 a3
6 unknowns of [S]x and [S]y to be calibrated to acquire [S]DUT
T: Through 3 eqs., R: Reflection 2 eqs., L: Line 3 eqs.
R () and line length (l) can be unknown
4-38 微波電路講義
Calibrators
T: Through
3 eqs. x y
R: Reflection
2 eqs.
x y
L: Line exp(l)
3 eqs.
x y
Requirement: connectors and line have same characteristics for 3 calibrators
Limitation: operation bandwidth 20°≦βl≦160°
4-39 微波電路講義
R matrix (wave cascade matrix)
b1 R11 R12 a 2
a R R b
1 21 22 2
4-41 微波電路講義
(det ailed derivation)
m11 m12 x11 x12 x11 x12 e l 0
M Rx Rx RL m m22 x21
x22 x21
x22 0 1/ e l
21
m11 x11 m12 x21 x11e l x11 2 x11 x11 e10 e01
l
m 21 ( ) ( m22 m11 ) m 12 0 e 00
m21 x11 m22 x21 x21e x21 x21 x21 e11
l
m
11 12 x m x x / e x x x12
12 22 12
m ( 12 2
) ( m m ) 12
m 0 e00
m21 x12 m22 x22 x22 / e l 21
x22
22 11
x22
12
x22
y11 y12 n11 n12 e l 0 y11 y12
Ry N RL Ry y y n n l
21 22 21 22 0 1/ e y21 y22
y11n11 y12 n21 y11e l y11 2 y11 y11 e e
l
n21 ( ) (n22 n11 ) n12 0 e33 23 32
y n y22 n21 y21e y12 y12 y12 e22
21 11 l
y11n12 y12 n22 y12 / e n ( y21 ) 2 (n n ) y21
n21 0
y21
e33
y21n12 y22 n22 y22 / e l 21
y22
22 11
y22 y22
4-42 微波電路講義
e10 e01 Γ 1 b Γ mx e10 e01
Γ
mx e00 Γ , ( b e00 , a e 00 )
1 e11 Γ e11 a Γ mx e11
e23 e32 Γ 1 d Γ mx e e
Γ my e33 Γ , ( d e33 , c e33 23 32 )
1 e22 Γ e22 c Γ mx e22
e e e 1 b Γ mx
Γ mT e00 10 01 22 e11
1 e11e22 e22 a Γ mx
b Γ mx c Γ mx b Γ mx 1 b Γ mT
e112 , e22 , e10 e01 (b a )e11 , e23 e32 =( c - d ) e11
a Γ mx d Γ mx a Γ mx e11 a Γ mT
e10 e32
S
21mT 1 e e
11 22
e10 e32 S 21mT (1 e11e22 ), e23 e01 = S12 mT (1 e11e22 ) e10 , e01 , e23 , e32
S e23 e01
12 mT 1 e11e22
1 b Γ mx m
Γ ...(also for e11 selection), e l m11 12
e11 a Γ mx a
4-43 微波電路講義
4.6 Discontinuities and modal analysis
• equivalent circuit components
E C, H L
constant E (V) parallel connection
constant H (I) serial connection
Discussion
1. Microstrip discontinuities
Cg
Cp Cp
Coc
open-end gap
4-44 微波電路講義
L L
step
L2
L1
C L3
T-junction
L L
bend
4-45 微波電路講義
2. Microstrip discontinuity compensation
w a
r
r>3w a=1.8w
4-46 微波電路講義
Solved Problems
Prob. 4.11 Find [S] relative to Z0
Y 1/ Z 1/ Z ,Y (Y o Y 11 )(Y o Y 22 ) Y 12Y 21 Z 2Z o Z Z
Z Z Z , Z ( Z o Z 11 )( Z o Z 22 ) Z 12 Z 21 2 Z o Z Z o
2
1/ Z 1/ Z ZZ o
2
(Y Y )(Y Y ) Y Y 2Y 12Y o ( Z 11 Z o )( Z 22 Z o ) Z 12 Z 21 2 Z 12 Z o
o 11 o 22 12 21
Y Y S Z Z
S
( Z 11 Z o )( Z 22 Z o ) Z 12 Z 21
2Y 21Y o (Y o Y 11 )(Y o Y 22 ) Y 12Y 21 2 Z 21 Z o
Z Z
Y Y
Z o 2
2 ZZ o Z o 2Z
Z 2Z Z Z o 2 Z Z o 2 Z ,1 S S
2
1/ Z 2 / ZZ
Z
o o o
11 21
Y Y Z 2Z o Z 2Z o 2 ZZ Z o
2
2Z Z o
,1 S 11 S 21 o
2 / ZZ 1/ Z o2 2Z o Z Z Z Z o 2 Z Z o 2 Z
o
Y Y Z 2Z o Z 2Z o
Vi Vi Z oi I i
incident (power) wave : ai =
Z oi 2 Z oi
Vi V Z oi I i
reflected (power) wave : bi = i
Z oi 2 Z oi
b Vi Z oj
V S V b S a , S ij i
aj
ak 0 ,k j
V j Z oi
Vk 0 ,k j
Zo2 Z o1
S11' S11 , S12' S12 '
, S 21 S 21 '
, S 22 S 22
Z o1 Zo2
4-49 微波電路講義
Prob. 4.28 find P2/P1 and P3/P1 a1 S12 b2
Γ2
0 S12 0 Γ2 P2 b1
S a2
12 0 S 23 S12 S23
b3
P1
0 S 23 0 Γ3 P3 S23 Γ3
S122 2 S12 S S a3
b1 a1 a1 in , b2 a1 , b3 a1 12 2 232
1 2 3 S 23
2
1 2 3 S 23
2
1 2 3 S 23
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
P2 b a2 b2 (1 2 ) S12 (1 2 ) S12 (1 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
P1 a1 b1 a1 (1 in ) S 2
2
1 2 3 S 23
2
S122 2
2 2 12
1 23S 23 (1 )
2 2
1 23 S 23
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
P3 b3 a3 b3 (1 3 ) S12 2 S 23 (1 3 ) S12 2 S 23 (1 2 )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
P1 a1 b1 a1 (1 in ) S 2
2
1 2 3 S 23
2
S122 2
2 2 12
1 23 S 23 (1 )
2 2
1 23S 23
4-50 微波電路講義