|} Quick Review of the Syllabus 4 UHS SPECIFIC + > Highlighted Points Cdlition » Hundreds of Practice Questions ee > Sample Paper for Entry Test . Q Wl ABGrc00n SS PREDADaTin;aic <7) Topic-Wise Exercise with ACONTENTS UNIT No. TOPICS PAGE No iii 1 | AGREEMENT MISTAKES 1-12 bs | COMBINATION MISTAKES 13-26 | REPETITION 27-32 "4 | PARALLELISM, MODIFIER, RUN ON, FRAGMENT 3341 5 | NOUN 42-85 ae - | aRTicLe 56-69 7 | ADJECTIVE 70-87 ~~ | PRONOUN 88-104 “y |VERB 108-133 i | ADVERB 134-153 11 | PREPOSITION 154-166 “12 | PUNCTUATION 167-174 13 DISCTION MISTAKES I4 GRAMMAR AT A GLANCE 15 a ANSWER KEY S FROM INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH TEXT BOOKS 175-197MCAT PAPER Total MCQs: 220 Max. Marks: 1100 any confession from the thief. A) Convince B) elicit ©) refuse D) agree @, 134 It is the duty of'a teacher to ___ moral values in his students besides teaching. A) Tell B) Record C) inculcate D) suggest 135 Many of the houses in Murree have basic___. A) Amenities B) Accuracy Oaffinity D) array Q. 136 Youngsters who indulge in love affairs are usually in worldly matters. A) Adjoined B) Addled C) adjured D) adhesive I OT THE ERROR In the first type of sentences, some segments of each sentence are underlined. Your task is to that underlined segment of the sentence, which contains the mistake that needs to be identify corrected. ). 137 |e picked up one or two magazines and after a hurried giance on the contents carefully A) B) ©) replaced them. D) 138 His quests found it fun to watch him to make tea ~ mixing careful spoonful from different caddies. A) B) ©) D) 139 You have put your life in his hands many a times A) B) Oo; 140 Chips. thinking it over a good many time, always added to himself that Kathie would have A) B) Co) approved and also have been amused. D) 141 But the men ate their supper in good appetites. A) B) ©) ) ; ‘ 142. A common cause of failure is a mistaken ambition of the boys on the part of his parents. B) ° D) A) rections iy wach question inthe following, four altemative sentences are given. Choose the CORRECT to that letter in the answer sheet. x ab one and fill the circle corres 143 A) Tourism is burs m have burgconed over the last fit 1) Tourism has burgeoned over the last fifteen years.MCAT PAPER oe A) His remains were interred in the new coca B) His remains were entered in the new cemetery« ©) His remains was interred in the new cemetery. D) His remains wasentered in the new cemetery. Q. 145 A) They had died in the same day. B) They had died over the same day. C) They had died on the same day. D) They had diedof the same day. Q. 146 : A) She had just turned on the supper steaks when the telephone rang. B) She had just turned over the supper steaks when the telephone rang. C) She had just turned into the supper steaks when the telephore rang. D) She had just turned in the supper steaks when the telephone rang. Q.147 A) Empty of concord is the soul of wit. B) Empty of concord is the role of wit. C) Empty of concord is the sole of wit. D) Empty of concord is the houl of wit. stand about the woodland ride. stand in the woodland ride. C) The cheery trees stand on the woodland ride. D) The cheery trees stand from the woodland ride. Q.149 A) He made me to w the sum on the slip and to sign my name in a book. B) He made me write the sum on/at the slip and to sign my name in a book. ©) He made me write the sum on the slip and sign my name in a book. D) He made me write the sum in a slip and to sign my name in a book. Q. 150 A) 1 am looking forward to secure excellent marks in MCAT, B) 1am looking forward to securing excellent marks in MCAT. ©) 1am looking forward securing excellent marks in MCAT, D) 1am looking forward secure excellent marks in MCAT, Q.151 : A) The study of the B) The study of the C) The study of the D) The study of the population growth indicates o Population growth indicate o1 Population growth indicates Population growth indicate: ne of the greatest paradox of our ne of the greatest paradox of our time S one of the greatest paradoxes of o 's one of the greatest Paradox in our tit Q. 182 A) In Non Aca, he barely escaped assassination atthe hand of the governor oft ‘mnor of th assassination at the hands of the goCircle on the MCQ Response Form. . 153 EMPATHY: A) Understanding ). 154 FELICITY: B) Animosity A) Boredom B) Business D. 155 UNCANNY: A) Exact B) Opposite Q. 156 VIRULENT: A) Progressive B) Harmful 157 RAPT: A) Trumpet B) Bewitched Q. 158 PEDAGOGY: A) The study of paediatries C) The study of cultural heritage Q. 159 INDICTMENT: A) Humiliation Q. 160 MITIGATION: A) Alleviation Q. 161 CONCERTED: A) Strenuous Q. 162 ARCANE: A) Mysterious B) Offended B) Classification B) Furious B) Furious In each of following question, four alternative meanings of a word are given. You have to select the nearest correct meaning of the given word and fill the appropriate Bubble / C) friendship D) sympathy C) happiness D) relaxation C) good D) strange C) healthy D) positive C) rapid D) rash B) The study of teaching methods D) The study of pectoral muscle C) accusation D) invisible 7 C) formidable D) poisonous C) curious D) precious C) arid D) clear topstudyworld!éom)In English Langua we. there are certain agreements of words, and if these agreements are not followed, they lead to committing mistakes. For example. if the subject of a sentence is He. She. It or some singular noun, the verb and helping verb should also be used in agreement With the subject, This means that we add sentences. to the first form of verb in simple Following is the deseription of some most important and frequent agreements. 11 AGREEMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT AND VERB / HELPING VERB. If a sentence has @ singular subject, it is tollowed by a singular verb. and if it has a plural subject. itis followed by a plural verb that is, the verb agrees with the subject. Singular Subjects: He, She, i, Singular Noun (boy) > Shay ar V Addition of “s” or “es” to the first form of verb. Singular Helping Verbs: is, does. was, has. Plural Subjects: They, We, You, Plural Noun (boys) Plural Verb: No addition of ” 2 mone Ov of “es” to the first form of verb. Hlural Helping Verbs: Were. do. are, have = a An Seu F amples: we eo oovss v= iy live / lives in China. x2 ange ) Many people lives / five in Asia, CU »h- we 12 \GREFMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT WORD - 1 AND VERB/ HELPING VERB {1 ghere are two subject words in the same sentence, one singular and the other plural, use verb vr beiping verb according to the first subject if these words are joined by any one of the follow words. Se a “liph, along w ity together with, as well as, besides. except. of. not, but, including, excluding, : in aulition to aK Fo ee | the reacher well as the students are/is using the mobile phones. TANBOYS Note: Subject Word -1 may not necessarily be always si may be plural Ihe students as well as the teacher Yare using the mobile phones. More Examples: (i) The boy with hi parents was / were called. Gi) The players along with their luggage has / have arrived (iii) Ihe army fogerher with the politicians are /is serving (iv) The people as well as the government are / is feeling unrest (v) Extra benetits besides salary make / makes government job attractive. (vi)One of the boys get / gets first position in the exams (vii) All except the slave were / was calm PS ENTRY TEST SERIES mw topstudywordicomAGREEMENT MISTAKES 13 14 15 KIPS ENTRY TEST SERIES ————www-toy aaStudy? 3 / HELPING VERB AGREEMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT WORD ~ z Leas ‘rhea We ne vee and helping according to th eae Consider (em joined by any one of the following words: (nor, OF 5 amples: ae. ing ile phones. Neither the teacher nor the students stops / stop usinge me N: i Hie, Not only ¢he feacher but also the students stop / stops ising Fi ee Either the students or the teacher stop / stops using the mobile p! tthe advis id helpiny The subject word-2 may be singular, or plurai, you are advised to use verb and helping according! [WO SUBJECT WORDS JOINED BY “AND” Vea “i ie or more singular nouns or pronouns joined by “and” require a plural verb when # ent two different persons or things. For Example: (i) Fire and water eoes / do not agree. le and | were / wees very good players. (iii)Gold and silver #/ are precious metals. (iv)4s/ Are your father and mother at home? (¥) In him were / was centred their love and their ambition. (vi)Knowledge and wisdom have / has often no connection. But if the nouns suggest one idea to the mind, or refer to the same person or thing, the verb is singular, For Examph (i) Slow and steady win / wins the race, (ii) Time and tide wit / waits for no man, (iii) The horse and carriage is / are at the door. (iv)Now a days, my bread and butter are /is gardening. (v) Honour and glory was / were his reward. (vi)My friend and benefactor have / has come. The novelist and poet is / are dead. (1H) "The rise and fall of the tide are / is due to lunar influence. VERB/ HELPING VERB AFTER “WHO, WHICH the words like who ~ which ~ that may be plural Verb and Helping Verb, The Verb or Helping Verb after who — which immediately before these words. The word be plural. So, use the Verb or H.V accordin, ly. Examples: Pees () Leis one of the boys'Who always wins /yin, —> Y%® 2 © Ane (ii) You will hear about another Wwomart so hee hg died. (iii)This is one of the book ‘ i ‘ere my favourite, (iv) The excuse that he gave s 4 H AND THAT? followed by singular Verb and Helping a ~ that are used accord 1g to the fore who — which ~ that may The only is always singular, ¢ s fhe onlyJone of the bays who always /AGREEMENT MISTAKES UNIT -1 1.6 SUBJECTS WITH CONFUSING “S” AND VERB / HELPING VERB Some words end at “s” and because of their ending “s” These words appear to be ‘out, as a matter of fact, these words —— should be followed by singular verb and helping verb. Following is the list of such words: t-1:] wages, news, tidings, series, innings, means, summons, gallows. List name of subjects: mathematics, statistics, ethics, politics, civics ete. —.<_ OS List - 3: name of diseases: measles, mumps, rabies, aids, rickets, shingles ete : List — 4: plural names of countries: the United States, the Maldives etc. List —5: names of some games: billiards, gymnastics, athletics, dominoes etc. List — Names of books: The Gulliver's Travels, the Arabian Nights etc. Note: Certain words always take plural verb and helping verb. Poultry, cattle, police, vermin, gentry, clergy etc. Examples: @ Weses Sfsinae/ whee (ii) Test series is / are going to be played. (iiiyThe second innings was / were delayed. (iv)Gymnastics took / looks difficult, and itis. (¥) The news are / is not very good. Note: Some academic disciplines such as politics, statistics, economics, mathematics, phoneti¢s take singular verb however as a general use they take plural verb. y ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES GENERAL USE | |_| polities is popular at this her politics are broadening (= “university. political belief) 2 statistics was always my statistics are able to prove any thing. worst subject. (© numerical information) ¥ 3 | genomics was always my | the economies behind their polices are favorite subject. reasonable, (=financial system) 1.7 FRACTIONS, PORTIONS, AND PERCENTAGES — VERB/ HELPING VERB When an “of phrase” follows a percentage, distance, fraction, or amount such as a lot of, majority of, rest of, two-thirds of, % of, the verb agrees with the noun written after the preposition “of, ——, a (i) Half of the tables #s /are occupied. is ii) Three quarters of a potato is / ave water. (iii) Two thirds of the field were / was under water. (iv)21% of the population are / is poor. (V) 21% of the book ake is paperback. 8 QUANTITY Raparanipeses aI HI PIN When a plural noun denotes somd sidered as 4am <> is generally singular; as, (i) Ten kilometers was / were a long walk. (ii) Fifty thousand rupees is / are a large sum. . www.topstudyworld.com dyf —AGREEMENT MISTAKES 1 1.10 _< The rumiber of the farmers are / is decreasing. EXCEPTIONS: ie mies ‘A number of takes plural verb or helping verb. 5 AAnumber of the students is Karé\rying to get admission to medical colleges. The nuniber of takes singular verb or helping verb. ‘Plural indefinite pronoun subjects take plural verbs. PLURAL: several, few, both, many Botldo / dees a good deal of work around the office. S (Some) A(Any) N (None) A(AI), ULAR OR PLURAL: some, any, none, all, most. ‘Some of the sugar is on the floor. (Sugar is uncountable; therefore, the sentence has a singular verb.) Some of the marbles are on the floor. (Marbles are countable; therefore, the sentence has a plural verb.) © vewyous— 9 94 Do any of you know where my keys are? s.< le Docs eae vem here ny eve mer ADJECTIVES WITH ARTICLE “THE” AND VERB / HELPING VERB We can use “the” before some adjectives of nationalit use “the” befor ty and before some other to make ; chee feneralizatons. Adjectives proceeded by “the” are used a plural nouns and tke a plural Examples: % 1¢ rich gets / get richer. We eich = MRL rich por are i geting poorer. iii) The dead ## / are not forgotten. \! aS: (iv) The poor faces / face many hardships. MTN =e (v) The French love / wed AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUN Proour athe words tat are wed na tao Ro OU ‘oves eating in restaurants, teaches English, isa student, is crying for milk, are here for English, a . WAG FoI UTC A ods e etolga}gular noun (Ali) is replaced by “he” (ii) The female singular noun (Periza) is replaced by “she” (iii) The common Gender singular noun (Baby) is replaced by “it () The'common Gender plural noun (Students) is replaced by “they” Reena, example: 5 ° Gr dgess) \ 3 , = A st Bed pew Thelmothers should realize that the ay Bice ee era 1.11 AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUN AND ITS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE To show the possession of all the singular and plural, male or female nouns, we use the third Person possessive adjectives. my — our are the first person, Your the second person and their, his, her, its are the third person possessive adjectives, Examples: (i) A boy should mind his own business. (ii) A girl should mind her own business (ii)Phe baby should mind its own business. (iv) The students should mind their own business. (v) Every boy and every girl brought his / her lunch. ‘To show the possession of indefinite pronouns we use third person possessive adjective (his) and the pronoun used will be “He”. aie 34 Following is the list of Indefinite pronouns: _='as —>S\.q~)"" = Each, Either, Neither, None, Anyone, Somebody ete Werbeen Wosne a4 (i) Everyone should mind Ais / their own business. (ii) One should mind one’s / his own business. if them brought his / their lunch. (iv)None of them paid his / their dues, (v) Either of the two boys will get his / their share. (vi)Ne or of the girls will get her / thei share. Look at the agreement between personal pronouns and thir possessive adjectives. (i) I should do my work. (ii) We should do our work. (iii) You should do your work. She should do her work. (v) They should do their work. (vi)He should do his work. (vii) It should do its work. SREEMENT BETWEEN NOUN AND ITS RELATIVE PRONOUN Who = Which ~ That are known as relative pronouns. These words have the same meanings but their usage is different. Consider the lens examples. ° = Who < : As a general rule, who is used for persons, and sometimes pet animals. It is the same for singular or plural, Masculine or Ferninine. Examples:AGREEMENT MISTAKES S (i) The man who is honest is trusted. (ii) That’s the dog who doesn’t like me. gs andlgnimals Which: Asa general rule, which may also be used forlthings An > les: i) Te horse which I bought was an Arab. (ii) This is the book which may help you. hat for all ; te woman that | saw yesterday was Maria. * Special use of that ; (i) That is preceded by indefinite pronouns Any, all, every, few, little; ete; ——— | bought all|that were present. All that glitters is not gold. (ii) With superlative degree It.was the best game of tennis that I’ve ever seer Note ~ 1: However, which and that may be u a Note ~2: To ask question, we may use {which” for all kinds of nouns. Examples: Which boy? Which horse? Which book? Note - 3: Examples: Vos aw oy Wron The boy'whose father'came... Roa Ae ‘The horse whose leg was broken... ay The book whose page was torn... AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUN AND IT; Quantifiers are the words that rey Present the quantity or number of the nouns. Some nouns numbered (like people), whereas some nouns are measures there should be an agreement between noun an ()) A large amount ii) One should not eat much / many sugar, Numerable Measureable Amount y Much ii) Little AGREEMENT BETWEEN HELP| ing verb and * | The Present Form of Verb: (1" form +. With the following words, we use the I* fore lo, does, did, shall, wil, can, could, would 4m 0, are to, was to, were to, has to, usually, daily, when, before. The Past Form of Verb: (the 2 m+ s/ form of . g are the markers forthe use of the pant ae o aid + 1" f the past day, when, before, just. To show possession, we may use whose for all nouns. / number of people were there. ING VERB AND Following is the description of helpi FORM OP VERB: , should, may have to, had to, ee ferchangeably. pat ws Nandsone. 'S QUANTIFIER d (like sugar). According to the rul its quantifier. Common A lot of All Some the forms of verb: es) F verb (s /es): 'Y Might, must, used to, ought. Shall have to, will have to, of : fo simple tense: shall will + 1* form (Future Simple) Ifyou work hard, you will pass. Also You will pass if you work. Probable Mistake: ae IF they will / come, we shall go, ii.” If+ 2 form (Past simple) —» wo iB pe ld + 1% form (Past you worked, you would pass. Also You would case if al Probable Mistake: Pe OU oo {they would /eame, we would go. oS ‘ ie ii, 1+ had + 3° form (Past ii) S perfect) 2» woulg ak Coa you would have Passed. ee of lave passed it : Probable Mistake. eats Mire He had died when (before) the doctor form sip. fe form Patient had died wh, Also Probable Mistakes She had marti ast Perfect) (uAiAnURRofaSMteNprelatel cco[BINATION MISTAKES | would not do that if | were you. Also Were | you, I would not do that. Probable Mistake: If | were you I would not have-dene / do it. vii. f+ had +3 form of verb = ——» would + have + 3" form of verb. If the weather had been good, | would have come to you. Also {would have come to you if the weather had been good. Also Had the weather been good, I would have come to you. Probable Mistake: if the weather had been good, I would have come / come to you. Note: “would” may be replaced by could, must, might etc. as per the sense As a general rule, past tense must be followed by past tense. He said that he goes / went to college daily. EXCEPTIONS; The Universal Truth is always in present tense. * He said that the sun rose / rises in the east. Comparison is generally in present tense. * She liked me more than she liked / likes you. COMBINATION OF PHRASES OR CLAUSES WITH CONJUNCTIONS, A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions ii) Correlative Conjunctions ‘ubordinating Conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: i) Subject + Subject ii) Verb Phrase + Verb Phrase iii) Sentence + Sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound clement. Correlative conjunctions also connect sentence elements of the same kind: however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. Subordinating conjunctions, the largest class of conjunctions, connect subordinate clauses to a main clause. These conjunctions are adverbs used as conjunctions. * Coordinating conjunctions () Cumulative Conjunctions add one statement to the other. Examples: and, as wel as, both ~ and, not only - but also ) Adversative Conjunctions that express contrast between two statements. but, still, yet, However, Nevertheless ‘COMBINAT! atives. ; : .n two altern: iy Alteran express a choice betwee! jjuncti it junctions that - Either oF, neither—nor ; i result) Sees that express an inference ( ‘on, So, therefore, for, thus, that’s why 7 ae are 0 Y s i and nor but or yet so for junctions i i rd FANBOYS f way to remember these six conjunctions 1s to tink os fee FANBOVEE fe in this somewhat unlikely word Js the ie jon to eal conjunctions. Remembet, when using a conjunction to j before the conjunction. Examples and Sentences CONJUNCTION | WHAT IS SAMPLE SENTENCES LINKED, and noun phrase + | We have tickets for the symphony and noun phi the opera. sentence + The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday, but sentence the chorus rehearses on Wednesday. verb + verb Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin? I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets earl) sentence + sentence * Corretative Conjunctions [both-and Trot only...but also ei Te ; either...or Lneither. nor whether...or ] a Toren Corelative conjuncti ; 3 While joining singular and plust'®,¢ Always used in Pairs. They join similar the verb is singular or p Plural subjects, the fi : ; © Subject closest to the verb Examples and Sentences "he exception of “both-and”, eo CONJUNCTIONs both...and . | ether-o- —— potty Sse and my brother play Bian | Peitersnor — nights Bei Programme is either Mozart OF ethoven, Neither | not oniybar ct ‘t only... but also* Subordinating Conjunctions Time Cause + effect Opposition : after becaus Although before since Though when now that even though only [P white AS Whereas, whether or not | since in order that While even until So 2 in ease (that) Subordinating conjunctions, (subordinators) are most important in creating subordin Glauses. