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Engineering
Department : Department of Infrastructure and Edition : 2
Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE date :

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The capacity of a street is related primarily to the signal timing and the geometric
characteristics of the facility as well as to the composition of traffic on the facility.
Geometrics are a fixed characteristic of a facility. Thus, while traffic composition may
vary somewhat over time, the capacity of a facility is generally a stable value that can be
significantly improved only by initiating geometric improvements.

At signalised intersections, the additional element of time allocation is introduced

into the concept of capacity. A traffic signal essentially allocates time among conflicting
traffic movements that seek to use the same space. The way in which time is allocated
significantly affects the operation and the capacity of the intersection and its approaches.

In analysing a signalised intersection, the physical unit of analysis is the lane group.
A lane group consists of one or more lanes on an intersection approach. The outputs
from application of the method in this manual are reported on the basis of each lane
group.

Capacity at intersections is defined for each lane group. The lane group capacity is
the maximum hourly rate at which vehicles can reasonably be expected to pass through
the intersection under prevailing traffic, roadway, and signalization conditions. Capacity
is stated in vehicles per hour (veh/h).

The level of service (LOS) at signalised intersections is expressed in terms of delay,

which relate to control, geometrics, traffic and incidents.

Stopped delay may be used to determine the LOS. It is defined as the time a vehicle waits
at a traffic light. Stopped delay stated in seconds per vehicle (sec/veh).

2.0 OBJECTIVE

The objective is to determine the capacity and level of service of the UTHM signalised
intersection using JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 13/87 procedure.

Prepared by:

Name: Dr Basil David Daniel

Date: 1 September 2014

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Engineering
Department : Department of Infrastructure and Edition : 2
Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE date :

3.0 APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT

1. Odometer / Measuring Wheel

2. Stopwatch
3. Analog Counter
4. Safety Vest
5. Safety Cones (optional)
6. Flags (optional)

4.0 PROCEDURE

1. At the UTHM Signalised Intersection, conduct a traffic movement count on all

approaches (each lane separately) for one hour in four segments of 15 minutes.
Record the data in Tables 1 – 10.

2. Measure the lane widths, W (in meter) for all approaches and record the data in
Table 11.

3. For each phase, measure the green time, g (sec) and cycle time, C (sec). Record
the data in Table 12.

4. Convert traffic volumes recorded in Tables 1 – 10 to passenger car unit (p.c.u.).

This is taken as the design flow, q (pcu/hr) which will then be used in Table 11.

5. Determine the adjusted saturation flow, S’ (pcu/hr) for each approach and transfer
the values to Table 11.

6. Using Table 11, compute y, which is the ratio of design flow to adjusted
saturation flow and determine the Y value, which is the total value of y for each
approach.

7. Then, calculate the intergreen time, I (sec) and total lost time per cycle L (sec),

8. Determine the practical capacity, Yprac and reserve capacity, RC of the

intersection.

9. Determine the average stopped delay per vehicle, d (sec) and level of service for
each approach.
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Engineering
Department : Department of Infrastructure and Edition : 2
Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE date :

5.0 DATA ANALYSIS

Table 1

Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (RIGHT-TURN) Lane: 1

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ____________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (PR1)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Engineering
Department : Department of Infrastructure and Edition : 2
Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE date :

Table 2

Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (THROUGH) Lane: 2

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ___________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (PT2)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Engineering
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Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
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Table 3

Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (THROUGH) Lane: 3

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ___________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (PT3)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Department : Department of Infrastructure and Edition : 2
Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
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Table 4

Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (THROUGH) Lane: 4

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ___________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (PT4)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Engineering
Department : Department of Infrastructure and Edition : 2
Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE date :

Table 5

Approach (Movement): UTHM (RIGHT TURN) Lane: 1

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ___________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (UR1)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Engineering
Department : Department of Infrastructure and Edition : 2
Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE date :

Table 6

Approach (Movement): UTHM (RIGHT / LEFT TURN) Lane: 2

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ___________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (URL2)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Department : Department of Infrastructure and Edition : 2
Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE date :

Table 7

Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (U-TURN) Lane: 1

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ___________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (BU1)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
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CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE date :

Table 8

Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (THROUGH) Lane: 2

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ___________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (BT2)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Engineering
Department : Department of Infrastructure and Edition : 2
Geomatic Engineering Checking no. : 2
Title: Effective date : 7/9/14
SIGNALISED INTERSECTION Ammendment 1/9/14
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Table 9

Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (THROUGH) Lane: 3

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ___________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (BT3)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Table 10

Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (LEFT-TURN) Lane: 4

Day/Date: __________________ Time: _____________ Weather: ___________

Time Traffic Count

Vehicle Class
1 2 3 4

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume p.c.u. p.c.u.

(veh/hour) Factor
Class 1 (Motorcycles) 0.33
Class 2 (Cars) 1.00
Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks) 1.75
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses) 2.25
Total (BL4)

Note: p.c.u. = passenger car unit

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Table 11

Phase I II III IV
Movement PT2 PT3 PT4 BT2 BT3 PT2 PT3 PT4 PR1 PR1 BU1 UR1 URL2
W (m)
S’ (pcu/hr)
q (pcu/hr)
y = q/S’
y

Key:

P = Parit Raja Approach; B = Batu Pahat Approach; U = UTHM Approach

T = Through; R = Right-turn; L = Left-turn
1 = Lane 1; 2 = Lane 2; 3 = Lane 3; 4 = Lane 4

Example Calculation of Adjusted Saturation Flow, S’

Y = y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 =

Amber time, a =

All-red period, R = 2 sec

Intergreen time, I = a + R =

Drivers’ reaction time, l = 2 sec

Number of phases, n = 4

Total lost time, L = n(I – a) + nl =

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Practical capacity, Yprac = 0.9 – 0.0075L =

Reserve capacity, RC = 100%  ( Yprac – Y ) / Y =

Table 12

Phase I II III IV
Movement PT2 PT3 PT4 BT2 BT3 PT2 PT3 PT4 PR1 PR1 BU1 UR1 URL2

C (sec)
g (sec)
 = g/C
S’ (pcu/hr)
q (pcu/hr)
qs(pcu/sec)
x = q/S’
d (sec)
LOS
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Example calculation for delay and determination of LOS

Sketch of UTHM Intersection

Sketch of Phase Diagram

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6.0 DISCUSSION

Comment on the LOS of UTHM intersection.

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7.0 CONCLUSION
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8.0 APPENDICES

(A) Saturation Flow Estimation

If W < 5.5 m, use the following table:

W (m) 3.0 3.25 3.5 3.75 4.0 4.25 4.5 4.75 5.0 5.25
S (pcu/hr) 1845 1860 1885 1915 1965 2075 2210 2375 2560 2760

If W  5.5 m, use the equation S = 525W

(B) Saturation Flow Adjustment

S’ = S  Fg  Fr  Fl  Ft

Correction factor for the effect of gradient, Fg is taken as 1.00 for 0% gradient.

Correction factor for the effect of turning radius, Ft

Correction Factor, Ft Description
0.85 for turning radius R < 10 m
0.90 for turning radius where 10 m < R < 15 m
0.96 for turning radius where 15 m < R < 30 