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the ‘adverbial clause can come either before or after the main clause. Subordi Single word, but there are also a number of multi-word subordinators that function like single subordinating conjunction. They can be classified according to their use in regard to time, cause and effect, opposition, or condition. Remember, put a comma at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause. Examples and Sentences CONJUNCTI SAMPLE SENTENCE ON : after We are going out t0 eat after we finish taking the test. since Since we have lived in Atlanta, we have gone to every © High Musuem, while ‘While | was waiting in line for the Matisse Exhibit, Tate my Junch, although “Although te Tine was Tong and the wait over two hours, the exhibit was well worth it : even if Even if you have already bought your ticket, you will still need 10 await in line. because Tlove Matisse’s works because he uses color so brilliantly. COMMON ERRORS IN THE USE OF CONJUNCTIONS, * To link two clauses, we use just one conjunction (NOT two). If the first clause begins With although, though, even if or even though, the second clause cannot begin with but or yet. Similarly, if the first clause begins with If, as, since or because, the second clause cannot begin with so. Examples: i) Since. we were-tate-so-we-decided-to-go-by-tari: Since we were late, we decided to go by taxi, OR We were late, so we decided to go by taxi. _ ii) 1#a-coun Ifa country has no natural resources, it has to rely on imports. * Use a complete phrase after a subordinating conjunction. Example: Although-his-apology, weawere stilt angry: Despite his apology, we were still angry.COMBINATION MISTAKES Although he apologized, we were still angrY- jinati cor ing with a subordinating ie 1s a sentence. Jause begin njunction (¢.g. because, since, » A clause begi h while) cannot be used on its own a Example: : ‘ i ress. We were unable to visit her because we did not have her add laced at the beginn + The coordinating conjunctions and, or ond but are not P begi sentence. Example: ; x - oe He wants to go to university, but he doesn't want to leave home. + After no, not, never, etc., we normally use or (Not and). Examples: : i) She-never ote and-slept properly-afler her husband died. She never ate or slept properly after her husband died. ‘aboos abound during Lunar New Year -- no crying, quarrelling or accidents. Note: And may be used after @ negative when the linked items are closely related or are asa single thing: 4 We didn't bring any knives and forks. The regulation does not apply to husbands and wives, * When two adjectives are used before a noun, they are linked with and o belong to the same class. Compare: ‘ Examples: ') Blue and white sheets (colour + colour) ii) Cotton and nylon sheets (materi D) ial + materi i Blue nylon sheets (colour + material) a iv) He said he was lookin, fe and e ig for a tall irl cal Ann: ¥) Inside the box there was cheap eee eee atch. When a sentence or pant of a Sentenc ‘coordinates’ with and, © consists of two it js Examples: ind, or or but: equal units, we link the Rywwitopstudyworld.comOMBINATION MISTAKES UNIT - 2 1 prefer men who are lively, handsome aad amusing. iii) Would you like milk, orange juice, tea or coffee? iv) She chased him down the stairs, out of the house ard down the street. * When we link parts of a sentence, we normally unnecessary repetition. I enjoy jogging and Ferfey playing the piano. J enjoy jogging and playing the y words that would produce ano. Note: However, that words are sometimes repeated deliberately to give emphasis, especially in informal styles: ‘I don't like cricket and | don't like football either.” * When we on i words to avoid repetiti 1, we have to make sure that the final sentence is Examples: He-never-washes-or polishes his car: He néver washes or polishes his car’ has two possible meanings: 3 (himself). He never polishes hi lie never washes his car. He never polishes his c: Hence the correet sentence will be: is car. r washes his car or polishe: Note: The intended meaning is often clear from the context, but this is not always the case. SOME MORE POIN’ i. As and Like As is a conjunction. It is used to connect two clauses or words of the same grammatical class. Like is « preposition, It is used to show the relationship between a noun/pronoun and some other word in the sentence. Note that like is used before a noun or pronoun. She looks like her mother. He fought like a tiger, ce his father, he is a doctor. He did as he was told. BUT NOT He did like he was told. (Here the conjunction as joins clauses “He did” and *he was told’.) He fought as a tiger does. BUT NOT He fought like a tiger does. Cae Joins the clauses *he fought’ and ‘a tiger does’.) Note Asand though As can be used in the sense of though, but they are used in Though he was young, he fought bravely. was, he fought bravely. Www topstudyworld.comlll 2.6 COMBINATION MISTAKES ‘Though he is poor, he is happy Poor as he is, he is happy: Rae i 1 Asian are now more or lss used synonymous) I i i ks as though it might rain. if it might rain. OR It look ; ioe okt a ny eo Like cannot be used instead of as a . Notes: see = th atic English like is often used instead of as ‘American English. and as though. This is very co iv. So as and such as 7 So as indicates purpose: such as indicates result. We started early so as to get a good seat. His actions were such as to offend everyone. y. Than Than is a subordinating conjunction. The noun or pronoun following than should be i same case as the noun or pronoun preceding it. She is taller than he is. You are younger than she Note that in informal English, object pronouns (him, her, them etc.) are used after tham sentences like *She is taller than him’ and ‘You are younger than her’ are common in| speech and writing. vi. Unless and if Unless itself means if not. Unless you start early, you wi train. (NOT Unless you don’t st start early, you will m ‘art early, you will miss the train.) COLLOCATION OF WorDs; Collocation refers to a grou iP of two or 5 10 Took at the we, words that usually go together, A word collocation, C s 8 location are we n. Co - meaning together collocation?" is: Cotlocat ords that are | 1g togethi lid all of my homewer eae oth eats Place ol in se ther mY moran. General, make retest hg tase examples of why coll high earnings (not big earnings) cd and do refers to tasks, enerarae Planning (not long-time plann, guerilla (not city guerrilin They are not doing / making a soong (me to every body ment will be made / doneMBINATION MISTAKES Verb Collocations Have do have a bath doa favor have a drink do a service have a good time do a work have a haircut do assignment havea holiday do business havea problem do nothing have a relationship have a rest have lunch have sympathy do someone a favour do the cooking do the housework do the shopping do the washing up do your best do your hair do your homework do damage do harm do home work do justice 10 do one’s best do one’s duty | do research do wonders do wrong Take break take « break break a habit take a chance break a leg take a look break a promise take a rest » break a record take a seat "break a window take a taxi break someone's heart take an exam break the ice take notes take someone's place take someone's temperature break the law break the rules Pay pay a fine © save electricity pay attention save energy pay by credit card save money | catch a cold | catch a thief " catch someone's attention — break the news 10 someone i UNIT - 2 make make a choice make a comparison make a decision make a difference make a mess make a mistake make a noise make an effort make furniture make money make progress make room make trouble make a discovery make a plan make a prediction make a profit make a suggestion make an attempt make an investment | make an offer | make use of catch catch a ball "catch a bus catch a chill catch fire | catch sight of i catch someone's eyea MISTAKES 4 COMBINATION Crowe a keep calm ; pay cash save someone 8 keep contro pay interest save someone's 1 4 keep in touch pay someone a save something (0 keep quiet ‘compliment oF save space keep someone's pli pay someone save time keep the change pay the bill save yourself the trouble eee, pay the price pay your respects 3 get go Come et a job come close go abroad i 2 shock come complete with a get angry come direct a al id get divorced come early et drunk come first g0 ror a frightened come into view go home come last, go crazy e come late 0 dark oe come on time go deaf ee come prepared 20 fishing senna come right back go mad get permission come second go missing get pregnant ‘come to a compromise go on foot get ready come to a decision go online get started come to an agreement g0 out of business get the impression come toan end g0 overseas get the message come to a standstill go quiet get the sack come to terms with 20 sailing et come to a total of 80 to war oe eee come under attack 20 yellow pee a et worri Miscellaneous Collocations o- Time Busin i { ee ss FE, nglish Classifiers bang on time annual a : tumove sea on ine bear in mind a ball of string ai break off negotiatio 2 ers oll die cease trading "Sa bar of chocolate ‘great deal of time com cen a bottle of late 20th century Soe “a make time for ono ab next few days: lignes the point unch of carrots Past few weeks. draw 22 Offer a - bs cube of sugar WRIA ons MeronINATION MISTAKES Time right on time run out of time Make a prediction Business English draw your attention to launch a new product Classifiers a pack of cards save time lay off staff a pad of paper spare time * go bankrupt hazards of fire spend some time go into partnership sword of honor take your time make a loss letter of recommendation tell someone the time make a profit time goes by market forces time passes sales figures waste time take on staff EXPRESSION WITH “MAKE” EXPRESSION WITH “DO” Make a mistake Do assignment Make a difference Do business Make a comparison Do one’s duty Make a plan Do harm Make an investment Do home work Make an offer Do research Make a discovery Do justice to Make a choice Do one’s best Make use of Do wrong Make an attempt Do a service Make a profit Do a work Make a decision Do damage Make a suggestion Do wonders Doa favorCOMBINATION i Si learned? Spot the error: am einen Qi Do you think this is something 2 e Q2 Ds n't go out while you've finished your work. sake ure you cl sea he windows for it starts to rain. Q3 Make sure you close all. the w! f ai A i | think Lknow where he left the job. Q4 ‘i i disappoint hit I wouldn’t itave done it, Q.5 Whether I had known how mush | would isappoint him, 4 Q.6 Assoonas you see me, getin the car. Bron ep in California, has a car c le to cross the border between the USA and Canada yet B ie Q7 with a New York license. D My friend John, which lives A B Q8 Itsusually quite si A two countries have iriendly relations. Q9 ati a university professor returns from a sabbatical leave, he should be better BIG D qualified. Q.10 She is so a snobbish person that noboay likes to be with her. wor B c D Directions: (Gach question inthe following, four altemative sentences are given. Choose the | CORRECT one and fill the circle Corresponding to that letter in the answer sheet. A) Ali was cold, but he put on a coat, B) Ali was cold, so he put on a coat, C) Ali was cold. or he put on a coat D) Ali was cold, and he put on a coat, Qu Q12 A) Maria tried to read a novel in fy ta tri el in Frenel B) Maria tied to read a novel in Be es © Maa tried to read a novel in French? D) Maria tried to ead a novel in Front” tit was too difficult, 80 it Was too difficult, or it Was too difficult, as and it was too difficult, A) To get a i get from Varcouver {0 Victoria, you can fly, by i uver to Victori os ; ©) To get from Vancouver to or you can f} can sate ctori; 'Y, So ry Netoria, You can fly, or nou oan tide the ferry. . You can fy ve can ride the ferry. \d you can ride the ferry. iwwwitopstudyworld.comINATION MISTAKES UNIT -2 A) I bought a bottle of wine, so we drank it together. ) I bought a bottle of wine, or we drank it together. }) | bought a boitle of wine, but we drank it together. D) | bought a bottle of wine, and we drank it together. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, but the shop didn't have ) I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, so the shop didn't have ‘C) I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, or the shop didn't have it. D) I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, and the shop didn’t have it. A) Anna needed some money, and she took a part-time job. B) Anna needed some money, so she took a part-time job. C) Anna needed some money, or she took a part-time job. D) Anna needed some money, but she took a part-time job. A) Julie has a guitar, but she plays it really well. B) Julie has a guitar, and she plays it really well. C) Julie has a guitar, or she plays it really well. D) Julie has a guitar, so she plays it really well. A) The concert was cancelled, and we went to a nightclub instead. B) The concert was cancelled, or we went to a nightclub instead. C) The concert was cancelled, but we went to a nightclub instead. D) The concert was cancelled, so we went to a nightclub instead. A) Let us wait here although the rain stops. B) Let us wait here until the rain stops. €) Let us wait here because the rain stops. 1D) Let us wait here unless the rain stops. A) You cannot be a lawyer since you have a law degree. B) You cannot be a lawyer until you have a law degree. ©) You cannot be a lawyer unless you have a law degree. D) You cannot be a lawyer but you have a law degree. Z A) She has not called unless she left last week. B) She has not called since she lefi last week. C) She has not called but she left last week. D) She has not called so she left last week. A) I saw him leaving an hour and two ago. B) | saw him leaving an hour when two ago. ©) I saw him leaving an hour or wo ago. D) I saw him leaving an hour until two ago. aful book. fui book. ful book. ve until Vely > so very usef ve although very ¥ ve but very useful bo an expensi D) This is an expen: Q24 stopped for a rest. ) We were getting tired 1) We Mer esting tired since we stopped fora rest. ) We were getting tired when we stopped for a rest. D) We were getting tired so but stopped for a rest. Q.2! ) He was angry but he heard what happened. He w y and he heard what happened. y so he heard what happen e heard what happened. A) Walk quick 2) Walk quic ©) Walk quie! D) Wel ly because you will be late. ill be late. ly until you will be late, guickly and you will be tat 629 len She will arti i attive? <9 she will arrive? ut she will arrive? she will arrive 0.30UNIT -3 239) REPETITION OR DOUBLING * Use of double subject is wrong. Repetition of the same subject in the same sentence is wrong. Subject may be some noun or pronoun. The same subject cannot be represented by both noun and pronoun. This is because repetition of the same subject is wrong. Example: Hemingway revised the novel and hke-cut / cut its first chapters short. = Use of double relative pronoun is wrong. The words Who, Which and That are called Relative Pronouns. The Relative Pronoun Which and That may be used interchangeably. But, we should not use both which and that for the same noun. This is because repetition of the relative pronoun is wrong. Example: ‘This is the organizatior! with which-that / which I wanted to be associated. This is the organization »hieh-+hat / that | wanted to be associated with. = Use of double prepositions is wrong. Generally, we use preposition at the beginning of the sentence to ask a question. We may use "preposition at the end of the sentence to ask a question in a more emphatic tone. Repetition of the same preposition in the same sentence for the same purpose is wrong. Example: This is the organization with which I wanted to be associated with. is is the organization with which I wanted to be associated with. is is the organization with which 1 wanted to be associated with. Use of double interrogative is wrong. an interrogative sentence, Auxiliary (Helping) Verb precedes Subject. However, in the ‘subordinate clause, use of interrogative construction (HV+S) should not be used. This is use use of interrogative in the subordinate clause is wrong. xamples: @) He asks her when will-ske / she will marry him. ff the sentence begin with some question word, the question word must immediately be Dllowed by some auxiliary verb. i) When she-will / will she marry him? = Use of double conjunction is wrong. Conjunctions are joining words, Whether and if are two conjunctions which can be used interchangeably, but we should not use both together. The same holds true for sifice and because. Exampl i i do not know whether-f she will marry him or not. J do not know whether if she will marry him ornot. It is not merely absurd to keep rubbish sinee because it is printed. Use of double comparative / superlative is wrong.REPETITION 32 ding — er to ve can be formed by adding the an ie degree of an adjective is formed by ag ie ae way, for the superlative degree, we use ~ jective. Use of double comparative or superlative jg i ce of The comparative degre positive degres Sometines ¢ . before the positive degree. In with the positive degree of an a Example: This bond is bs He is the mesttrongest/sronges 2 Be eee ey Hel weasel 1d we can’t write negative word after Some words are by default negative in sense and we can t pom woes are: Neither, Scarcely, Hardl, Forbid, Until, Unless, Lest etc. Examples: | (i) He forbade not to go there. | (ii) Walk slowly lest you should net fal! down. : i My friend had no money and I had not neither / either. (iv) Pll do it irregardless / regardless of the consequences. / stronger than any other bond in the outer shell, + candidate tor the election. REDUNDANCY iglish usage, redundancy is usually defined as the use of two or more same thing, but we also use the term to refer to any expression in which a modifier contained in the word it modifies (c.y., carly beginnings, merge together: ted below). Think of redundancies as word overflows, The-finaleonclusion-was-closetiie. ‘bakery The conclusion was close the b Here eplied yesterday (past) history PIN (Personal) friend RAM (oem (mem (tee) facts | Peason GES ae ' : cag advance (forward) | relat r ape ) “ct Cor anotherterm) alternative (choice) assemble (together) ATM (machine) plied-back-yesterday. acetate ee ed yesterda, 1 (cbse sential nese | combine (gether) fee ee a | connect (together) ia Oe consensus (oF opinion) ! tr oman aaeeen } brief) summa e ly aly | (current) status quo (regardies | few (in-number) (natural) instinet | ISBN (number) (new) innoy; | Join (together) : (new) invention 2 i ' (old) adage (old) proverb | MAY (possibly) (oral) conversation | Merge (tovether) . (over) exaggerate | Might (possibly) | ' { ms 1retreat (back) Return (back) revert (back) slow (in-speed) cancel (01%) small (in-size) (close) proximity: tall (in-heighi) collaborate (iogether) large (in-size) ORDINESS OR VERBOSITY Wordy sentences use 100 many useless words that clutter writing. Good writing is simple and it uses the simplest word possible that conveys the same meaning, Wordiness takes ay frou this clarity. jow do we know we have a wordy sentence? For all intents and purposes, the Mr. Henderson arrived late for reason Mr. Henderson arrived lae | work because he stopped at many for work was due to the fact that he | ped lights. stopped at very many traffic lights that red in colour. 31 words 13 words Foliowing is the list of some tips to avoid wordiness. * Eliminate redundancy. Redundant Better Blue th colour blue Large in size large gift because although pty words and phrases J think that, in some ways, Basically, Essentially, 1 believe Examples: I shonk that ‘Hthink-that the sun rises in the east. Jn my opinion: ta-my-opinion, Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan, Basical Basically, he is the president of the country. * Avoid expressions that can be more clearly said in another way. Due to the fact that because fhad an effect upon influenced for the purpose of for * at the same time as while With the possible exception of except * Delete the following phrases and variations: re is... that itis... that Examples: i There are many students who tike-reading:/ Many students like rei ENTRY TEST SERIESQa Q2 Q3 Q4 Qs QT “98 Qo Qu0 Qu Qn Qu3 Qua Qs Never write “find out” when you cat ible: / The desk is uncomfortable. sing the passive voice rds than the active voice. . ‘oid us Avole voige often uses more ‘The passive voict Example: + Substitute verbs er prepo: . / The president dissolved the as sitions with verbs not needing prepositions. in write “discover.” Example: a-oriminal. / I discovered that he was a criminal. ‘The money that I have is sufficient enough for my needs. A B Cc D \While actively hunting, a dolphin sends out transmitting about five signals AB c So fae almost a million different species of insects have been identified a AB c D Drastic measures are often necessary and needed to stop famines. A B Cc D Itwas very, extremely important for me to tell him the whole thing. A B c D ‘The companies merged together last year. ASB: aC D Do you have any cash money? x Cap) [fall of us cooperate peeve will su B The accused was ae ay false nin Iwas the general oe B = > igre ki > i= Seninion 7m ‘we must 2 to the movie. Te three brothers had cone in common c wi se Imo teeth ier ae ei rsh a7 pam. i D and every letter Sat The flight will arrive at e B He carefully examined eac| A a§) Could you repeat your question? Could you repeat again your question? ) Many unskilled workers without training in a particular job are unemployed and do not have any work. B) Many unskilled workers are unemployed. ) The man who is tall bought the car. B) The tall man bought the car. A) The young girl waiting by the door would like to see you. B) The young girl who is waiting by the door would like to see you. A) She spent a total-of fourteen years from 1990 to 2004 in the research area of enzymes. B) She did enzyme research from 1990 to 2004. A) In my opinion, I think it is going to rain, B) I think it is going to rain. A) Frank was elected as Chairman unanimously by all members. B) Frank was elected as Chairman unanimously. A) Ihave a client of mine who insists on paying his fee in advance. B) I have a client who insists on paying his fee in advance. A) Have you read the latest biography of Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s life? B) Have you read the latest biography of Muhammad Ali Jinnah? A) The police restored the stolen purse back to the rightful owner. B) The police restored the stolen purse to the rightful owner. A) All matter is composed of molecules or atoms that are in motion in a constant way. B) All matter is composed of molecules or atoms that are in motion in a constantly way. C) All matter is composed of molecules or atoms that are in motion with constancy. D) All matter is composed of molecules or atoms that are in motion constantly. ENTRY TEST SERIES cae dyworld.comQ.28 Q29 Q30 i id very delicate j very difficult in character and very ei problem which was ry difficult and in nature very delicate, r vel A) Itwas a Gate blem in 7 B) It was a prol ‘ficult and delicate. rhe jes cifTicull a icate in nature. oie oe er dificult in character and delicate ) The pro! ing, and additional hospi ite som, mi A) Hospitalization that it covers room s, and medicine. es i covers room, meals, nursing, and additional hospital expe ion covers room, meals, as lab tests, B) Hospital tests, X-ra - a a C) Hospitalization which covers room, meals, nursing, and additional hospital e as lab tests, and medicine. ys, and medicine, D) Hospitalization is covering {ab tests, X-rays, and medici , meals, nursing, and additional hospital ey A) She returned back to her hi B) She returned to her homet C) She returned back her hon ‘ometown alter she had finished her degree. ‘own atier she had finished her degree. metown after she had finished her degree. n her hometown after she had finished her degree, Is move their wings so ra 5) Hummingbirds move their win @ Hummingbirds Move their D) Hummi idly that theygrammar. parallelism, also known as parallel structure or parallel construction, is a Hance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same structure. The application of parallelism improves writing style and readability, ‘ht to make sentences easier to process. s covking, reading, and te-sing: :s cooking, reading, singing. lar to nouns, gerunds with gerunds, partic les and so on. It requires that ideas or concepts should be put together using the same structure. * Instances of parallelism Various instances of parallelism are discussed below. My previous company has moved and sold their office space. My previous company is moving and selling their office space. She is charming, courteous and beautiful. Adverbs: g Sam does his work neatly and carefully. * Rules for Parallel Structure ‘There are certain rules to be able to write parallel sentences. The rules are: * Be careful while using coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, etc.). Example: ‘Po tead-a-healthy-tife, sleep-for-eight-hours-and eating a-balanced-diet-are-important: To lead a healthy life, sleeping for eight hours and eating a balanced diet are important. * Observe parallel structure when elements are in a list or in a series. Example: ‘Fraditional societies believed the king to-be-a religious, @ political; a-social-and-head of the military forees: Traditional societies believed the king to be a religious, political, social, and a military head. * Observe parallel structure of sentences while comparing elements. Example: ‘Hikese-read-books-over- watching movies: \ like reading books over watching movies. ‘ructure has to be observed when elements are joined by a linking verb or any form: Example:PARALLILI 42 so MODIFIER js our motto be observed while using but also, eC ged is to thrive oman ‘To suce rcture is also £0 not only+- «Parallel strus neither... ROT Example: swell ‘and @ well-paying job- Swreena wants both a sav phrases and clouses. Lon-the-beach id walk on the beach + Avoid mixing words. Example: He liked to sail, swim, an + Avoid mixing gerund and infinitive Example: Me favourite outdoor activities are camping, fishing and hiking. + Avoid mixing active verbs and passive verbs Example: Whenmakingen ‘When making an apple pie, first slice the apples, then mix them with sugar and The best way to catch, errors of parallelism is to read a sentence aloud. If thatis read the sentence carefully with full attention. These questions are easy score. P GRAMMATICAL MODIFIER ‘A modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept. R . Dangling Modifier A dangling modifier is a word or ph if d ‘ ‘phrase that sentence. # modifier describes, clarifies, or thermo an a Consider this sentence: 4 1 Having finished the assignment, Jill turned on thy TV. e TV, "Having finished" states an act sentences, the doer must by Ail. She seems logically to be th therefore does not have a dangl Now consider this sentenceILISM MODIFIER RUN ON FRAGMENT ing finished is a participle expressing an action, but the doer is not the TV set itself (the subject of the main clause): TV sets don't finish assignments. Since the doer of the action expressed in the participle has not been clearly stated, the participial phrase is said to be with ‘dangling modifier. Examples of the dangling modifiers and revisions: Dangling modifier: After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing. (The article--the subject of the main clause-did not read the original study.) Possible revision: After reading the original study, I find the article unconvincing. The article remains unconvincing in the light of the original study. (no modi Dangling modifier: Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, your home should be a place to relax. (Your home--the subject of the main clause--is not relieved of your responsibilities) Possible revi Relieved'of your responsibilities at your job, you should be able to relax at home. Characteristics of the dangling modifiers: ‘They most frequently occur atthe beginning of sentences (often as introductory clauses and phrases) but can appear at the end also. Dangling modifier at the end of the sentence: The aun studied the lab manual carefully. (The experiment-the subject of the main ‘clause--is not supposed to study the lab manual) Possible revision: 1, not having studied the lab manual carefully. ‘They failed the experiment tal sc oeeerivnad (gerund) or a to + ver (infinitive) phrase near the stat oft ‘They often have an -ing wordPARALLI 43 rs occur when the word Squinting Modifier ms can usually be solved re ifi Related to the danglin modifiers, squinting modifie ling modifiers, i clear or could it be more than on? ‘word. These probler it ntence. the elements already present in the set Squinting modifier: Iv years of the mi trait. the mystery has been solved after fen ears of the missing po! e Possible revisions: been solved. g portral After fen years, the mystery of the OR The mystery of the missing portrait has been solved after ten years. RUN ON SENTENCE One of the most common mistakes with independent clauses is joining them ¥ proper punctuation. This error is called a run-on sentence or comma independent clause standing alone should end in a period, question exclamation point. i. Joining independent clauses Ifyou want to join inde} the seven coordinatin coordinating conjunction, * He drove off in the Me This is a run-on senten clauses. fi. Acceptable run-ons Run-on sentences however, joining i example, when the ©asy and conversati Live by the swor He as the Ones di independent clauses v Clauses are very che ional, or whe, : a elu » OF When you fa, d, die by the sworg,®LILISM MODIFIER RUN ON FRAGMENT = They smiled, they touched, they kissed. = hardly recognized her, she was so thin. ( because is understood here.) But be very careful about creating an intentional run-on. Have a good reason to do so; don't break such a basic sentence rule lightly. SENTENCE FRAGMENTS i, Rules for Finding and Fixing Sentence Fragments Recognize the difference between a sentence and a fragment. ‘A fragment resembles a sentence in two ways. Both groups of words begin with a capital letter and conclude with an end mark—usually a period [.] but sometimes a question mark [?] or an exclamation point (1). The one important difference is that a fragment does not contain a main clause. Like an engine, the main clause powers a complete sentence, propelling the reader through the development of an idea. A fragment, missing this essential component, stall9.on the page. We can fix any fragment by either 1) revising the fragment so that it includes a main clause or 2) connecting the fragment to a main clause that comes before or after it. When we connect, we have to know whether or not punctuation is required. Here are examples of fragments: The boy sitting on the fire escape, dropping water balloons on the pedestrians below. Subject = boy; verb = Q; complete thought = 0. ) subordinate clause, i) participle phrase, (iii) infinitive phrase, (iv) appositive. Each type of fragment has a marker that identifies it. ii, Subordinate Clause fragments , : ‘A subordinate clause fragment [sometimes called a dependent clause fragment] will begin ‘vith @ subordinate conjunction, a relative pronoun, ot a relative adverb. You will also find a Subject and a verb, Unfortunately, this combination of words will not express a complete thought by itself. Example: eee . Because John caught the eye of the beautiful eng in ee Because = subordinate conjunction; John = subject; caught = verb. What happened? Was he able to cheat on the test? Did he quickly ask her for a date? We don't know because the thought is incomplete. How to fix such type of error ‘i ‘ . vhe i ‘ent, removing one thing—the subordinating When you have a subordinate clause faa oe ene ful brunette in algebra. jlete. word—will give you the necessary main ¢ Because John caught the eye of the beauti Removing because makes the thought comp! John is the subject, caught the verb. ‘i Jolin caught the eye of the beautiful brunette in algebra. iii, Participle phrase fragments— # £ RUN ON FRAGMENT (gM MODIFIER Aa 7 t will begin with 2 word ending in ing or ed. By itself \gment articiple phrase fra “ ; oi aa Se of fragment is the present or past participle that are found ‘The marker for this type ©! L beginning of the fragment. —- ; i man feet crashing do Lee ene on the hot concrete until they heard hut ig sidewalk. 2 tts fix suel ye of ert inainee eae fix fone phrase fragment is to add the necessary use. ‘The correction would look like this: ‘The little lizards were sunning themselves crashing down the sidewalk. ‘on the hot concrete until they heard hi iv. Infinitive phrase fragments Check out this sample: An infinitive phrase fragment will begin with fo followed by the base form of the ve this: To+ VerB= infinitive. An infinitive phrase—by itse//—cannot be a sentence. Look for the to + verb as your marker for this type of fragment. Study these examples: : To catch butterflies for her biology project. V. Fixing infinitive phrase fragments You can convert an infinitive phrase fr i i eee ‘pl Tagment into a sentence by adding a subject Jossie enlisted the help of several spiders @ to catch butterflies for her biology p vi. Appositive fragments An appositive is a noun phrase t is an that reng ‘i By itself an appositiveis nota sentence. "4 “rifles another noun. The unprepared stude blank paper screamed! *"® 8S always beggi GmaaStudytcensus of the island revealed a i BA land revealed a population of only 10,000 people With skill and suprising gentleness the fireman managed to lower the injured cat down from the fop of the tre u c ‘The mayor had scarcely te information to offer the public about the controversial new law that ec D Katz claimed that reading classic novels is more illuminating than to read autobiographies A B Cc writ their authors. None ofthe presents I received on my birthday this year was equally as memorable asthe necklace you gave me last year. Idon't have nahin pin Sally and know she was acting in my best interest when she scolded me in front of everyone. counted her imprebable tale wth enthusiasm and in.con Inthe entire cass, | have no idea who ithe most smart, but think itis the hpgish gi His attitude was snotty, short tempered and was impatient. eo prefers skiing and fishing to playing golf or to visit friends. ie Joe nor Mike couldnt believe thatthe Bucks ended up winning the hockey oursamen. Suzanne r Alex ngs always enjoyed snorkeling, but nt to sail A | felt. badly for the organizers because hardly no. gas attended the banquet. A SB e D The survey fed to a surprising conclusion; single dads have a totally diferent approach 9 A parenting from_a single mom. eee ae ; me 215 The boat could not find nowhere to dock, since the harbor, seageely large enough to begin with, A 3 was so overcrowded for the Holiday and noone was direting trai, A) After arduous months of fightin, the sight of the white lag being raised generated as much relief on the victor's side than it did on the vanquished. P _ fnuett relief on the victors ig ing, the sight of the white flag being raised generated as much relief among the victors as among the vanquished. pat C) ‘After arduous months of fighting, the sight of the white flag being raised generated as much relief on the victor's side as it did on the vanquisher s- i Dy titer arduous months of fighting, the sight of the white flag being rose generated relief both on the victor's side as well as on the vanquisher’s. 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Ss gory way none Aye» a ae ae wai seat SSE9 Axoysiy AW asniwoog (€ swunasnut auf HS! pynous om Pepinap ssvo Al0%StY Plates uyoourr, ureyeaqry Jo apuy aun Jo AydesBo1g Buypeos Sem seek : wane “sJ00g sewed Buipeos nosy UeU Se ‘doo oo 2 PSuuuaisy fn Di0UN usea| am osendu] MOU B SUMTEL IY TG kdoo o sxdwone Pum 3 'syoog Jewuesd SuIpeas 1 rg a8 [ aul @ uwuaysy| yanoayy auou usea] am aBENdUr| 2 EE dl (es a8 YBMOsY UE as "Your weyeaqy Jo ajs] aun Jo KydesB01g v BUIP “syoog sewuiesd 31 a e) Pe fuuays unos ‘YOU! UsBa] OM ose ta 9d yooods, kee Pe yyy,2 09 seuss Buea! uanoa x oi Sua JO 5 YBnosyy aso wea] am 2} 1dOW WSITITVaVE cao) www.topstudyworld.com xa) wo wo 07d 8rd p marStudysUNIT ~ 4 Q.29 Q.30 ) On Discovery channel last night they showed an informative program about new Bo Hons in medical imaging, which you would have found interest B) On Discovery channel last night they showed am informative program about innovations in medical imaging, which you would have found interesting. ().Gn Discovery channel last night they showed an infor ative program about innovations in medical imaging, that you would have found interesting D) On Discovery channel last night there was an infortcative program about innovations in medical imaging, a program you would have found interesting, 3) Ace may could come to the party tomorrow, if her mother allows her to. B) Alice may be able to come to the party tomorrow if her mother aio cee to. §} Tomorrow, Alice may could come to the party if her mother alleno hore, D} Tomorrow, Alice may have come to the party if her mother allowe heres A) It was pretty easy for me to do a decision about where vo 0 to university, €) It was pretty easy for me to make a decision about where 0 go to univers ry. 5) 1 Was Pretty easy for me to have a decision about whereto go to university. D) It was pretty easy for me to had a decision about where to 0 to university. A) Dad’s car broke down on the highway but he did not haveenough eredit-on his phone to make a phone call : B) Dad's car broke down on the highway but he did not have enough credit on his phone to have a phone call Saas C) Dad's ear broke down on the highway but he did not have enough credit on his phone to do a phone call, Sener ) Dad's car broke downion te highway but he did not have enough credit on his phone to get a phone call, ’ ; 8) Penpinsd@ery g and interesting birds; their natural habitat is the Antarct B) Penguins are amusing and interesting birds their natural habitat is the Antarcti. G) fenguins are amusing and interesting birds, their natural habitat is the Antarctic. _ D) Penguins are amusing and interesting birds: and their natural habitat is the Antarctic, Ve were eager {o get away from our everyday surroundings; our eyes hungered for new sight. B) We ere cabs to extarey nari ou cieeay amas guste meses new sights, C) We were eager to get away from our everday surroundings we longed to see new sights and DD) We were coger to getaway from our everyday suroundings: our eyes hungered fr new sight. www.topstudyworld.comes NOUN be Noun is a word that refers to a person, (such as Ali or doctor), a place (such as ho ci 5 ora thing, a quality or an activity (such as plant, sorrow or tennis). : 5.1 COUNT NOUNS (SINGULAR NOUN - SINGULAR VERB / PLURAL NOUN. PLURAL VERB) Count noun is a noun which can be counted. Many nouns have two forms: singular and ph Examples: Book, books; day, days, doctor, doctors etc, Count nouns take determiners (articles, possessives, demonstratives, quantifiers) when they are used as singular. Examples: (i) He got into the car, (ii) They left the house to go for a walk. (iii) This is my laptop, How to make plurals of singular nouns * To make the plural form, we normally add Examples: ~S,©8. tourist, tourists; answer, answers. Every summer Venice is full of tourissourists, How many question/questions did you answer? * Ifa countable noun ends in -ch,-8, -sh, «x or -2, we form the match, matches; bus, buses; dish, dishes; box, boxes; by Examples: The suitcase was full of stoien wateks/vutches, In the city center there are two new shopping complexs/complexes plural by adding -es, eg. ZZ, buzzes, etc, * If countable noun ends in a consonant +-y, we form the py 4 ies, e.g. hobby, hobbies; party, parties, Plural by changing the mple: the hospital is for women who are about to have babys/babies, Oil has made Brunei one of the richest eounteys/countries in Soutnaas ie ia. yi To frm the pal of couibl noun ni -F2¢ J, We norma : ief, handkerchiefs; roof, roofs. =, ‘i heater countable nouns ending in for fe, we change the oe ur in , ves. This Fr ine halves; Knife, knives; leaf leaves Ife, 1s loa aves, af, calves; hal, halves: knife, knives ac. thief, thieves; wife, wives: wolf ce ves in the library are empty: shel " ving the oid Most of the ee spent their dfeslives helping the Poo Japs ENTRY TEST SERIES Id.com GoaStudy? B vst seg.$ WELL AS PLURAL NOUNS (SINGULAR NOUN _SING PLURAL VERB) ( /AR NOUN - SIN Some count nouns ha 5 moose, greenfly, grouse, etc Lfish, halibut, mullet, salmon, trout, whitebait, ete ircrafi, hovercrafi, spacecrafi, etc. ‘roads, dice, fruit, gallows, grapefruit, insignia, mews, offspring eois, chassis, corps, patois, prec i rendezvous, etc. ene ofa few nationalities: Burmese, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese and Swiss: Examples: The farmer has several large flocks of long-haired sheeps/sheep. it. Santa Claus travels in a sleigh pulled by several reindeers/reindcer, iil, Thad many rendezvouses/rendezvous with him, iv, Thad some perfectly cooked trow(s/trout, ¥. Tom's sister came with all her offsprings/ offspring vi. The company makes ekasses/chassis for vehicles, vii. Many patoes/patois are used in Pakistan. Vili. Several Chiniese/Chinese were waiting in the queue. ix. Burmiese/ Burmese live primarily in the Irrawaddy River basin, series, species, bou 5.3 Non Count Nouns (Singular Noun — Singular Verb) Some nouns refer to general things such as qualities, substances, processes, and topics rather than to individual items or events. These nouns have only one form, are not used with ‘numbers, and are not usually used with the articles ‘she’, ‘a’, or ‘an’. i. Whole Groups Made up of Similar Items: baggage, clothing, equipment, food. fruit, Furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry junk nggage, machinery, mail makeyp ‘money/cash/change, postage, scenery, stuff, traffic, accommodation, information, etc. Fluids: water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc. ili, Solids: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton, wool, etc. i 2 n, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution, ete. i Ge am a ane gm sion ete. fone ji ones ve Abetraetome courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty -beauty, 5 ee intelli justice, knowledge, laughter, luck, music, patience spitalty, importance, intelligence, justice, ner, uc ae epee recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, etc. advice, information, news, evidence, proof, ete. time, space, energy, ec. homework, work, etc , vocabulary, etc. E i Trees Chinese, English, Spanish, etc. vi _ 3 _ KIPS ENTRY TEST SERIES: www.topstudyworld.co}—_ NOUN Ong istory, lit thematics, ps ii, Fields of Study: chemistry, engineering, history, literature, mathematics, psvehojgg viii. Study: istr ie is , ge, poker, etc. ix. Recreation: baseball, soccer, tennis, eae ‘alone oa i : driving, studying, swimming, f A Oller Se i Naam, noe weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lightning, rain, lee, spy w Hepat aie thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire, sey ee und te These nouns are not used with a/an or numbers and are not used in the pi e singular verb. Examples: é ‘ ? i, Workers at the factory wear protective efashings/ clothing. ii, There were/was garbage strewn around everywhere. iii, I don’t believe in all that s#affs/stuff about ghosts. iv. There are/is always a lot of traffic in Lahore at this time of day. v. We're going to get new furniture/a-new-furniture for the living room. vi. Did you play seeeers/soccer at school? Fear/ Fears begins to move slowly into their hearts, viii. Fhe-Funder/Thunder crashed in the sky. ix. The Blood /Blood was pouring out of a cut on her head, x. A-dried-mitk/Dried milk keeps better than fluid milk. Xi, He's making good progress/a.good progress in math. xii, She was absolutely dripping with golds/gold. xiii, * They showed /great courage. Xiv. The changing seasons mark the passing of the-times/time, Exception: For something that we perceive as a mass, we use the uncountable form: Where do you get your hair/haies cul? For things that we perceive as indivi i ieee cee "eas individual units, we use the countable form: He has three hairs on his shoulder. Meanings of some nouns change when used in plural Airs, woods, goods, etc. : I hate the way she puts on airs. 5.4 NON COUNT NOUN As COUNT NOUN SI SINGULAR/PLURAL VERB) GINGULAR/PLURAL NOUN - countable. To ref a uncountable noun, expressions such as apiece of cae ae oF more quantities of an a sheet of, a slice of, a packet of, a grain °S, 4 loaf of, or hone a Blass of, an in’ must be used: T containers and measu! His lawyer produced a piece of important new evidence, He bought a very expensive piece of furniture for his new ae ie ith eh topstudyworld.coifi?s # www. - ee | ‘EST SERIESOS SOS aan a NOUN n UNIT-5, Maggie always has some exciting bits of news Bee 's when she comes to see us, Hhink we'll need five cement forthe patio. a ao I need five bags of cement for the Patio. There's a liter of milk in the fridge for you bought you a bar of chocolate. SINGULAR NOUNS (PLURAL IN FORM ~ SINGULAR VERB) Some nouns which end in '-s" and look as if they are plural; are, in fact, non-count nouns. This means that when they are the subject of a verb, the verb is singular. These nouns refer mainly to subjects of study, activities, games and diseases. i. Name of subjects of study: acoustics, aerodynamics aeronautics, classies, economics, electronics, genetics, linguistics, ‘mathematics, mechanics, obstetrics, physics, politics, statistics, thermodynamics, etc. Mathematics are/is easy for her. Physics is easy for her too, Politics ptay/plays a great role in village life. Economics arevis the oldest of the social sciences, ‘ames of sports and activities: logistics, aerobics, athletics, gymnastics, bowls, etc Aerobics are/is great fun ~ you should try it! Gymnastics foek/looks difficult, and itis, Bowls #ave/has been popular in Britain for about 600 years. iii, Names of games: billiards, dominoes, cards, darts, draughts, skittles, iddlywinks, etc Short dominoes r##/runs until one player reaches 100 points. iv. Names of diseases: diaberes, measles, mumps, rabies, rickets, shingles, etc. Measles are/is a relatively harmless disease. Diabetes are/is an illness. ¥- Sometimes a proper noum that ends in-sis singular. I the noun i changed toa pronoun, the singular pronoun Zt is used (not the plural pronoun they) because the noun is singular. In The United States = it (not they) : The Philippines eonsist/consists of more than 7,000 islands. The United Nations have/has its headquarters in New York City. Harrods are/is a department store. vi News: Navas singular eet ates Meio vel , 'm afraid, ie eee ie oe distance usually require a singular verb. Eight hours of sleep ore oe n dollars are/is too mucl ; He thousand miles @re/is too far to travel. Sor ate nouns can have normal singular and plural forms when they have their ome ing ° . These cassie are rather complicated. (= these figures) His polities are very left-wing. (= his politcal opinions)NOUN 5.6 ALWAYS PLURAL NOUNS Two special groups of nouns are things that people wear, and nouns re ‘This is because some clothes and tools, v similar parts. When we want to refer to these i usually plural nouns referring to clothes and some {erring to tools and some other things that people yy such as ‘trousers’ and rs’ are made up Of ty ems in general, we use the plural form with se srme plural nouns which refer to clothes and other things that people wear Bermudas, braces, briefs, cords, corduroys, culottes, dungarees, flannels, flares, galosh glasses, jeans, jodhpurs, knickerbockers, knickers, leggings, overalls, panties, pam, pyjamas, shorts, slacks, specs, spectacles, sunglasses, tights, trousers, trunks, underpants ii, Plural nouns which refer to fools and other things that people use: Binoculars, clippers, compasses, dividers, field-glasses, milcrackers, pincers, plien scales, scissors, secateurs, shears, tongs, tweezers Other nouns which are always plural in form Belongings, outskirts, clothes, premises (buildings), congratulations, savings: (money, earnings, stairs, goods, surroundings, likes/dislikes, thanks, arms (weapons, arrean, congratulations, contents, costs (money that the loser of a legal action has to pay, credentials, customs (e.g. at an airport), damages(compensation awarded to the winner 4 legal action), directions (instructions), dregs, essentials, expenses (money that peopl ee ae a the work).greens (vegetables), grounds, headquarters, lodgings, lools manners (behavior), morals, odds, pains (effort), particulars (details Tete Prospects, provisions Good supplies), qualifications, qualms, quart Sos, een: ih) rma eles Strom eh (the hotest par of the nor oe ones jumroundings, talks, travels, the trop Examples: , valuables, whereabouts etc. Please ensure that you take all belonging/| your i i i They live on the outskirV/outskirts of | Frankfu aoe be Joe lets tec My elohoter ae we. hae etka lost inthe countryside, She spent all her savings/savings on a trinte ee A ais and change, My tweezers is/are broken. P10 South Ame Her scissors was/were stolen, The glasses has/have slipped down his nose again iii, Note 1: These nouns are uncountable bee, nl aUSe We cay Wwe use number with them by using expressions not Use Numbers wit ressions likes ts with them. Howeveh: Hoought-¢wo-trousers: | bought two pairs chime ‘We-boughta-new pants. We bought a new Pair of pants, They're advertising wo pairs of glasses for he price of ong Note 2: Numbers like hundreds, thousands, millio ‘s? and are used with plural verbs, "8 Soong, tc, ven eed ie belea ai There are dogen/dozens of different dyes to choose from. ‘The damage will cost éhousand/thousands of dollars to repay ae tortor CarNOUN a iNece 5.7 COLLECTIVE NOUNS A collective noun is a word which refers to a group, e.g, crowd, family, team. i. However, when we consider a crowd, family, team, efc. as a group, we use a singular verb: The team has been banned from playing in Europe. The audience was larger than average and the concert was a success. The government és hoping that online voting will attract more young people to vote, Manchester United is the world’s most famous football club. . When we consider a crowd, family, team, etc. as a number of separate individuals, we use a plural verb: The team were all running towards the referee. The audience were all cheering wildly. The government are all very nervous about the report, which will be published tomorrow. Manchester United are looking forward to meeting Valencia in the final next week. Here is the list of some common collective nouns. Aristocracy, army, audience, brood, cast, committee, community, company, council, crew, data, enemy, family, flock, gang, government, group, herd, jury, media, navy, nobility, opposition, press, proletariat, public, staff, team iii, When a collective noun is used with a singular determiner (e.g. a/an, each, its, this), the verb is singular: This class is getting a new teacher next week. iy. When a singular collective noun is used with a plural determiner (e.g. their), the verb is plural: The class were asked to stay in their seats. v. When the verb after a collective noun is singular (‘is‘, all other forms which refer to the noun are singular (‘its’). When the verb after a collective noun is plural are’), all other forms which refer to the noun are plural (‘their"). ‘The company is trying to solve its/theie problem by reducing expenditure. ‘The company are trying to solve theirs problem by reducing expenditure. Some collective nouns are always used in plural form. Clergy, people, police, poultry, and vermin, cattle, gentry, etc. ‘These poultry és/are mine. Whose és/are these cattle? - Vermin destroys/destroy our property and carry disease. Who are/is those people (= persons)? ‘There are/is few gentry in this town. we ee we (sometimes called collective nouns) are nouns which refer to groups of ‘There are special group words for particular combinations of vi. people, animals or things. people, animals and things: Group word Bunch Common combinations flowers (and types of flowers such as roses, tulips), grapes, ies (and other similar fruit), keys Sone onlookers, admirers, protesters, shoppers Eheep, birds (and types of birds such as pigeons, geese) ‘www.topstudyworld;comNOUN workers, kids, youths, teenagers, thieves, criminals one (can be used with most nouns) : ; he sheep, cattle, cows, goats (and similar animals) cards, lies oS ey ae ae Keys, tools (and other objects which form a & ap tease they share the same features), rules, standards Shoal fish (and types of fish such as herring, cod) Swarm bees, flies, ants (and other insects) Team scientists, researchers, experts, designers, detectives Group words take a singular verb when they are used in the singular, and a plural verb when they are used in the plural: A team of experts was called in to investigate the problem. There was a flock of about 30 sheep in the field. Gangs of youths were fighting one another in the streets. There were swarms of flies everywhere. Exception: Head is always used as plural without the addition of ‘s’. e... He has 200 heads/head of cattle, 5.8 FOREIGN NOUNS ii, Some nouns ending in ‘wm hav. ns i plurals ending in ‘at, pale ‘aquaria, memorandum => noes Veh Ii, Most nouns ec hc Mrailtt => strata, currleuti oe et ae P reas cnaing in ‘ls’ have plurals in which the tigre analysis => analyses, aris => axes, basis ~> pores, TePlaced by ‘es’ diagnosis => diagnoses, hypothesis a eS, crisis => crises, Parenthesis => parentheses tealieses iv. Some nouns ending in ‘a, the + the plurals are formed by ada: larva => larvae, vertebra => vertebrae, antemng 28 Sormula => formulae, nebula => nebulae “> antennae Note: Some, such as ‘antenna’, formula’, ‘amoeba’ ne, s i \ "and ‘nebula? ending in 's'. sees ¥. Other nouns form their plurals in other wa u 1s. Some of these formed with ‘s‘and one formed in a different Way. Usually es 2¥° © Plural forms, 0” i 'Y the form with 's* is used in less formal English. KiPs ENTRY TEST SERIES ————_______—wwnwtopstudyworld com xi: MoaStudy? neurosis => neuroses, also have less formal plurlsNOUN UNIT-5 TS appendi corpus appendices or appendixes, automaton => automata or automatons, corpora, criterion => criteria, genus => genera, index => indices or indexes, matrix => matrices, phenomenon => phenomena, tempo => tempi or tempos, virtuoso => virtuosi or virtuosos, vortex => vortices Examples: The radius/radi of this wheel is 30 cm. People from all social sratwme/strata were in the party. Ihave a eorpora/corpus of 100 million words of spoken English. COMPOUND NOUNS Some nouns consist of more than one word. These are compound nouns. Compound nouns can be formed in different ways. The most common way is to put two nouns together (noun + noun); other common types are adjective + noun and verb + noun. Noun + Noun Car park, Iceland, shopkeeper, website Adjective + Noun Blackberry, grandstand, greenhouse, small talk Verb + Noun Breakwater, fall-guy, go-kart runway "Writing compound nouns Many compound nouns are written as one word, but some are written with hyphens or spaces. In modern English, hyphens are less common than they were in the past. A good learner’s dictionary will tell you how each compound is usually written. Examples of one word Bathroom, sheepdog, windscreen Examples of hyphens Check-in fire-fighter, son-in-law Examples of spaces Boule opener, New Year's Day, Prime Minister = Plurals of compound nouns ; : We form the plural of most compounds by adding a plural ending to the last part of the compound: a: a We saw some large greemhouses with vegetables growing in them. ‘They're building two new car parks in town, He took some hundred-rupee notes from his pocket. Ihave afive hundred note. She has bought two dozen apples. a mother-in-law, brother-in-law, ete. form their plurals on the first noun: eco I’ve got one brother-in-law and two sisters-in-law. www.topstudyworld.coma see ONT NOUN ee es (tthe poor’, ‘the blind’, ‘the insane’) and some od as noun red’, he disabled’, the uneducated). These Words aries are vsed os noua (ihe eld Re SGO/-Gs Ae ey a Filways used with the and refer to all the ae pete Why do the deaf receive such little sympathy a eee eee dh » injured were taken to hospital. (all the people ¥ C ie ne en em with determiners that have a singui lar meaning, e.g. @/an. another, each, ec She has-spent most other life helping the poors: She has spent most of her life helping the poor. 5.10 ADJECTIVE! Some adjectives are use 5.11 POSSESSION “| of possessive’s fi We scence 5 (’s) also called possessive ’s, as a determiner to show that something belongs to someone or something: Is that Olivia’s bag? Britain’s coastline is very beautiful. ii, We can also use it in complex noun phrases: Greg is her youngest daughter’s husband. ili, We can use two possessive ’s constructions in the same noun phrase: We went to Jake’s father’s funeral. iv. We also use possessive ’s to talk about time and duration: Is that yesterday's paper? * Rules for using possessive ’s '. We use ’s after a singular noun and after a plural noun. Examples: salen noun B 's The, 8irl’s bedroom (The bedroom belongs to one girl.) ; Woe ae ee ae Ge eedioaey (The bedroom belongs to more than one git.) i. lural i pee Plural nouns (e.g. children, men, people, women): ‘The children’s parents dec They have no respect for iii, With compound nouns, we Examples: ided which university they would go to. other people’s property. add ’s to the final noun: My sister-in-law’s friend came with us iv. We don’t usually use the possessive ’s with thingc. wi : aes ith things: Slowly, | turned the door handle, His job is to clean the shop window. v. In short answers, we can omit the noun if. =UNIT-5 Is that your coat? No, it’s Sandra’s, vi. We use possessive ’s with words such as one, anyone, someone, anybody, somebody’ Jes-important-to-know ones rights-as-a-tenant: It’s important to know one’s rights as a tenant. {s-this someones? coat here? Is this someone's coat here? vii. When we use else with these words, the ’s is added to else: Why didnt you-come? Everyone -e/se-husband-was-there- Why didn’t you come? Everyone else’s husband was there. ‘The pronoun other has the same forms as nouns. We add ’s to the singular form, and we add an apostrophe after the plural -s ending in the plural form: They-took-each-others-hand-and-started-walking. They took each other’s hand and started walking. AlLoFourluggage arrived but-vhe other’s-cases-didn’t: All of our luggage arrived but the others’ cases didn’t. ix. We don’t use ’s with possessive pronouns: viii. Is that dog yours? Lihink that caris theirs’. I think that car is theirs. We don’t use ’s with the possessive determiner its. It’s means ‘it is ‘The city is proud. oes parks: The city is proud of its parks. = Possessives with of ‘Noun phrase + of + possessive pronoun : i. We can talk about possession using the pattern: noun phrase + of + possessive pronoun: A friend of mine told me that all of the tickets have already sold out. He’s gone to pick up a cousin of his at the station. Is Linda McGrath a close friend of yours? ii. We use a possessive pronoun, not the object form of the pronoun: A neighbour of mine called late last night. : et We can also use the noun phrase + of pattern before a noun phrase with possessive ’s. ‘Noun phrase + of + possessive 's noun phrase He’s a brother of Maria’s. A friend of my father's has opened a café ‘She was a daughter of the President's. we oo eee general rules about when to use ’s and when 10 use of, but there are many cases where both are possible: ‘The film's hero OR The hero of the flm The car's safety record OR The safety record of the car ‘The report's conclusion or OR The conclusion of the report www.topstudyworld.€omee UNIT. fer to it agai NOUN “on a noun, we use of, and later when we refer (0 it again, tion 5 n we first men 512 KIPS ENTRY TEST SERIES Study? q least one hundred of them ap y, Sometimes whe tains are in the spectaculy ‘5: ; At wwe use ’S: ; stly in the north. i tan are mostly The mountains of Pakis Most of Pakistan’s mount above 7,000 metres -- : animal, country, organisation, etc., o¢ koram Range. : i eae en te noun is not 8 Person vie i 7 hase is very long: : e aaa of ‘he ship was *Wonder Queen’. (preferred to Fhe-sh ; sent) ee - The house of the oldest woman in the village. (preferred to Fhe-oldest-woman-inthe or belong to us, relationships and characteristics of vii, When we are talking about things that latio people, animals, countries, categories, groups or organisations made up of people, we usually use The dressing room of the men-is-on-the-left-at-the-end-of the corridor: ‘The men’s dressing room is on the left at the end of the corridor. Fhe paw of the-cat-was-badly-citt The cat's paw was badly cut. NOUN VS VERB i. Affect is nearly always a verb, The noun is normally effect. Compare: The new lax laws are likely o affect exports. ‘The new tax laws are likely to have an effect on exports, He deseribed some ofthe harmful affeets/effects of smoking. ii, Advice is a noun, and advise is a verb. She gives really good advice. Can you advise me? Pd strongly adviee/advise agai i isi itt, Practise verb, =e ee ee I need to practise playing guitar more. learnt a lot at that practice session. Note: v. Bath is anoun and bathe is a verb. He took a bath/bathe. Children like to bathe/bath in the rain, vi. Breath is noun, and breath is a verb, She was dizzy and short of breath/breathe, vii. Envelope is a noun, and envelop is a verb, He put the envelope/envetop on the table. ‘www.topstudyworld.comQ2 Q3 Q4 Qs Q6 Q7 Q8 Qo Q0 Qu Qu2 Qu3 Qua Qus Spot the error: NOUN UNIT-5 EIT In the first type of sentences, some segments of each sentence are underlined. Your task is to identify that underlined segment of the sentence, which contains the mistake that needs to be corrected Although I hoped my departure wouldn't affect your behavior, the negative A) B) affect was clear. C) D) Many different varieties of native dresses are on display at the museum of natural ) B) Cc history, including children's play shorts. D) There is a large amount of sugars in the brownies, so they should not be eaten A) B) ©) D) frequently. Hundred of lives were lost in this catastrophe and mi B) °) millions upon of dollars worth of damage is death but the gift of God is eternal life. B)O) D) Your hair is black but I see two blonde bai on your jacket! A) B) CQ) A number of hula hoops te deere A) B) ©) D) ‘The number of hula hoops have increased. A) B)iui@s 2b) 1 nicked my suitcase, bag, and briefcase fe my trip. 1 luce all my uaa. Mave 's three pounds brain is the most nner waite asin de haenrueeen seem to es any more. When Ie ae the room saw two an beautiful samc We seit three lie sasoline before driving to thepas eae 9 p Ag Ali sared at ans be toma out he 583 ‘www.topstudyworld.comUNITS 1 mtences are given. Choose i Quy Qus Qi9 Q20 Q21 Q.22 Q.23 Q.24 i jternati following, four 2 es ee Tn each question it tai responding so that leet the eae eee ishion accessories such as SCATVES. CORRECT one and fill the c1re A) Ninety percent of us dont havea ¢ rus doesn’t have acl 'B) Ninety percent of us doesn ey ) eorvent of us don't has a clue how 10 We fofus dono't have a clue how to Wear Jue how to weal Jue how to weal fashion acces: fashion accessor r ashon accessories Such as SCArVes, sories such as Scarves. ies such as scarves. « weren't wear shoes with pointed tips. ‘esn’t wear shoes with pointed tips. nt wear shoes with pointed tips- shoes with pointed tips. ‘A) A number of my friend B) A number of my friends dos C) A number of my friends aret D) A number of my friends don’t wear s ‘A) The number of women who refuses to wear uncomforable shoes were increasing BB) The number of women who refuse to wear uncomfortable shoes are increasing ©) The number of women who refuse to wear uncomfortable shoes is increasing D) The number of women who refuses to wear uncomfortable shoes have been increasing A) One half of the women think high-heels make their feet their feet look smaller. 8B) One half of the women thought high-heels make their feet their feet look smaller. ©) One half of the women thinks high-heels make their feet their feet looked smaller. 'D) One half of the women thinks high-heels made their feet their feet look smaller. |A) The fashion news are "Wear what you want!" this i 3 1" this year. BB) The fashion news is "Wear what you want!” this year. ) The fashion news were "Wear what you want!" this year. D) The fashion newses have been "Wear what you want!" this year. A) The United States has several fashion desi lesigners and so d ilippi Q ee i several fashion designers and so see euies States has several fashion desi, ilippines. D) The United States had several fashion daernde ee ilippines. ‘A) A majority of the fashion designs is sewn in Chi B) A majority of the fa desig hae Cie, C) A majority of the fashion designs was mn a D)A majority ofthe fashion designs are sewn in Gh A) We decided to take airplane to Toronto to see a B) We decided to take an airplane to Toronto to ae C) We decided to take airplancto the Toronta 1s ee D) We decided to take a airplane to Toronto to tes ower. ‘A) Because he did not have an invitation, the gitls obj B) Because he did not have an invitation, the ois ecto him going. C) Because he did not have an invitation, the girls objected 19 pu 82198 ) Because he did not have an invitation, the girls object hie eo Boing, ‘IPS ENTRY TEST SERIES WwW. O ieStudy! Q2 Q2 Q.3(NOUN UNIT-5 Q.25 A) Johns climb to fame was more rapid than his brother. B) John’s climb to fame was more rapid than that of his brother's. Q.26 Q.29 Q.30 C) John’s climb to fame was more rapid than for his brothers D) John’s climb to fame was more rapid than his brother's, A) He gave me an advice but I did not act at his good piece of advice. B) He gave m ¢ of advice but I did not act upon his good piece of advice ©) He gave me a advice but I did not act upon his good piece of advice. D) He gave me advices but I did not act on his good piece of advice. A) | found it difficult to find friends and felt very lonely B) ! found it difficult make friendship and felt very lonely. C) | found it difficult to make friends and felt very lonely D) | found it difficult making friends and felt very lonely A) In the world cup 2011, we had a better play of cricket. B) In the world cup 2011, we had a good plays of cricket. C) In the world cup 2011, we had a good games of the cricket. D) In the world cup 201, we had a good game of cricket A) When the police reached, the thief had gone out by the window of the house. B) When the police reached, the thief had gone out by the house’s window. C) When police had reached, the thief had gone out by the houses” window D) When the police reached, the thief had gone out by the houses window. A) People do often do the same mistakes. B) Peoples do often the same mistakes. C) People often make the same mistakes. _ 1D) People often repeat the same mistakes again.Pe gee ARTICLE 61 . We use an before an abbreviation or | They are a type 0° 4 h oe hat is referred to is not already a noun show that wh articl article) before er, writer and/or Feaces live in an apartment. before a noun shows that wi A/An and The AAAn (the indefinite known to the speaker, Do you have a car? The (the definite article) speaker, listener, writer and/or reader: ean Where did we park the car? We had to paint the A/An Hist hat is referred to is already known to the rwise, WE USE 4. an + VOWEL SOUND ‘an orange an egg Before a vowel sound, we use an. Other a+ CONSONANT SOUND abanana achicken In most cases, the letters eo and 'u' are pronounced as vowels but sometimes they are pronounced as consonants: a+ CONSONANT SOUND an + VOWEL SOUND a European an English lesson a one-way street an only child a university an umbrella Examples: Sending young people to prison is a/an enormous mistake. All applicants must possess a/ar university degree. When the next word begins withthe etter ‘h', we use a if the “his pronounced, and an ifthe ‘h'is silent. This mean: _ is that we follow an before vowels. the same rule as above: a before consonant sounds and a+ CONSONANT SOUNT Shad gai an+ VOWEL SOUND (silent 'h’) ue i. an honest answer Note: Nowadays, very few words begin with samen noe foe or ai vodka eam habitual with a silent ibe ee nee prota ho ters ee , ge is disappearing, 8 It takes me about a/an hour to get to work. He had never been inside a/an hospital before, i : letter beginning wi abbreviation or letter beginning with ginning with a vowe) 4+ CONSONANT SOUND "S008! Sound: sound and a before an aBSe an VOWEL, aV.LP anMse SOUND Sy iPS ENTRY TEST SERIES an R-A.F piwww.topstudyworld.com _ARTICLE cme a UK passport an 1OU an ‘s” ak a an ‘n’ The letters which begin with a vowel sound are: other letters begin with a consonant sound. Examples: I'm studying for @/an MA in history. | always use a/an HB pencil. He had spelt the word with an/ ‘i, 'm', ‘n’, 'o', "t's x’, All instead of an/a ‘p’. ¥ We use an before a number beginning with a vowel sound dnd a before a number beginning with a consonant sound: a+ CONSONANT SOUND an+ VOWEL SOUND as an ‘8° t a's! an ‘11? a‘l2’ an ‘18° Example: ‘After the wedding, there was anéa 8-course meal. vi. Ifthere is an adjective or an adverb-adjective combination before the noun, a(an) should agree with the first sound in the adjective or the adverb-adjective combination. Examples: He is a/an excellent teacher. | saw a/an really beautiful eagle at the zoo. Ji. We do not use a/an before uncountable nouns, e.g. ‘advice’ information’, traffic’, ‘patience’. When we talk about an indefinite quantity of something, we normally use some: She poured some milk into a tall glass. 'd like some information about medical insurance. in questions and negative sentences, we usually replace some with any. Is there any milk left? ae We don’t have any information about medical insurance. When an uncountable noun refers to something in general, it is used without a determiner: Most babies like milk. Computers make it very easy 10 transfer information. Examples: ‘ F She needs a/some good advice about choosing a career. ‘They couldn't give me a/any detailed information, I don't like driving in ¢ heavy traffic. To leach young children, you need @ patience.UNIT, — ARTICLE Tres ne (NOT wa) Compt ow many’ When we need to emphasize HOW MANY NE Luckily only one saucer was broken. COL) Luckily, only @ saucer was broken. (not & CuPy Examples: Luckily, only a/one person ‘A/One gic said that she liked t anicles. "Indefinite" means "not sPe |, NOT a specific thing. viii. was injured. he book, but the others haled it. cific” We use a/an, when ix. A and an are called indefinite we are talking about a thing in general Examples: on ree I need a phone. (Nota specific phone, any eck Mark wants a bieyele. (Not a particular bicycle, a bicycle in general) Do you have a driver's license? (In general) x. A/An can be used like the word "per". Examples: Apples currently cost $1.30 a/#he pound. Cheetahs can run 60 miles #e/an hour. You want $150 a/#he person for the tour? xi Little and few are quantifiers meaning ‘some’. Little and few have negative meanings. We use them to mean ‘not as much as may be expected or wished for’. We use article a to make them give a positive meaning. Examples: All she wanted was a few moments on her own. (some, a small number) She had few moments on her own, (not many/almost none) She saves alittle money every month. (some, a small amount) ‘They had litle money to spend. (not much/almost nothing) xii, We use article a/an when we want to writer/speaker and reader/istener, We sent the package to a Mr. Green and the letter toa Mrs. Harrison. 62 THE use @ person’s name that is unknown for both i. Theis called a definite article, "Definite " something which is already iam ae ee ‘specifie". Use the when talking about introduced, or discussed, Tor which has been previously mentioness Example: Ihave a cat. The cat is black. There is a book in my backpack. The book is very heavy, Do you know where I left the car keys? i 4 talking about) 70 (he Ise knows which specific car kes 30% — er com WoaStudy?COE Ee eae ARTICLE oe Do you own 4 cat? Is the car blue? (You assume they do have a car after asking about it in the first sentence.) Nobody lives on the Moon. (the moon is known to everyone) Each school in Lahore is surrounded by the/a brick wall. The/A wall is for security reasons. ii, Many clauses and phrases make the noun known to the listener by telling the listener which person or thing we are talking about. Let’s look at an example sentence: Can you give me the book on the table? We use the in this sentence because the phrase "on the fable" tells the listener which book we are referring to. We are not talking about other books, we are talking about a specific book that the listener can see or already knows about, Examples: Did you read the book which I gave you? He didn't like the movie that you suggested. He loved the dessert with chocolate and cherries, The phone on my desk belongs to Ken, Did you know the man who was talking to Leonie? HOWEVER: Not all clauses and phrases make the noun known to the listener. Some are simply descriptive. They add extra information, but they do not tell the listener which specific thing we are talking about. Examples: He bought @ house with a big backyard. (this combination tells the listener what kind of house he bought, but not the specific house he bought.) iii, We use the when using ordinal and cardinal numbers such as "the first", "the second”, "the third", "the next", "the last", "the previous", "the following", "the penultimate”, etc. Examples: This is the fifth day of our conference. I'll pay the next time we have dinner. Don't forget the following rule. Exceptions: 2 a) We don't use the before ordinal number when we talk about ideas. Examples: wt nee First, place the flour in the bowl. Next, add milk. Finally, mix in sugar. : i ent, i the summary. Second write down your comm : sa aa ee ane the using ordinal numbers or words when we talk about specific periods of time. Examples: : Wea! going to grandmother's house next spring. ther came to visit last Bid. ae ae not use the using ordinal numbers or words that refer to prizes. Examples: Congratulations, you got Study first prize!ARTICLE iv. We can use by the to sa Boats can be hired by the day. Parpets are y the square metre. Ss Oe. ae iy nee such as "the best", the biggest", "the most imp eg y. Use the with suy .y how something is measure interesting", etc. Examples: This is the best day ever. ‘That is the most expensive hotel room He told the funniest joke! 4 é ere... Note: The is often used with comparative forms: (bigger) when comparing only two things, ‘This is commonly used in phrases such as "she bigger of the two". Examples: 3 3 Jessie and Shauna are both smart. But I think Shauna is the smarter of the two Between Jason's son and his daughter, his daughter is the better athlete. I've ever heard of in my life. vi. Do not use articles when generalizing about uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns. Examples: Curiosity is a great trait. (Uncountable) Water is an important resource. (Uncountable) Vegetables are good for you. (Plural countable) However: ie use fares the meaning is more specific, ‘ugar is bad for your i hasan pom sa ae me a gar on the table where we are sitting) Children don't like long walks. Cc hi de ik y ‘an you look af il Without oi, our industry would come toa hat oe ee ae The oil | got on my trousers won't wash out, vii. We use the with the names of: Oceans, seas, coasts, rivers, swamps, archi Lakes), mountain chair is, archipelagos, ia deserts, re collections of lakes (such as the Greal ole), geographic regions (such as bridges except Tower Bridge), laa nee ie Middle East) Moon, extraordinary works of art or. architecture (s a institutes, skyscrapers, the Sut the Great Wall of China, and the Taj Mahaly uch as the Mona Lisa, the Colosseum." Examples: James visited the Hermitage, a famous museum I would love to visit the North Pole. Nina walked over the Rialto Bridge. The Pacific Ocean is the largest body of water in the worl The Red Sea passes through Egypt. : in St. Petersburg, viii, Nouns referring to musical instruments can be used in the sin WwW OPS, leona HStudy! are talking about someone's ability to play a particular kind of j sin ON ERR: ‘tusywer 5ARTICLE You play the obve, | see, said Simon, Geoff plays the piano for hours, ix. Nouns referring to living can be used in the singular with 'the’ when we are making a statement about every member of a species. The swift has long, nartow wings. It means that all 5 The primrose can grow abundantly on chalk banks, Australia is the home of the Kangaroo. wifls have long, narrow wings. A noun referring to a part of the human body can be used with ‘the’ to refer to that part of anyone's body. These arteries supply the heart with blood. Itis irritating when breathed into the lungs. xi, We use ‘The’ for currencies when we talk about their general value. The U.S. doliar has risen against the yen but fallen against the euro. The pound closed slightly down at $1.534. xii. Many newspaper titles, full or abbreviated. arc preceded by the: Examples: the Manchester Guardian (the Guardian), the New York Times (the Times), the Wali Street Journal (the Journal), the Washington Post (the Post), the Dawn. xiii. We use she with the names of governmental bodies and titles of officials: Exampl the Department of Commerce, the Treasury Department, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (the FBI), the Central Intelligence Agency (the CIA), the President, the Prime Minister, the Vice President, etc. xiv The is used when we are comparing two sets of things in a single sentence (a double comparative). Examples: The harder the exam, the more | like it. The higher you go, the colder it becomes xv. We use ‘The? for invention. The Wright brothers invented the silane, The computer is changing the way We WO" i, Generally, articles are not used with the names of illnesses or diseases. xvie /, Examples: ee be ‘smith visits schools and aesliet educate students Oncologists are doctors who stone ee a www.topstudyworld.comUNIT, et —_ hich require The. The measles, the flu, the mumps th ses whit 5 Exceptions: There are some illnes bubonie plague They don't set up with Ps Ifa direction (nord) le with the direction. the mumps. 4 t th shit) directly follows 2 verb, we do ng eople that’s £0 ; oe rheast, left, and rig! zs th, west, soull wii. use an articl Examples: We need to walk south. They drove north all day. ‘At the stop sign, turn eft and walk three blocks. Note: Ifa direction follows a preposition, we must use te. Examples: We need to walk 10 the south. Our house is in the north. The grocery store is on the right. MOREOVER: We use the with compass directions when referring to them as special geographic or cultural regions. Examples: We love the South. Have you ever visited the East? The West has better national parks. sae: can be used with plural family names to refer to the family as a group. ue gk of Gujrat isa famous political family. : 1aras are originally from Japan. My brother lives next door to the Jacksons. xix. ‘We can use the before ‘some adjectis i it peed adjectives of nationality and before some other to make The English traditionally have aft fernoor The poor should be helped, ee Exception: When generalizing about nationalities 'Americans", "Mexicans", and "Hawaiians", th Examples: ae Americans watch a lot of TV, Germans drink a lot of beer, or ethnic groups that end in “-ans”, such Not usually used, xx, We do not use the with the names of m i "States", "Kingdom", "Republic" " Eniraise ae unless the name contains a word such as Examples: + tion", "Coast", etc, Hove Italy. John used to live in Japan. He lives in the United States. SIMILARLY: We don't use the with states, provinces and cities part of the name or contains a word such as "Territory" or Exampl unless the is specificallyShe os, 4 ARTICLE UNIT-6 He lives in California, 7 Ladakh is in India % Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province, after Balochistan. The Northwest Territories is a province in Canada. “EPTIONS: The is used with “the Netherlands" as well as with many nations which are island chains, such as "the Philippines", "the Maldives", "the Bahamas", etc. Additionally, in the past, THE was used with certain countries such as "the Sudan", "the Gambia", and "the Congo"; this usage is becoming less common. Examples: He lives in the Netherlands, | visited the Bahamas last year. We do not use article with the names of languages, used as nouns. But if the name of inguage is used as an adjective The is used Examples: I want to learn Russian. (used as a noun) want to learn the Russian language. (used as an adjective) i We do not use an article with: individual lakes, individual islands, planets (except the Earth), beaches, waterfalls, individual ‘mountains (except the Matterhorn), canyons (except the Grand Canyon), people's first names, streets (except the High Street), roads, public squares, hospitals, stadiums, malls, parks, churches, temples, universities, colleges, religions, days, months, holidays Examples: Have you ever visited Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris? ae Kenta is Buddhist. We went camping in King’s Canyon. Exception 1: We use the in this pattern. ‘the Birmingham road (= the road to Birmingham) a) We also use #he with some main roads in cities. ust the Edgware Road b) We use the with by-passes and motorways. the York by-pass the M6 (motorway) ©) Most bridges are without the. over Brooklyn Bridge Westminster Bridge there are many exceptions. cre Brilge (the bridge over the River Humber) ; Exception 2: There are addtional exceptions to some ofthe above categories. For example, the is often used in the pattern "the w Of". ‘ Examples: i, The University of Colorado The Temple of Ranakpur The Cathedral of Siena 63 Kips ENTRY TEST SERIES ‘www.topstudyworld.corUm, ARTICLE ‘ally confusing. Followings are the rules for the wey Time expressions can be especially xxiii the Examples: e ‘ u ie abl was formed in 1981. in the year 1981 The war lasted from 1812 to 1815. b) Seasons sii If winter comes, camspring be far behind? V on holiday in (the) summer. te ier of 7 snail Months ee ‘good month to go away, That was the June The event will be in March. jal times of the year ae corns é Americans eat turkey at Thanksgiving. e) Days of the week Wednesday is my busy day. Our visitors are coming on Saturday. MH was a Christmas Pl never forget. Rosie saw her husband again the Easter after their divorce, posted the letter on the Wednesday of that week. [is happened on a Suturdey in Saly. \ “Ditsea you bf ve wekede ) Parts of the day and night o They reached camp at sunset, We'll be home before dark. At midday it was very hot, at night, by day/night Mwasa marvellous sunset, T can't see in the dark, iniduring the day/he nightthe morning/the afternoonthe evening NOTE 1: In phrases of time We normall “ daybreak, dawn, sunrise: mide, ane hele own; Man SS 40" Othe forthe physialaseen lM, Sunset: mig, dark: midnight. Sai 8. in the dark. Breakfast is at eight o'clock, NOTE 2: ‘Thad a sandwich for lunch, We cannot use meal on its own, The meal was served at half past seven, Tie breakfast we had atthe hotel wasnt very nig Bruce and Wendy enjoyed a delicious lunch s¢ Mario's ’ got married.ARTICLE UNIT-6 xxiv, We use some nouns without te when we are talking about the normal purpose of institution rather than about a specific building Examples: School starts at nine o'clock an The school is in the centre of the village. The guilty men were sent to prison. egetables are delivered to the prison twice a week. He school means 'school activities’, but the school means 'the school building’. xxv, There are a number of other nouns which are used without she in similar contexts. Exampl I'm usually in bed by eleven. The bed felt very uncomfortable. In bed means 'sleeping/resting', but the bed means a specific bed. Here are some notes on the most common nouns of this type. Bed _ in bed, go to bed (to sleep); get out of bed, sit on the bed, make the bed Church in/at church, go to church (to a service) Class do work in class or for homework. Court appear in court; But explain to the court Home at home; But in the house; go/come home Hospital im hospital (as a patient) (USA: in the hospital); taken to hospital (as a patient); But at the hospital, Market take animals to market; But at/in the market; put a house on the market (= offer it for sale) . es Prison in prison, go to prison (as a prisoner); released from prison; Also in jail ete chool in/at school, go to school (as a pupil) 2a at sea (= sailing), go to sea (as a sailor); But on the sea, near/by the sea, at the seaside Town in town, go to town, leave town (one's home town or a town visited regularly); But in the town centre fa: University (studying) at university, go to university (to study); But at/to the university is also possible and is normal in the USA. Also at college ete Work oto work, leave work, at work (= working/at the workplace); But go ice/the factory ae do not leave out the before other singular nouns for buildings and places, e.g. the station, S 3 the shop. the cinema, the theatre, the library, the pub, the city, the village. ‘www.topstudyworld.comARTICLE ‘a word or phrase modifying the noun. re is e an article if the dorp sen to a high-security prison. college. Weu e guilty men were xvi. Th : Mark is doing a course at the new A fair number of idioms take definite articles before a noun. Structurally, these xvii, A fa everal groups. eo ae . a) Aone Se of an NP followed by a prepositional phrase in which the objec, » contains the. eae feedback on his writing was a shot in the arm for him. He worked harder afer that. Everybody said she acted just like her mother. She was a chip off the old block. The fly in the ointment was my brother. He was the only one who didn't like the idea, She was no longer angry about what happened. It was all water under the bridge. b) The second group consists of a transitive verb followed by an object NP that contains the. Their car was very old. They knew it would bite the dust soon, Someone tell those slow People in front of us to Set the lead out and walk faster. Ifyou want to stay at this school, you have to work hard to cut the mustard. They were going to New York to paint the town red once they graduated. Wereed someone who knows what he's doing to lead the way. Y ©) The third roup consists ofa verb foll in lowed by an NP referring to a then a Prepositional phrase in which the object NP contains the, ne ‘wonw.topstudyworld.com © aStudy!UNIT-6 SPOT THE ERROR In the first type of sentences, some se ents of each sentence are underlined. Your task is to identify that underlined segment of the sentence, which contains the mistake that needs to be corrected, Q.1_ /.ant going to the store tomorrow to get A) acat and dog so I can walk them every day. By OD) Q.2 The survey led to a surprising conciusion; singie dads have a totally different % Q3 municipal corporation suggested "green infrastructure" as a most cost-effective B) solution to the problem of water pollution in the greater bay area. ° D) 8 the, Q4 After work, i use my computer to find a quickest way home to avoid the terrible traffic in the A B c city D Q.5 After | take the shower, | usually eat dinner and watch television. B) ©) D) Q.6 ing state of Nebraska, you are not allowed to drive a donkey-pulled carton the road : BO during the month of September. D) 0.7 Our biology teacher told us that a orangutan is strong enough to lift up the side of a small é A) B) ©) D) car, Q.8 {have always wanted to go to the Mount Rushmore, and this year I will be visiting it A) B) © D) for spring break. Q.9 _ I wish he wouldn't talk during a lesson. Maybe the teacher shouldhevea word with A) B) () Q.10 ee ’s thinking about attending i English course i the ane Q.1) Meredith senate wna ili tf she left. an ‘apartment. Q.12 Lenjoy I tsa hs mer frinst Q13. He sn rs stent 67 ‘www.topstudyworld.comARTICLE the car. stealing Q.14 He was sent to prison for Fy _ Des fa shop in town. Q.15 He said he was the employee of x p A) By CO) following, four alternative sentences are given. Choose DIRECTIONS: In each question in the letter in the answer sheet. CORRECT one and fill the circle corresponding to that | Q.16 A)! hada fish and a chips for dinner. B) I had the fish and chips for dinner. ©) had the fish and the chips for dinner. D) I had fish and chips for dinner. Q.17_A)I'mon diet, No sugar for me! B) I'm on the diet. No the sugar for me! C) I'm on a diet, No sugar for me! D) I'm on the diet. No a sugar for me! Q.18 A) I'm staying at the hotel on the Hudson river. B) I'm staying at a hotel on the Hudson river, ©) I'm staying at a hotel on a Hudson river, D) I'm staying at a hotel on Hudson river. Q19 AA friend of mine is coming to visit next week. B) The friend of mine is coming to visit next week. C) Friend of mine is coming to visit next week, D) An friend of mine is coming to visit next week, : Q.20 A) Have you got a car fixed yet? C) Have B) Have you got an car fixed yet? D) Have = 2 ee = el yet yet? Q.21 A) Ihearda knock ona door. © B) [heard knock on the door, i‘ — as on the door. knock on the door. Q.22_ A) When do you get a home? ° B) When do you get home? D) wien do You get the home? Q.23 A) There was a sound inthe living room, "do you get an home? B) There was the sound in living room, C) There was the sound in the living room, D) There was sound in living room, Q.24 A) Jack Andéfson was caught holding a match during fire, % B) Jack Anderson was Caughit holding a match during the fire, : | ©) Jack Anderson was cdught holding the match during a fig D) Jack Andergon was caught holding match during fire,Q25 Q27 Q.28 Q29 Q30 ARTICLE ——___ = - UNIT-6 A) She replied in surprise that a question was much too difficul B) She replied in a surprise that a question was much too diff: C) She replied in surprise that the question was much too diff D) She replied in surprise that question was much too difficult A) I'm afraid I can't remember the exact date of a show B) I'm afraid I can't remember the exact date of show. C) I'm afraid I can't remember exact date of show. D) I'm afraid I can't remember the exact date of the show. A) She's staying at a hotel in the small town in Colorado. B) She's staying at a hotel in a small town in Colorado. C) She's staying at the hotel in a small town in Colorado. D) She's staying at the hotel in the small town in Colorado. A) Children went to a film yesterday afternoon. B) The children went to film yesterday afternoon. C)A children went to the film yesterday afternoon D) The children went to a film yesterday afternoon. A) I'm afraid the answer is ‘no’. Come back when you can make a new proposal B) I'm afraid answer is ‘no’. Come back when you can make the new proposal. C) I'm afraid the answer is ‘no’. Come back when you can make the new proposal D) I'm afraid the answer is ‘no’. Come back when you can make new proposal. ’ A) Fruit is usually sold by pound. B) The fruit is usually sold by a pound. C) The fruit is usually sold by an pound. D) Fruit is usually sold by the pound. (Sa y7 aBStudyt « more information about people, animals Or tin repented a An adjective gives us mor ne of the four major word classes. a ong SNe adverbs. Ex f Eramples, Tha’ ig Hots Look at the grey horse. Some dogs have long tails, She is tall. STACKING OF ADJECTIVES/ ORDER OF ADJECTIVES Unlike determiners, adjectives can occur one after another. This is referred to as “stacking However, stacks of more than three adjectives rarely occur, and the adjectives tend to occur in preferred order, such as the order shown in the following example. Here an adjective sequence begins with an adjective of subjective judgment or evaluation (ugly). Then it is followed by « adjective of measurement (old), an adjective of color (yellow), and finally, a noun acting ase adjective that describes the material (tin) out of which the head noun (bucket) is mak Changing this order of the different types of adjectives produces incorrect phrases. Examples: An ugly old yellow tin bucket stood beside the stove. - i i ty-old-tin-yellow-bucket stood beside the stove. An-ugl e ir ‘She was wearing an amazing red coat. i If it i ¥-Lfwe don’t want to emphasise any one ofthe Adjectives, the most usual sequence of adjectivesis {Order I anise Examples =a es unusual, lovely, beautiful (= ——_ big, small, tall | ea an suality [thin rough, untidy __ 5 ae vound, square, rectangular 6 ‘colour 5 ung, old, youthful 7 origin ple red. pink t 8 [material meet lapanese, Turkish 5 = ial Wood, plastic eS general-purpose, __10___ {purpose i It was made of a strange’, green®, metallic! material It’s along’, narrow’, plastic! brush. 3 Panettone is a round’, Italian’, bread-like? Christmas cake,ADJECTIVE saat Jere are some invented e: ples of longer adjective phrases. A noun phrase which included all these types would be extremely rare. She was a beautifua’, tall’ 3thin’, young’, black-haired®, Scottish’ wornan What an amazing’, little’, old’, Chinese’ cup and saucer! ii, There are different mnemonics that are helpful in remembering the order of adjectives. fhe mnemonic OSASCOMP can be used to help remember the order in which adjectives hould appear 0 Ss A s C oO M RE Opinion. Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose. If this isn’t easy to remember, try this: % On Saturday And Sunday Cold Ovens Make Pastry a Daa Size, Age, Shape. Color, Origin, Material, Purpose. ¢ ve ne Oliver Smith Ate Six Chocolate Oreos Mom Packed iy b) There is an mnemonic OPSHACOM at OP SH. A G0) M stands for Mt) is Opinion, Shape, Age, Color, Origin, and Material iv. Adjectives joined by ‘and’ & ‘comma’ a) When we put two qualitative adjectives (gradable adjective) in front of a noun, we put ‘and' or ‘a comma’ between the adjectives. Examples: She is an intelligent and ambitious woman. He is an intelligent, generous man. b) When you put two colour adjectives in front of a noun, you put ‘and’ between them. Examples: i He is wearing a black and white swimming suit. a The colour of this bag is yellow and grey. ries af ©) When we put two classifying adjectives (non-gradable adjective) in front of a noun, we have to decide whether the adjectives relate to the same system of classification or to different systems. cis When we put HS classifying adjectives in front of a noun, and the adjectives relate to the same classifying system, we put ‘and’ between them For example, ‘geographical’ and ‘geological’ relate to the same system. Examples: This is our social and educational ‘dilemma. This paint is for internal and external walls of the house. ives relate to different classifying systems, we do not put ‘and' between whes th ea iple, ‘British’ and ‘industrial’ relate to different systems. them, or use @ comma. For exam eel a medieval Muslim philosophers. in able. is making a square wooden ti aaa a tari ‘growth in American agricultural exports. 7 ‘www.topstudyworld.comUNIT. SS, Finds infront ofa noun, for example & qualitaig i: of different kin Oe asi ne cre ro not put ‘and’ between them oF US @ Comma adjective Tass tc 72 a) Examples ae Itis a large circular pool of water She has a beautiful puitk suit Itis a rapid technological advancement ‘When we use two after a link verb, we put ‘and’ between them. en we use two 8 aft Example , Mrs, Scott was large and imposing. The room yu é On this point ar and categorical. We can also put‘ 1', or ‘or' between adjectives. When we ir ddjectives, we put "but' or ‘yet! between them. Examples This is a sm sfortable hotel. We are poor bi! jap That was a firm yet gentle hand, When we want to ay that either of two adjectives could apply, or to ask which adjective applies, we use ‘o Examples: . You can use red or black paint, Call me if you feel fonely or. depressed. Is it good or ba”? GRADABLE AND NON GRAD, CLASSIFYING ADJECTIVES Not all adjectives have a comy i Parative and superlative form graded. This because there are two types of adjective, known as quali aca oa cae poet ‘qualitative/gradable and classifying/n0 Qualitative/Gradable Adjectives ABLE ADJECTIVES/ QUALITATIVE AND ofa a or sate. This yo ete gradabe The egy ee tEY a age or sal, EE amount of a quality tht something or someone has is ty v3, Which we can indicate the and ‘rather' in front of qualitative adjectives,» “SiN submodifiers such as ‘very’ Examples: a fairly tall man a very boring film a really long holiday an extremely expensive carADJECTIVE —=—<—<—— quality that something or is by using a comparative, such as ‘bigger’, and ‘more interesting’, or a superlative, such as ‘the biggest’, and "the most interesting’. Comparative Form b) The other way in which you can indicate the amount of a someone ha Superlative Form Close closer closest Large larger largest Colorful more colorful most colorful Bad worse worst ©) Formation of comparative and supert: ive * Most Adjectives of one syllable, and some of more than one, form the Comparative by adding ‘er’ and the Superlative by adding ‘est’ to the positive. Positive Comparative Superlative Sweet sweeter sweetest Small smaller smallest Kind kinder kindest "When the Positive ends in ‘y’, preceded by a consonant, the ‘y’ is changed into i before adding ‘er’ and ‘est’. Happy happier happiest hohe ive ” Easy easier easiest ey Heavy heavier heaviest When the positive degree is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant, preceded by a short vowel, this consonant is doubled before adding er and est. Red redder reddest s Big bigger biggest Hot hotter hottest = Adjectives of more than two syllables form the Comparative and Superlative by putting ‘more and most before the Positive. i i beautiful Beautiful more beautiful most be Difficult more difficult most difficult i Industrious ‘more industrious ‘most industrious : Courageous more courageous most courageous jecti ing i 8. less (¢.g. hopeless), ing (e.g. boring) * Thole ates en modern rec folsh mers, cera) take more and most. Examples: This was the most fascinating | book. or Tokyo is the most advanced cities Hasan = The following take either er and est Polite, simple, feeble, " jite than her sister. “ Sh liter/more polite t! Hiei the politestmost polite of them. 7 ‘www.topstudyworld.com — — UNIT-7pical errors ; on: {YF a ) Comparis ae thing. A superlative ara 5 P% ee ag with another person © Con a person or thing Wi , ane a comparative compares Perso OT up of son or thing with the »h Pp h that person or thin, compares @ pe Examples: . Joe's older than Mike. (comparing Sheila is the youngest girl in the farm swith another) person with the whole group she ne persc ly. (comparing one paring belongs to} France is a bigger/biggest country t Lionel Messi is a better/the best player than She is two years older/okdest than me. Everest is a-higher/the highest mountain i the world. That's a-batter/the best film | have seen this year. ; He has three sisters, Jan is the oldest/the-elder and Angela is #he-yeunger/ the youngest, han Britain. Ronaldo. * More or most together with an -er or -est We do not use more or most together with an -er or -est ending: Examples: Pluto is the most/furthest planet from the sun. ‘The morning flight is more-geod/better than the afternoon one. The beach at Marmaris is one of the mos/biggest in Turkey. What is the most/east expensive way of travelling in Japan? The most usefullusfulest tool in the kitchen is a good sharp knife. The second lecture was more interesting/ interestinger than the first, Comparative adjectives: using than Nee te nen = cue the second person or thing in the comparison. If the second takes the form of a personal i the pronoun (me, you, him, her, us, ae Pronoun, we normally use the object form of Examples: ‘ You're stronger than I. Marie is more experienced than him, In more formal situations, instead of 5 than + obje reine in + abject pronoun, we can use than + subject Well, you're definitely cleverer than Lam! She was always more sociable than he was, Latin adjectives There are also a few comparative adjectives endi : ending i boro from Latin, They are: 1B In -or. All of these words were Interior, exterior, ulterior, major, minor, and prior. b) \nhri0 eperior panton, centon, aneri0tADJECTIVE ues mples: My job is superior to yours. My-job-is- superior than-yours: Mary is sertior to me by six years. is senior shan-me: Peter is junior to me in service * Double comparison Ifa person or things gains more of a particular quality and this causes a parallel increase of another quality, we can repeat the + a comparative adjective: Examples: The colder/Celd it is, the-hunger/hungrier | get. The more/More you get, the more/more you want + Faulty comparison A comparison that is not logical is called faulty comparison. Items that are compared must in fact be similar. Examples: Fhis-bagis-bettertha-Ali, (comparison of a bag with person) /e can correct the above sentence in different ways. ‘This bag is better than that of Ali. This bag is better than Ali's bag. This bag is better than Ali’s. (we can omit noun after possessive s) | like Rahat's songs more than those of Atif Aslam. I like Rahat's songs more than Atif Aslam’s. fe 3 : The weather in Murree is colder than that of Lahore. ‘The weather in Murree is colder than the weather of Lahore. = Much or very with past participles a) When a past participle is part ofa passive verb, we can put much or very much before it, but Exampl é He's (very) much admired by his students. Britain's trade position hi ciple is ‘much weakened by inflation. = : oe ‘an adjective, we usually prefer very. This is common with 1 states, feelings and reactions. ae eae ‘animal (NOT a much frightened animal) 78 ‘www.topstudyworld.com.ADJECTIVE UNIT, a very shocked expression The children were very/msueh bored. She looked mueh/very surprised. Here is a list of qualitative '-ed’ adjectives wh ; ified by very: eaning of the related verb and can be mo a ide ae ‘amused appalled astonished bored, confused, contented delighted, depressed dey ined disappointed disgusted disillusioned distressedembarrassed, exced ghee inhibited ing rested leased.preoccupied zed satisfied shocked, surprised tired,troubled, wor res which have a similar meaning to the most common /not so with comparatives / wae ee a longer adjectives (interesting, beautiful, complicated), but we don’t ‘normally use less with short adjectives of one syllable (big, good, high, small). Instead we we Not as ... aS ..., OF NOL $0 ... as ... Not as is more common than not so: ‘The second method was /ess/net-se complicated than the first one. This new laptop is not as/less fast as my old one. * The with superlative adjectives When a superlative adjective is followed by a noun, we normally use the: Examples: ‘This is the best meal I’ve had for a long time. ‘London isthe most popular tourist destination in England, * ’ Comparative adjectives: using much, a lot, far, . ae aaa or ae ® comparative adjective using words such as much, a lol, < ier, @ little, or by usit jjecti: fe ‘¢ or by using than ever after the adjective: This food is very/much better th ‘The town is a lovtoe more crowded these days, Alex is very/far less intelligent than the othe vie We've been busier than ever/s coh cute class, ‘so-mueh at work thi She feels alitlea-bit more confident now," !8St month or so, lan the food we had yesterday. Than with comparative A comparative adjective is followed by The next hotel we tried was more ex; Y than, not that or as: ‘Pensive than the first one 73 Prepositions after superlative adjectives : Afier a superlative adjective, we don’t normally use of before ie Rs group: & singular name of pla She was the tallest girl im the team.ADJECTIVE UNIT-7 She-was-the tallest girl of the team, The castle is the oldest building in the city. The castle is-the oldest building ofthe city ii, Classifying /Non gradable/Absolute adjectives sifying adjectives place people and things into categories or classes. Example: Do you read a daily newspaper or a weekly one? Does your house have an electric oven or a gas oven? Similarly: she western hemisphere, an annual event, the external walls, a nuclear weapon Classifying adjectives don't generally have comparative and superlative forms. It would sound strange to describe one event as ‘more annual’ than another. For example, or one weapon as ‘the most nuclear’. In general, classifying adjectives are called non-gradable or absolute adjectives. Here are some common classifying adjectives. Absolute, actual, agricultural, annual, central, chemical, civil, commercial, daily, direct, double, east, educational, absolute, empty, wrong, external, female, financial, foreign, free, full, general, golden, historical, human, ideal, independent, industrial, inevitable, intellectual, internal, international, legal, local, magic, male, medical, mental, military, modern, moral, national, natural, negative, north, northern, nuclear, official, open, original, personal, physical, political, positive, possible, potential, private, professional, proper, public, raw, ready, real, religious, revolutionary, right, royal, rural, scientific, separate, sexual, single, social, solid, sooth, southern, standard, straight, sufficient, theoretical, traditional, urban, west, western, wooden, wrong, British, American, Victorian, Shakespearian, etc. Classifying adjectives do not have comparatives and superlatives and are not normally used with submodifiers such as ‘very’ and ‘rather’. { Examples: An extremely open suitcase lay on her bed. He has #e-smost complete game of the top 10 pros. They found it more impossible to control the violence. It's the-most perfect copier ever invented. Not a very single person offered to help her. Is this the most original fireplace? They are rather Victorian houses. POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVES 7 “Adjectives can be classified according to where they oocurn sentences. Attributive adjectives modify the noun and occur before thet noun. ———————EEE 77 ‘www.topstudyworld.comADJECTIVE = Examples: That big car is his ces They chose ayoung man forthe job. natn a noun pha Predicative adjectives, in contrast, appear afte Jescribe She is insane. a): You have got your priorities wrong. She found him dreadfully dull ; they may the vast majority of adjectives, including participial adjectives, can appear in both attribut and predicative positions. Examples: That elephant has a really big trunk. (attributive) That elephant's trunk is really big. (predicative) He gave an interesting talk. (attributive) His talk was interesting. (predicative) ii, Attributive-Only Adjectives A number of adjectives including drunken, erstwhile, eventual, future, mere, prineipal, and \Wter, can appear only as modifiers of head nouns; that is, they ean appear only in the attributive position, Examples: At last night's party, he saw his former wife. She thought that he was an utter fool, ive adjectives alw; : dai eee YS used attributively: faci, commana pag atet commanding entire, fateful, flagrani, fleeting, flute imenviable '& ramshackle, scant, sheer, searing, total, thankless Most adjectives which can only be used attriby - attr ifying adjecti isalis of classifying adjectives used attibuivelys eY He ieslving djotives, Hee ral Atomic, bridal, cardiac, Countless, Cubic it Forensic, Indoor, Institutional, "Inn ra eel ast, pitiomvide, Neighbouring, North, Northerm: qf mest@ative, Judicial, Lona as — Srempmcched, Remedial, Reproductive, Smaps”, Orchestral, Ouadocr, Plot Supplementary, Underlying, West, Western, Wootes ®° South, Southern: uoterrat® Predicative-Only Adjectives + Predicative-only adjectives can Example: She felt glad. She-is-eglad-woman, SS repatnon ® iaStudy? oorur only inthe predicate’ gn . ion.at pal, el ADJECTIVE a) b) 9 * Adjectiy ning with the Prefix A This group of predicate-only adjectives is formed with the prefix a- and includes adjectives as Afloat, afraid, aghast, alive, asleep, afraid, alive, alone, apart, aware, awake etc. Examples: The young girl was asleep, so she did not Theasteep-gisl-did side. The rescue squad finally discovered a man who was still alive. Fhe reseue-squad-was-happy-te discover an-aliveman- Adjectives That Take Complements The second group of predicative-only adjectives is made up of adjectives that take complements that are either infnitives (e.g., able to run, liable o sue) or prepositional phrases (¢.g.. devoid of fear, fraught with tension) Examples: « is Hable to make a scene. (Infinitive) Fhe-fiable-person-has-te-pay. : He is devoid of any humor. (prepositional phrase) He-was-a-deveid-comic. hear the storm outside. Here isa list of adjectives which are usually or always used predicatively and are followed by ‘to’: “ Accustomed, adjacent, allergic, attributable attuned, averse,close, conducive, devoted, impervious, injurious, integral prone proportional, proportionate,reconciled related resigned, resistant, similar subject subservient susceptible. unaccustomed. Examples: | was allergic for/to the serum they used. He was impervious ro/for fact or logic. jjecti i ition ‘ hen they are used Th a few adjectives which are followed by the preposition ‘af’ when they are peace nee is a list of adjectives which are usually or always used predicatively and ire followed by ‘of: ; ; - 8596 4 wwareBorefi Cepable, Characteristic, Desirous, Devoid Fond, Full, Heedless, Ilustrative, Incapable, Indicative, Mindful, Reminiscent, Represents, Examples: : He was aware of/with the danger that faced him. ‘They seemed capable with/of winning their first game ofthe season. He was devoid offiw any talent whatsoever. His mind seemed to have become incapable offwith any thought. www.topstudyworld.cor————————— ADJECTIVE 14 MaStudy’ i Unry re followed by the prepos ith’ when they are ‘s which are usually or always used A i hal wadjectives which are f Wy. Here is a list of adjectives | are followed by ‘with versant, Tilted, fra 4d) There are a used predicative predicatively and are Compatible, consonant, conv Examples: j i if t the smi His surprise became tinged with/in. jus ae The ak has to be compatible with/to the body tissues. This way of life is fraught with/ir danger. ght, riddled, tinged allest suspicion of disbelief, Some adjectives are followed by other prepositions when they we used predicatively Hy isa list of adjectives which are usually or always used predicatively and are followed by the preposition indicated: contingent on, descended from, inherent in, lacking in, rooted in, steeped in, swathed in unhampered by These ideas are rooted in self-deception. Didn't you say the raid was contingent on the weather? Darwin concluded that people were descended from apes. To complete the meaning of some adjectives which are used predicatively, we need to follow with a clause beginning with a “o'-infinitive. Here is a list of adjectives alwaysit nearly always followed by 'to'-infinitive clauses: me bound, doomed, due, fated, fi, inclined, liable, likely, loath, prepared, unable, unwillg illing Example: > ; 7S He is unable to do it, Lam willing to try, Tam loath to dwell so long on the poo anion oor fellow, = edie eterieg to Medical Conditions or Health nally, there is a small group of adjectives i Sains ill poorly, unwell, wel, et.) that ene * fyepenene telnet pease only in the predicative position. He feels faint, My mother is ill. The adjective ill can appear attributivel) y if itis modi He is a mentally ill patient, is modified ADJECTIVES & LINKING VERBS.ADJECTIVE 15 ii, Few-A Few UNIT-7 Some main verbs are called linking verbs (or copular verbs) These verbs are not followed by s. Instead, they are followed by phrases (e.g. noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases) Linking verbs include: obje Appear, be, become, look, prove, remain, seem, sound, stay, fee turn, etc Examples: { face appeared at the window. It was Pauline. (prepositional phrase) He’s a cousin of mine. (noun phrase) This coat feels good, (adjective phrase) Errors in the use of Linking verbs a) We use adjective after linking verbs rather than adverbs. Examples: Your garden looks nice/nicely. Mary seemed sad. Mary-seemed-sadly, The cake tastes good. Fheeaketasteswell: The train is slow. Sarah remained calmleatmly. The milk went bad/badly. , get, £0, grow, smell, aste, SOME TRICKY ADJECTIVES Many ~ Much Although these two quantifiers sound similar, function in a similar manner and mean similar things, they cannot be used interchangeably. Use much with collective nouns and singular nouns. Use many with plural nouns. Examples: Gerald doesn’t have much/many money. Chelsea doesn’t have mueh/many friends. but it can only be used with countable nouns. The word iti tity, A few represents a positive quantity, rats gin cuaraple: few represents a negative quantity or shortage. Examples: Julian has a few friends. (some) Julian has few friends. (not anyone) iii, Little — A littleA Onin, ADJECTIVE S a little represent negative and positive Want : E: tifiers little and o expresses adic eae Like few and a - bi aeset nouns. The word little expresses a diminutive Size, use a little with non-counta Alway e quantity Examples: eee Celeste had little interest in history. (no interest There is a fittle sauce left. (some? Would you like a little more’ iv, Each - Every ‘ Use each with individual or separate items. Use the word every when referring to things i, group or describing the frequency of actions Examples: The pineapples are $2 each/every Each student received a handout, Emily goes to the beach eaeh/every weekend, ¥. Wounded ~ Injured — Hurt he words wounded, injured and hurt have subtle differences and unique connotation: ' Wounded implies a physical injury or laceration, Hurt describes an experience of physical ‘emotional pain, Examples: vi. Farther ~ Further Farther (root word far) is alway, i i metaphorical advance a8 Ue fo distance, and further (think furthermore) implies® Examples vii, Less ~ Fewer Less is compatible with non-count s [ table no no Fewer is used with countable nouns and indivi ee nouns, volumes and bulk eek items, Less/fewer pollution is better for the environment, bottles. the world wou be cleaner, If people threw out fewer/lasyof phy UNIT-7 Last is the opposite of first, the latter is the antithesis of the former and the | ‘most recent amples: Read the first and fasé/tatter paragraphs today Of the two choices. | prefer the latter/atest. The latest/tas¢ innovations were astounding. est means the . Migh - Tall an adjective that measures the size or height of vertical items, such as people and s. High is usediao define an objeet’s position from the groun planes, shelves and horizontal objects. Here are to examples. Examples: The Statue of Liberty is very The Golden Gate Bridg 1, inciudin all is exceptionally high -m {il and sick are both adjectives that mean ‘not in good health’. We use both ill and sick afte: verb such as be, become, feel, look or seem: Examples: 1 was ill for a time last year, but I'm fine now. Naney looks ill. 1 wonder what's wrong with her. 1 felt sick and had to go home at lunchtime. We can use sick before a noun but we don’t normally use ill bélore a noun: She's been looking after a sick child this week. She's been looking after an ill child this week.SPOT THE ERROR In the first type of sen’ that under Q3 Qa Qs Q6 Q7 UNn reach sentence are underlined. Your task is to iden ns the mistake that needs to be corrected, fet cont nt of 28 red spices, has always been popular in Cay. cooking, which uses speci prepa A new becoming known in otner parts of the country. I Louisiana, but itis. B Even tho sh Miss Alisha lost the beauty contest, she was still more prettier than B € iia! girls in the pageant Ofall the physical and wat exercises in the world, dance is the most unique. A B c Postoperative patients who A B longer to recover from surgery than more active patients do. D regular as their doctors recommend take The farmer al A hope you do not feelto 100 ba badly, but I must fate B application will be oe od No Nout, the Islamic thetoric wil be most lost al! of his cattle becat a of the hole in the fence. B c you that it is quite lke ly your accompanied by any clandestine deal with Mr. Al D ant talk of social engine, Pane only foods lower in carbohydi aa lrates means that People i the icport nutrients in ila fal the vast tides, maybe none was x C re concentrated = the wave that brought 12 million immigrants. bam aware that there ai a in the Way; quite few ethan creat Ligh aft 20od step for BBA ts - eae Asses how Ae ama town members are DADJECTIVE UNIT-7 Q.13 Most art critics agree that of the two painters, Elena A B conveying the inner emotions of her subjects. Q.14 Many people argue that a large defense budget is necessary in ord A B ; the united states stronger than any country in the world D QS _[ILgive back the book to him who is in my grammar class. A Be me D is more skilled at D to make Cc Tn each question in the following, four alternative sentences are given. Choose the CORRECT one and fill the circle corresponding to that letter in the answer sheet. She only had to win one more game to be the champion (B) She had to win one more game to be the only champion. (C) Only She had to win one more game to be the champion. (DD) She had to win only one more game to be the champion Q.17 (A) Ali's car wasn’t so comfortable that Amir’s, so we were too exhausted by the time we reached home. (B) Ali’s car wasn’t such comfortable Amir’s’s, so we were too exhausted by the time we reached home. (C) Ali's car wasn’t comfortable enough Amir’s, so we were too exhausted by the time we reached home. (D) Ali’s car wasn’t so comfortable as Amir’s, so we were (oo exhausted by the time we reached home. Q.18 (A) The sequel to Rush Hour was a funnier and more exciting than any sequel I have ever seen. (B) The sequel to Rush Hour was the most funnier and more exciting than any other sequel | have ever seen. S (C) The sequel to Rush Hour was a funnier and more exciting than any other sequel I have ever seen. - a (D) The sequel to Rush Hour was a funnier and most exciting than any sequel I have ever seen. Q.19 (A) After a relaxing soothing massage, I wanted nothing more than to go home and sleep for th the afternoon. : : oe a relaxing, soothing massage, 1 wanted nothing more than to go home and sleep for yoon 4 a oe ue waned massage, | wanted nothing more than to go home and sleep for (©) After the rest of the afternoon (D) After a relaxing soothing for the rest of the afternoon tut massage, I wanted nothing more than to go home and sleep a ‘www.topstudyworld.com————— — ADJECTIVE roads made the s\ Q.20 (A) Heading to the & the street dangerous and slick, (B) While Heading to the yeaded to th concert. the icy ve iey roads made ncert, th ads made the street dar than 200 years (©) While we ngerous and slick (1) To head to the conce are taller and stror . the icy 108 ; since 1800. the aver Q.21 (A) Human bel height has increase by 18 inches (B) Human taller and stronger than the} + adult height has inereased by 18 inches and stronger than 200 years ago: since 1 were 200 years ago: since 1800, the avera adult 800, the av (C) Humans, being taller 1 e height has increased by 18 (D) Human being’s are taller and stronger thar ches. n 200 years ago: since 1800, the average adi height has increased by 18 inches. 22. (A) The book that we needed to finish our research was missing from the library og (B) The book was missing from the library that we needed to finish our research (©) The book that we needed to finishing our research was missing from the library. (D) The book which we needed to finish our research was missing from the library. 23. (A) By taking good care of myself; the flu never kept me from work this winter. Qs (B) Because took good care of myself, the flu never kept me from work this winter © % taking good care of myself, I never kept flu from work this winter. a a secause | took good care of me, the flu never kept me from work this winter. aa bee of the funs and excitement comes from use of your senses fi if i 3 = bei ae excitement come from use of your senses. uns and excitement comes from use of y (D) Much ofthe fun and excitement com in ie Q.25_ (A) Had the President's Admini stration fst yearn office would bac ta na a the vote on the budget reduction package, hs (B) Had the President's Administra would have been rated an A, (C) Had the President's Admi he first year in office would have been rated an A. tO” is budget reduction package: his (4) Ifthe President had not lost the vo i first year in office would h med ne Budget reduc ion ' office would have been rated an A, ‘ction package, the Administratio" Q.26 (A) After signing for many music shows. h; ‘ows, his first music all (B) After he sang for many music shows, his first macy ween NaS Feleased. * music ic album was released, ies from use of your senses, (C) After he had sung for many music shows, his first musi (©) Though he sang for many shows his first music ae ‘album was released. Was released, ee www. topstudsyyorld SORTADJECTIVE 2 Q29 Qo UNIT-7 (A) Bothered by the loud music next door, the work could not be done by Jill (B) Bothered by the loud music next door, Jills work could not be done. (C) Because Jill bothered the loud music next door, Jill's work could not be done. (D) Bothered hy the loud music next door, Jill could not do her work. (A) Only CNN, with its vaster resources and vaster reach, can do justice with John Grisham’s masterwork, (B) Only CNN. with its vast resources and vaster reach, can do justice with John Grisham’s masterwork (C) Only CN! masterwork. - With its vaster resources and vast reach, can do justice with John Grisham's (D) Only CNN, with its vaster resources and vaster reach, can do justice to John Grisham's masterwork, (A) She is far away the best actress in the mov (B) She ts far away the best actress of the movie. (C) She is far away the best actress in the movie. (1D) She is far off best actress in the movie. (A) the sit (B) the sit Salvador (C) The situation in Guyana is more serious than that of El Salvador jon in Guyana is more serious than El Salvador. jon in Guyana is the most serious of (D) ‘The situation in Guyana is more serious than the situation in El Salvador. www.topstudyworld:comPRONOUN 5 eS eee oes g, we constantly refer to things we have do this by repeating the noun group, by th in speech and writin likely to use a pronoun instead. Pronoun, When we use language, b 1 eee tion. already mentioned or are about i a ie ron nod, Po s a special reason to do s : cad objects of aii unless there is a ce reason od ing how the subjects and obj : make statements less repe series of clauses are connected. Examples: ; John took the book and opened it Deborah recognized the knife as hers. Sultan was pleased with himself. This is a very busy place. 8.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS iglish has two sets of personal pronouns; one is used in subject position in sentences, the other as objects of verbs or prepositions. SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS Singular Plural Singular Plural Ist person | we me us 2nd person you you you you 3rd person he/she/it they hinvher/it them Zhe Pronoun one is used as an alternative to you, in the sense of “a person”. It conveys a more formal, less personal tone and appears more often in written, fal-with-money- (informal) One can't be too careful with money, i. Variability of Personal Pronouns een ( fi i * Predicate Nominals (a noun phrase that functions as the main predicate of a sentence) : predi ) According to the prescriptivi the pronoun is a subject predicative following fe a eo ee Ee This sounds too formal wo Pronoun used. Examples: Who's there? It is J, (very formal) Who's there? It’s me. (less formal) Which one is the movie star? That is she over there, Which one is the movie star? That's her oves there, Itis shem/they who betray us. ‘many native speakers, however, Thus, we often hear the objec! * Comparisons In inequality comparisons, one thing is described ag Breater than Although subject pronouns are considered the Prescriptively co, shortened comparisons, native speakers often use an obj oF less than another. ect pronoun forms for lect Pronoun, sr: ‘KIPS ENTRY TEST SERIES —————————— a ‘www.topstudyworl leePRONOUN are amples: hI He is a lot faster than J am. (regular comparison) a He is a lot faster than Z, (shortened comparison) He's less sophisticated than she is. They were better prepared than she was. Examples: In equality comparisons, two things are described as equal in some respeot, She's just as strong as J am. (regular comparison) She's just as strong 2s J. (shortened comparison) * Object of verbs and prepositions We use personal object pronouns after the verb or after a preposition: Examples: Paula's coming to t us/we in September, ‘<: Thanks again for everything you did for me/ * Conjoined Personal Pronouns 4) We can use and or oF to join the pronouns. oF nouns and pronouns. We pggmally put Hime lst Examples: Matthew and Tare good friends. Fand-Matthew-are-good friends: Sarah didn't know whether to ring you or me. Sarah didn't know whether to ring me-oryoue sane b) Iftwo pronouns are joined at subject position. they both should be subjepf pronouns. Similarly, if they are at object. both should be object pronouns. Examples: The research proposal was prepared by Dr. Islam and ¥/me. There's another project, and frim/he and I are working on it. Me/I and Julie are going shopping. ii, Anaphora and Personal Pronouns The Tod that the pronoun substitutes for is called the antecedent of that pronoun. The connection between pronouns and their antecedents is called anaphora. She might not approve of it. ; substitute for Alan's wifg and your plan in the sna pronoyn and its referent or Don’t mention your plan to Alan's wife. ‘The pronouns she and it in the second sentence subsiiite preceding sentence. There should be an agree! sneceeey he table before he opened them. fease down on the t Those Bee “hould have éheir/our lungs x-rayed regularly. ‘www.topstudyworld.a PRONOUN Id be clear and : hat antecedent shoul many antecedents pen eelen id have only one antecede a) Too A\ pronoun shoul unmistakable: oe jhe workers (hat they 0 » workers ie supervisors old tt af clear: Who wi y Tee) rence is unclear an imaprove this sentence as kd receive a bonus the bonus - the supervisors or the workers The pronoun refe i a Tig could es oy ae spsola te workers that the workers would receive a bump vised sentence: Te supervisors fod the workers tha he "hw ais ay sida bee ae lobe Mary Ani 's upset? It could be Mathilda, but co . y Ann was upset Revioal sentence: When Mathilda lost Mary Anns ma nusctipt Mead Ps ae srmving the groceries in my left hand and the keys in my righ ipped ‘Ives carrying " and dropped them. 0 * : e groceries. the keys, or both! What is “them”? It could be either the groceries. y ec. Revel sentence: [was carrying the groceries in my left hand and the keys in my right han when I iripped and dropped the keys. b) Hidden antecedents Faulty / vague pronoun reference errors also occur when the antecedent of pronoun functions 3s an adjective rather than a noun Examples: The candy dish was empty. but we were tired of eating. ia anyway, {ns eader ofthis sentence might think thatthe dish was the antecedent for the pronoun it Obviously, people do not eat dishes. What this writer mea y is, "We were tire ating candy." Tmeans to say is, "We were tired of Revised sentence: being eaten because dish appears be The candy dish was empty, but we were tired of eating candy anyway. . ©) No antecedent Sometimes a sente aithen Mark went in for his phys Who are “they”? 4 relia to anything at all. ina ther needed 10 take a bla sample. 7k went in for his physical exam, the doctors needed 10 take d 72 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS The set of English reflexive pronouns ig shown in the fot e follo REFLE Singular Ist person — myself 2nd person yourself 3rd person _himseltihersettselfonese Reflexive pronouns are said to have or Sa cnc ToaStudy? Se Wing table, XIVE PRONOUNS propel. tk L|Ht han tions UNIT-8 Non-emphatic Function In non-emphatic function, reflexive pronouns are used as an object of a reflexive verb. Some verbs can only take a reflexive pronoun as an object. These arc called reflexive verbs. The foliowing verbs are called true reflexive verb. The object of these verbs is always a reflexive pronoun. tS Absent. busy, content, pride Examples: You-cannot choose to-absent-from-work-on-a-whim: You cannot choose to absent yourself from work on a whim He-had-busied-n-theJaborator He had busied himself in the jehoralery We contented ourselves with expressing our relief. He prides himself on his tidiness. “These verbs are used with a reflexive pronoun when they are used as a transitive verb and are followed by a person. “Adapt, ask (to consider something carefully). avail (“avail of phrasal verb). behave. compose. cut, deceive (to refuse to admit), enjoy, excel, exert, express Examples: She needs-to-ask-why nebody-seemsto-tike her She needs to ask herself why nobody seems to like her. Did the children behave shemvthemselves? During the- examination: there-is nosimeto-relax-and-enjoy: During the examination, there is no time to relax and enjoy oneself: These verbs do not usually take a reflexive pronoun: athe, shave, (unjdress and change (your clothes) Ufapsickty-an Tom dressed quickly and went down to breakfast She washed herselfandwventotheotien: She washed and went to the office NOTE: nse reflenve pronoun The old man was unable to dress himsel My back was very painful, but | managed 10 Bet myself dressed. hen the action is difficult antecedent. This restriction can help to ive pronoun, particularly in complex be in the same clause as A reflexive pronoun must ae fhe antecedent ofa rel make elear which noun is U sentences, Examples: f Alive told Joherall-aboutdeimself: .¢ told John all about her re ; of himself. id Cathy that Tom was fondge no ae ee PRONOUN ( istingui FONOUN With wy ic Funct i stinguish a noun or pi Emapeatie Fans oiler ud wenpaee and isting eae A reflexive pronoun is i » reflexive pronoun often has un can appear in any of several Bo ce ily common. The reflexive pronot ecially person forms are especially positions. i7 eadful service. The eee wrote to us himself to apologize ie i crit slice The director himself wrote to us to ae H he Of course, I myself would never do anything like Of course, | would never do anything like that myself. 3 RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS oF pees pronouns are each other and one another. We use each other and one anothe to show that each person in a group of two or more people does something to the others, Example: a i aati Rick and Gina never liked each other. (Rick never liked Gina and Gina never liked Rick) “Although the two reciprocal pronouns have the same meaning, one another is used especial in expressing a reciprocal relationship among more than two individuals or among mas; people. Examples: ‘Ten people were blaming eaeh-other/one another. Both teams played hard against one-another/each other. Reflexive pronoun themselves differs j selves differs in meaning f i l tom Frampleg ns of each rherone ages ea Pronoun. Be cael T aS Wo se Example; Parate Words a Ind We do not use a hyphen (-); We got to know cach other very quickly. * We don’t use each other Or one another Example: “Sa plural form; They love each other, GaaStudy? hiePRONOUN UNIT-8 4 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS English possessive pronouns replace noun or noun phrases that indicate possession Example The possessive pronoun hers can replace Alice's car. I'l drive Alice's car. I'll drive hers. POSSE SSIVE PRONOUNS: Personal pronoun _| Possessive determiner Possessive pronoun my mine e your yours ri his his her jerseaaeaan| Rick) jn 5 is. we ‘our i ‘ours d L they their theirs [ one one’s ones There are two types of possessive: possessive pronouns and possessive determiners. We use possessive determiners before a noun. We use possessive pronouns in place of a noun: Examples: That's not [determiner] their house. {pronoun] Theirs has got a red front door. Isthat-your-searf?-1ts-very-similarto-my Is that your scarf? It’s very similar to mine. We avoid using its and one’s as possessive pronouns except when we use them with own: amples: he o-house- seemed-asleep-yet,as-thave said, ithad-atife- oF its: The house seemed asleep yet, as I have said, it had a life of its own. One doesn’t like to spend too much time on one’s own it i jion in which they are preceded by a Possessive pronouns can be used in a possessive construction in determiners noun+ of. This construction is used when the speaker cannot or does not want to identify someone or something more precisely. ‘A teacher of yours mentioned that you weren't in school today daemn i indefinite article, a zero article, a demonstrative ner in this construction may be an in: ware ee fe ier. It generally may not, however, be a definite article. He introduced me to a friend of his. i ye ‘Some friends of mine are throwing & part 35 ‘www.topstudyworld.com _—-S-—S-—~-~s=s=S tteee PRONOUN INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ‘ When we want to refer to people OF Ti ox ther identity isnot important. We CANT TT indicates only whether we are talking & specific person or thing Examples J was there for over b Jack was waiting for something. e do not know exactly who or what they, a indefinite pronoun. An indefinite prong Tea bout things. rather than referring. or things but ‘an hour before anybody came Singular indefinite pronouns Seite following pronouns are always used as singular. Each, every. either. neither. one -body: anvbody. everybody. nobody, somebody. one: anyone, no one. someone. everyone -thing: anything. everything. nothing. something Examples: Neither was/were selected for the job. Neither of my parents speaks/speak a foreign language Someone has/kave left their baz behind. Everybody Anow/knows Tom. NOTE: Ail indefinite pronouns are written as one word ‘except ‘no une’ which can also be spelled with a hyphen: ‘no-one’, Noone/No one was at home. * Each and Every a) Each and every are a sing fc ee } are used in front of a singular noun and are followed by a singular verb Each student has/have Every stude (students: b) Each cee ‘one of and every F 5 a Dee eeaan ot Silene 2 one of are followed by a plural noun or pronoun. but the Each of the houses was been given his or her own email b i address, in the class és capabl Pronouns a : Several, few. both, many, pe “S088 plural. and they take Examples: | think both islare good, Few has/have ever disobeyed Many has/have come already, {'m sure that others has/have tried before us Some people are coming. but many is/ it Singular and plural indefinite pronouns rhe following pronouns are used in both way comet ofthe sentence, orzmore specifically based on ta sui” 8% plural depending on Some. any, none, all, most °P construction, Vhey ate a plural verb. him and tineaPRONOUN ti UNIT-8 tt “SANAM™ (Some, any, none, all. most) E We re is also a mnemonic for them: that is nples: ed some more paint, there isn't/aren’s am some stamps. \s/Are there any in your Some of the music was/were weird llere are/is some of our suggestions, lett. Note: In idon't Do yo However. some is used in questions that expect a positive reply: Ww J vou like some? Weren't you looking for some of those? ative sentene Ant any/some. ¢ some/any of the Larger ones? and questions any is usually used instead of ‘some h iw. Gender free lan: In more formal English, we prefer to use ‘he’, ‘him! or ‘himself" to refer back to an indefinite Pronoun. but many people object to this use because it suggests that the person being referred e. It is becoming more common to use the plural pronoun their Somebody shouted and other voices joined him Everybody has his dream Everybody determines his Each student as been OWN rates. ven their own email address. v. Possession of indefinite pronouns y \ add 's (apostrophe s) to an indefinite pronoun to refer to things that belong to or are associated with people. But we do not usually add 's to indefinite pronouns referring to things Examples ! She was given a room in someone's studio. ‘That was nobody's business. I would defend anyone's rights. I know the value of somethin vi i oun with ‘some’ as an object: ait. N N eee pronouns beginning with ‘some- ‘annot be used as Se ile if ies unless they are followed by a qualifier, usually a prepositional phrase or a negative clause, s relative clause. Examples: He wasn't someone I admired as a writer. reading. I wouldn't forget something that 1 finshed aeeene een sais ‘moe! are always used with the affirmative form ofa verb, Indefinite pronouns beginning ™ and they make the clause negative. ‘www.topstudyworld.com ae~ ———— Z ; Nobody left, nobody went away, Examples No -nobod) 5 ¥ could not-do; Phere-wasnothing your cou i: Thee ng you could do, nothing at all o-nobody not ever body, not even her own children. id. not go- away : not do-nothing-atall There was nothi She-was-notto-see-no-onte 40-speak to eak to no She was to see no one, to speak ton \STRATIVE PRONOUNS : ae nh Shei oi those are demonstratives. We use this, that, these and those to poiny This, that these a @ « and things. Thiy and that are singular. These and those are plural. We use them ag 8.6 determiners and pronouns. Examples: Come and look at this. That's a very good idea. Can I have one of these? hole clause or its content, we use this or that. Hayden s wife cut up some of his musical scores to make hair curlers. Fhese/This infuritel him, Put the butter, chocolate and sugar in a saucepan. Heat this/these over a low flame untilt melts, ii, In formal contexts, we can use ‘shat’ and Examples; TRE OS important information is thav/the-one oi ini Siven at the beginning of the manual. oe eee employed are the-ones /those familiar to Teseeien S i. similarly, we use (iat ofthose of instead ofthe one ofthe one of or the ... one/the .. of . Hila mass to that ofoneof-a nesnton Bs : the poems are those ofloee grief. ‘ ‘those’ as substitutes meaning ‘the one(s)’: " We normally only use “that” as those as a substitute for persone, Have you met Mr. Kelly? Have you met Mr. Kelly? The one whe rks There are sports facilities for guests Thos int course. a substitute for a t + animals or thin, hing, not for a person or gs: at the town hall, “rested in golf can enjoy our eighteen-0® 2 8.7 RELATIVE PRONOUNS When a sentence consists of a main clause fo ‘whom’. ‘which’, or ‘that’. these Words are known as Relative pronouns do two things at the same time. somebody or something that has already. bos conjunctions, because they join clauses together,PRONOUN UNIT-8 Examples We don’t know the person who donated this money. You need to tck the box which says yes. i, Who and whom * ‘Who! and ‘whom’ always refer to people. Sxamples: The driver who/whiek ran the stop sign was careless Pig People who/which are clever can always find a way. em, He is a man whieh/vhom | met recently © Who! e subject of a relative clause, and ‘whom’ is normally used as the object of a relative clause. Nowadays, ‘who’ is more often used, although careful users think that itis more correct to use ‘whom’. There's a woman over there who/whom | can't help noticing. He's the man who/vhom | saw last night. These are two girls who/whom | met in Edinburgh. * ‘Who! is sometimes used as the object of a preposition when the object is separated from the preposition. areful speakers think that it is more correct to use ‘whom' Example: That's the man who/whom | gave it to Here are the few girls who/whom we cannot talk to. «= ‘Whom’ is almost always used when the object comes immediately after the preposition. Examples: E This is Lord Scarman, a man for wie/whom I have immense respect. Who and Which = Which’ always refers to things. It can as the object of a preposition. Examples: ; Pakisten is a region which/who was threatened by growing poverty. Here are two horses who/which he owned. ‘This is the house in wher/which | was born. be used as the subject or object of a relative clause, or , ‘ asa relative pronoun: ; ee ont te Te riage understood in the two languages, what/which helps a lot. iii, Who/Which and That Je sentence are always introduced by wich: Relative clauses referring to a who shat/who/which is good. Examples: ‘eacher in September, ‘There's going to be anew head i Nas fon Which/that is much more important. o7 iwwwitopstlidyworldiconnWe icges Uty used as the subject or the object yp, PRONOUN cor tl + ‘That can refer to either people oF ee relative clause or the object ofa prepo things. It can be examples: ent 4 nal es are the games that politicians play. ‘alse promise He's the boy shat sang the solo last uate It was the first bed thar she had ever slept e which. We can use thar wil With people, we prefer who, and with things, we use which. We can use that ith both, hy, ith people, we prefer ty less formal, - Who was the gir! who/that you came with Nwwas a dream which/that came true. * We use who ‘to introduce defining* and non-defining* relative clauses while shat only in defining clause Examples, The young man who/that lives on the corner rides a motor-bike, (defining clause) stein. whorthat (ailed his university entrance exam, discovered relativity. (non-definig clause) Th Yat work, tat/who’s one of my friends, “Defining clause: We use detining relative clauses to give essential information about rea Something — information that we nced in Order (0 understand what or who isto referred to: Examples: Theyre the People who want to by Here are some cells wi e's this UY OUF house. ich have been affected, Se non-defininy relative ing. Itis or what is being referred to, Examples ms Clauses to give extra information ot necessary information, We don’t need it to understand < We can supply you with everything which/that you nogg nial View. & Anyone who/that knows the facts must disagree with th eo All which/that glitters is not gold, : ‘ r * That is preferably used with the noun which is Modified by \ “same”, www.topstud "Id go ERE prhho, : that oy, ause) - (non-dsi UNIT-8 Examples: She is still the same loving person thav/who | knew at coll She was wearing the same dress that/whieh | had on. We often use that after superlatives: Examples The Wimbledon men’s final was the best game of tennis that/whieh I’ve ever seen. \vis che most interesting movie whiek/that I've ever seen! That can refer to the complement of a preposition. Unlike which, whom and whose, we can’t use that with the preposition immediately before it: Example: We've got some tennis balls #hat you can play with. We've gotsometennis balls with-tharyouean play: . Whose We usually use whose as a relative pronoun to indicate possession by people and animals. In ing clauses. ‘Whose! it is in fact a kind of possessive determiner. more formal styles we can also use it for t is often included with relative pronouns, althoug That’s why it cannot be used by itself, but must come in front of a noun. ws in defining and non-def Examples: He's- marrying whose family don:t-seem-te-tike-him- He’s marrying a girl! whose family don’t seem to like hin There was I and there was Kate, whose/that party it was. (It was Kate's party) There was-whose-name-fve-forgotien: There was a chap whose name I've forgotten. We can use whose + noun as the complement of a preposition. We put the preposition immediately before the relative pronoun. mples: ised to share a house, has gone to work in Aust Jeral-students have fived-in- was deseribed-avery Kate, with whose sister | us ThomacGoldney Ill, in whose house several students have ived, was des curious gentleman. da very INTERROGATIVE FON ine an interrogative pronoun, The interrogative pronouns One way of asking questions fy nicht, They can be used asthe subject or object of a are ‘who’, ‘whose’ aloe: "Whose’ and ‘which’ can also be determiners. Other clause, or as the taal uhen’s why’, and thow, can also be used 10 ask questions. words, such as ‘where’, ‘when’, “DYty ro Examples: Who called last night? Which keys are poe a Whom do ask for atthe @eske - What did you do when the electricity failed? itch is this? : : § ze ce a pronouns refer to the information you are Beane for. ‘Who’, Whose and yi, ws when we think that the answer to the question will be a person. Examples: ; ‘He lost his wife. "Who/Whieh? Terry? He looked at the cat. ‘Whose/whiek is it?” : 'To whom/what, if | may ask, are you engaged to be married? 'To Daniel Orton,’ * ‘Which’ and ‘what' are used when you think that the answer to the question will be someting other than a person, Examples: 's there really a difference? Which/ho do you prefer? * ‘Whav¥Whe did he want? ‘Maurice's address. * We use what wh Pee . eee fen we ask about specific information from a general range of possible Examples: ile What’s the tallest building in the world? Whieh/What did you say? | couldn’t hear ‘you. Whieh/What’s your address? ; * We use which when we. answers: What/Which one is ‘Your sister? What/Which hand do you write with? ask for specifi information froin a restricted range of . Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8PRONOUN UNIT-8 TEST ON PRONOU: SPOT THE ERROR In the first type of sentences, some segments of each sentence are underlined. Your task is to identify that underlined segment of the Sentence, which contains the mistake that needs to be corrected, Mey ics = - Q.1 The dog, that was black and white, barked a lot when I gave him his dinner. ‘A) B) ©) D) Q2 While comparing my mother and father, | don’t know which is the stricter. A) B) C) D) Q3 My mom asked me who else I was visiting when I told her whom I was going to A)"B) ° visit and I said "I will visit whomever i want." D) met Q4 When you asked who was invited, | told you "I will invite whoever you want me A) Ry ° to, but I don't know whose party it is.” D) Q5 The mothers should realize that once you get a baby, they will have to take care of it A) B) ©) D : twenty four hours. Q6 Ali was concemed when the teacher called because he did not know the homework . “Ay B) © D) Q.7 She likes fish better than him, but he likes chicken better than she. oh A) By 9s Q8 I can'ttell you what to do, and a want to leam grammar for’ nae = A c A) make you. Q.9 Between yea iB I just don't know if Alex thes me. orf 1 Z Bs him. Quo coos eee favori iol sn tat wee ing te every : A) B) a ill not wit without dedication, so itis imperative Everyone knows that they will not win he ey & ‘that each runner run for a mile a day- ie that hey were recognized for ther To et hh om te mare Gi iwwwitopstudyworldicom)PRONOUN e e 2 zot for Christmas, 4 in the foot with the brand new toy gun I gc Q.14 Taccidentally shot me in t . aa, 5 ae s take the e acl aoe one should always ta es QUIS Ifyou ever move acro x a most spectacular landscapes in the entire world, ica has some of the most spectacular landscapes because America has some of t spe mn D) ic route aera question in the following, four altemative sentences are given. Choos 5 CORRECT one and fill the circle corresponding to that letter in the answer sheet, Q.16 A) Each of the participants were required to have their height and weight recorded, B) Each of the participants was required to have there height and weight recorded, ch of the participants was required to have their height and weight recorded, D) Each of the paicipants was required to have his or her height and weight recorded, GIT” A)L youand he are fighting for a more worthy cau ©) You he and | are fighting for a more worthy cause, 5 es | and you are fighting for a more worthy cause, D) You, | and he are fighting for a more worthy cause Q18 A) tis very important for children to eam mathemati i Q By ' 1 cS, So | hope that they teach them the basics. . » ue very important for children to learn mathematics, so | hope teachers teach them ‘ea L0Ok the test, becaus it 00k the test, because D) Karen was alarmed when Susan 100k the test, 220 A) Joseph Smith's biography was Written by Mi i B) Joseph Smith's biography was wu ike Jones two weeks 2 ©) Joseph Smith's biography was wien by yk Jones 1woeee eee Dra Sei Boga wa rity gets 0 Wea Weeks after Sm | Q21-_A) Susan and Mike visited Europe lat B) Susan and Mike visited Europe last ea he t00k tor 6) isan and Mike visited Europe ast year and ge P) Susan and Mike visited Europe lst year, a lots wwwitopstuidyworldicom ENTRY TEST taatudy?PRONOUN Q2 Q.23 Q.24. (Q.27 ) The cat scratched my son, so I sent him to the corner. The cat scratched my son, so he was sent to the corner C) The cat seratched my son, so sent the cat to the corner. scratched my sc on, So to the corner went the cat. A) The firm buys frozen afood in bulk, packs it into smaller pouches and then they sell them to the local grocery stores B) The firm buys frozen seafood in bulk, packs it into’smaller pouches and then it sells them to the local grocery s C) The firm buys frozen seafood in bulk, packs it into smaller pouches and then sells them to the local grocery stores. D) The firm buys frozen seafood in bulk, packs it into smaller pouches and then they sell the pouches to the local grocery stores. (A) The drowning death of the star swimmer has left those whom knew him wondering just what he might have achieved had his life not been cut short. B) The drowning death of the star swimmer has left those whom he knew wondering just what he might have achieved had his life not been cut short. C) The drowning death of the star swimmer has left those who knew him wondering just what he might have achieved had his life not been cut short. D) The drowning death of the star swimmer has left those who knew them wondering just what he might have achieved had his life not been cut short. A) The price of com is too high what he is offering. B) The price of corn is too high what is being offered. C) The price of com is he is offering is too high. D) The price of com being offered is too high. A) After a thorough examination of the two erab specimens, biologists Norman and Clive concluded that they belong to the same species. a B) After a thorough examination of the two crab specimens, biologists Norman and cli the same species. Clive concluded that the two crabs belong to ‘ ey © ‘After a thorough examination of the two crab specimens, biologists Norman and Clive concluded that the erab specimen belong to the same spor as pe os, D) After a thorough examination of the wo crab specimens, biologists Norm Clive concluded that the erabs are specimen of the same species. bearer because | am taller than him. Te bearer because he is not taller than me. bearer because | am taller than he. because me is taller than him. A) Jack was not B) Jack was not selected to be the flag C) Jack was not selected to be the flag 1D) Jack was not selected to be the flag bearer ‘www.topstudyworld.comUNIT-g ee _ eee wkers only, it can be potentially dissin, to maintain their lifestyle, workers; the regulations may lot of money to maintain their ood for high salary W¢ 2 of money d for high salary 1 tions are A) The new financi ped 1k 5 will have t are only 200 for low income workers, Who regulations B) The new financial F be disastrous for low ne worker who will have to spend come workers, ood for high salary workers, who lifestyle. ; ations are only i who will have to spend lot of money ) The new financial regu ) sus for low income workers, potentially disastro maintain their lifest) D) The new fina dfsastrous lifestyle. high salary workers, it can be potential d lot of money to maintain thee stions are good for only ‘ workers, who will have to spen h different than football in that its athletes are generally taller it requires ail is mucl A) Basket! more endurance (B) Basketball is much different than football in that basketbal requires more endurance ©) Basketball is much different than football in that basketball's athletes are generally talk and have more endurance, D) Basketball is much dif and have more endurance, II's athletes are generally tallerit rent from football in that basketball's athletes are generally taller Q.30 A) When one reaches th u, it does not guarantee that you will complete the clim® on first piiteau, it gt you wil B) Reaching the first plat S Not guarantee that you will complete the cl - Plateau does not guarantee that you wi he climb to t ) Bec: ches the fi complete the C) Because one reaches the first plateau, it dos ou Wi iP > ees Plateau, it does not guarantee that y ill D) One's reaching the first lates summit, Plateau does not guarantee that you will complete the climb to the | WaBtudyt www.topstudyworld anVERE UNIT-9 A verb is the part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence’or indicates asstate of being. There are two main classes of verbs: (i) Main verbs The large open class of lexical verbs (also known as main verbs or full verbs~that is, verbs that aren't dependent on other verbs) (ii) Auxiliary verbs The small closed class of auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs). The two subtypes of auxiliaries are the primary auxiliaries (be, have, and do), which can also act as lexical verbs, and the modal auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would). Verbs and verb phrases usually function as predicates. They can display differences in tense, mood, aspect, number, person, and voice. 9.1 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS i. Transitive verbs Some verbs always need an object. These are called transitive verbs. We don’t need a preposition after these verbs. Verbs which are most commonly used intransitively: Ask, describe, get, need Take, attend, discuss, like, raise, telephone, believe, emphasise, join, receive, use, buy, enjoy losé, say, wan, consider expect, love, suggest, watch, contact, find, make, Examples: Did you enjoy the film? I can’t find her name on the list. Suzanne took my car keys. ‘The book emphasises the role of the arts in society. I tried to go to sleep but the man kept disturbing me. * Sometimes when a clause lack a real object, we use it as an empty object. Verbs which often take Jf as an empty ‘object include: Appreciate, enjoy, hate, like, love, regret. Examples: She doesn't like it when people criticize. the book. | would appreciate iif you could send me 105 ‘www.topstudyworld.com" UNIT-9 VERB = = amen fe ct men » verbs may be followed by an object + comple! VERB + + COMPLEMENT VERB OBJECT We found the hotel very con fortable. teas i Be a clause (¢.g. ‘to slop smoking’), We have to ee different pattern: =e Oe ceeeyp + COMPLEMENT + TO-CLAUSE difficult to slop smoking. : finds it Be fe it impossible to leave the company. x has a subject, we put it into a for-phrase: Ifthe verb in the to-clause has a subject, we put it int VERB + IT + COMPLI + TO-CLAUSE it impossible for the john to leave the company. er sad They n Verbs that often appear in this pattem include: find, make, think, ete. Believe, consid: Example: Some people find diffiewlt1o-stop-smoking Some people find it difficult to stop smoking. ‘The seating arrangement makes-difficeult forthe pupils-to-talk-te-each other: The seating arrangement makes it difficult for the pupils to talk to each other. Some transitive verbs have meanings which require two objects, a direct object and an indirect object: VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OJECT 1 gave him the wallet I had found. She lent us 5 enough money to . Verbs which are often used in this pattern include: at money to get home Ask, book, bring, buy, charge, A : charge, cost, fetch, get, give, gra as, pay promise, read, ref Jeich get give, grant, hand, leave, lend, make, offen owe Examples ‘Se, save, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write, el¢. My grandmother let me all her jewellery, 1 went up to the policeman and 8ave him what \ had found. * Alter some reporting verbs, we have to ment reporting verbs, w ention the ‘hearer’. This group i assure, convince, inform, notify, persuade, er’. This group includes: advise, oe reassure, remind and tell, et The doctor reassured that my problem was not serous, The doctor reassured me that my problem was not oes e elesman ane o-buy-thi eh Clever salesmanship can persuade you to buy things you 4 There is a small group of verbs which are followed by a They must face + the fact + that our products are far: We cannot ignore + the possibility + that theseUNIT-9 The head of the noun phrase is always an abstract noun, e.g. fact, possibility, danger, belie, suspicion. Note also that the conjunction that at the beginning of the that-clause cannot be omitted, Verbs and verbal expressions often used in this pattern include {ecount for, allow for, comment on, complain about, dwell on/upon, face (accept), ignore, object to, pay attention to, , reject, substantiate, support, etc Examples: Fhey-always-ignore-that-their country attacked-us-first: They always ignore the fact that their country attacked us first ii, Intransitive verbs Some verbs never have an object. These are called intransitive verbs. Verbs which are most commonly used intransitively: Appear, die, Lie, Sneeze, Arrive, Disappear, Live, Snow, Come, Fall Rain, Wait, Cough, Happen, Rise, Work, Examples: Rita looked upset. Did it rain last night? Suddenly Joss appeared himself in-the- doorway: Suddenly Joss appeared in the doorway. After some reporting verbs, we do not mention the ‘hearer’, This group includes: Argue, deny, enquire, insist, reply and say. Examples: She told the doctor that she was unable to sleep. She replied-me-that-there-was-no-hot- water: She replied that there was no hot water. The rules require that you bring only one guest to the dinner. Some verbs can be used with or without an ‘object. These are called transitive (with an object) and intransitive (without an object) uses of the verbs. Examples: Clean, close, concentrate, eat, open, sing, etc. Examples: ‘Transitive Intransitive What time do you want to eat? [just can't eat hot food. ee pomenerel i Le z learnt to drive when Twas twenty. eS oe The was fourieen.___|We should leave no | How was the match? Did you win? 107 ‘www.topstudyworld.com!|UNIT. VERB ay (laying. laid, laid) is a transitive yey a) Lie/Lay imes confused. Lay (laying: Ui The verbs Lay and needs an object: and Lie are somet roducing) topped /aying eggs? (PFC chickens stoppe tables. (preparing) the table. (put) Why have the et ‘The waiters were busy laying tl She /aid the cards face down on U iti ing. use lie When we are talking about the position ‘of someone or something, we (lying, lay, lain) + adverbial: He spent the whole weekend dying under his car. ‘The dog ay motionless in the middle of the road. I was so worried that I Jay awake all night. She has faid/lain in bed for a week without speaking. This year the birds have /ayedilaid eggs on the veranda. Two hours later he found himself éayéng/Iying in his own bed again. b) Fall/Rell The verbs Fall and fell are sometimes confused. Fall (falling, fell, fallen) is an intransitive verb and is used without an object: The rain was falling steadily. One of the kids fell into the river. Fell (fell felled, felled) isa transitive verb and is used with an object. He felled his opponent with a single blow, om He felling a tree, The film was so boring that | fetled/ i Ufell asleep. He eventually fetted/fell his pPonent with a punch to the head, ©) Set/Sit Set (setting, set, Set) is usualls iti y Sel, ly a transiti He set a vase of flowers on the ble. "C* Set the lamp on the table, Sit (siting, sat, sat) is an intransitive verb Don't sit on the floor - you might dirty yor, 5 LY your di Come and sit beside me, duck. = He sit/set the books down on the table, She sit/ser the tray down beside me, Children can' sizer stil for long without fidgeting. E = c 92 e) Pe Ae Or—ws-: OLLasxzd) Raise/Rise Raise (raising, raised, raised) is a transitive verb. Would all those in favor please raise their hands? He raised the window and leaned out Rise (rising, rose, risen) is an intransitive verb. The aircraft rose slowly into the air, Food prices are likely to rise again. I hope they don't raise/rise prices again, The aircraft slowly raésed/rose into the air. | rose/raised the child off the ground Reach/Arrive Reach (reaching, reached, reached) is a transitive verb and takes an object. On other hand, arrive (arriving, arrived, arrived) is an intransitive and is used without object. We hoped to arrive/reach the camp before dark. ‘The train reach/arrived at six o'clock. Four police officers suddenly reaehed/arrived at their house. vy/Tel Tell (telling, told, told) is a transitive verb and takes an object. Say (saying, said, said) is used as an intransitive or as a prepositional verb and is used without object. }didn't believe a word she said-that. I didn’t believe a word she said. Fell about-your-holiday-then: Tell me about your holiday then. She said/told the doctor that she was unable to sleep. iii. Cannot help(doing)/cannot help but (do) f : Cannot help (doing) something and cannot help but do something are used to say that itis impossible to prevent or avoid something Examples: Id us. | can't help thinking/ean't-help-think he knows more than he has to He can’t help being ugly. She couldn't help but wonder what he was thinking. Le agree csarterrmncnie on etc. reflexive pronoun as the object €-8: aval den themselves, She tripped and fel, but she didn't hurt hersetl™ Sometimes, especially i ative ce . Don't forget to introduce, yourself to every! not actually mentioned:VERB ‘ 93 94 UNIT. sometimes called ‘reflexive verbs fi « pronoun as object Verbs which often have a reflexive pronoun ee pose, content®, cut, deceive, dress, 4 Absent*, adapt, ask, com * behave, blame, busy*, i ee hurt, injure, introduce, kill, look after joy, excel, exert, express, familiarize, fool, free please, pride*, wash C he shies of these verbs is always a reflexive pronoun. Examples: Weswere killing laughing We were killing ourselves laughing. should tike-to familiarize -with-the-tatest teaching methods: I should like to familiarize myself with the latest teaching methods. (For detail: See reflexive pronoun) SUBJUNCTIVE VERBS A subjunctive verb uses the simple form of a verb. It does not have present, past, or fuue forms; it is neither singular nor plural. Sentences with subjunctive verbs generally strex importance ot urgency. Common verbs and expressions followed by the subjunctive in a noun clause Advise (thal). propose (that), ask (that), recommend (thal), demand (thal), request (ih insist (that) suggest (that) 4" is critical (thai), it is important (that), imperative (that), itis vital (that) Examples: The teacher demands that we should-be/be on time [insisted that he shoul pay/pay me the money. it is essential (that), it is necessary (that), ri It was crucial that r es You be there before Tom arrives, Itis important she attend the meeting Note 1: Should is also possi isugeested that she sete ‘aed IMEECH anc recommend I suggested that she should see a doctor. Note 2: The subjunctive is more common in Amer: English, should + simple form is mone al ime fnelish than British E The teacher insists that we should be on rime subjunctive: VERB + INFINITIVE/VERB + GERUND i. Verb + Infinitive An infinitive = 10% the simple form ofa verb (to seo, Thope fo see you again soon, He promised fo be here by ten. Some verbs can be followed immediately by a fo-inftnitive * 10 be, t0 g0, etc.) GPS ENTRY TEST SERIES m ~~.Re mere rm VERB UNIT-9 agree to, appear to, ask to, decide 10, expect to, fail to, hope to, intend to, need to, offer to plan to, pretend to, promise t0, promise, refuse to, seem to, want to, wish to, would like to Examples: She hopes geing/to go to university next year. The college principal promised fooking /1o look into the matter. She refused aeeepting / to accept that there w as a problem. ii, Verb + Gerund A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as noun, i.¢., as a subject or as an object Playing tennis is fu We talked about going to Canada for our vacation. noun. A gerund is used in the same ways as a Common verbs that are normally followed by the -ing form, not the fo-infinitive: lly Appreciate, avoid, bear, consider, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, endure, enjoy, finish. (get through), imagine, involve, keep (keep on). mention, mind, miss, postpone (put off) practise, quit (give up). resent, risk, stand, stop, suggest 2) Examples: always enjoy cooking. Lalwaysenjoy-to-cook: We haven’t finished eating yet. We haven't finished 10 eat. ta She keeps to-change/changing het mind about the wedding. New subject before -ing Some of these verbs (e.g. can't stand, dislike, imagine, involve, mind, miss, put off and risk) can be used with a new subject before the -ing form (underlined in the examples below). If the new subject is a pronoun, it is in the object form (ome, him, her. us, them): Examples: s Ph We just couldn't imagine Gerry to-sing/singing inp ic. Do you mind me belbeing here while you're working? 1 don’t want to risk him tortoselsing his, a infinitive or -1 Se " He ae ats He ae followed either by -ing or a to-infinitive. The difference in els: ae ie ing form emphasizes the verb itself The f-infintive pus the meaning is often small. The ~ ae ean nore on the preference for, or the results ofthe sction Examples: | Tike cooking Paki: Vike to drink juice in the mo" She hates cleaning her room. (ch a U hate 10 be the only person to disagree: ( in that situation.) i i Fit) j is on the process itself and enjoyment o ani food: elas more on the preference or habit) rie esis on the process itself and no enjoyment of it) emphasis pass more on the result: I would prefer not to be www.topstudyworld.corUNITs VERB Je ae ee Note: sr ae used with would or should, only the fo-infinitive is When hate, like, love and prefe not the -ing form: Exampas: She'd love fo get a job nearer home. Would you like to have dinner with us on Friday? ; y. To-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning Some verbs can be followed by a to-infinitive or the -ing form, 20 on, need, remember, try, mean, regret, stop, want ‘Compare but with a change in meening ing form to-infinitive es Working in London means leaving home | 1.44 mean to make you cry. (\ didn’t intend to male i 6.30. (Because | work in London, this i: jis the result or consequence.) ie went on singing after everyone else | She recited a poem, then went on tosing a lovely folk had finished. (He continued singing song. (She recited the poem first, then she sang the bvithout stopping.) : song.) tried searching the web and finally ound an address for him.(\ searched the web to see what information | could find.)) you cry. J tried Yo email Simon but it bounced back. (1 tied/attempted to email him but I did not succeed.) 7 r ae ie stopped crying as soon as she saw | We stopped to buy some water at the motorway seni i ‘mother. (She was erying, and then she|area, (We were travelling and we stopped for a shor | dnt ery anymore.) time in order to buy some water.) vi. Verbs followed by a direct object and a to-infinitive Some verbs are used with a direct object foll ae

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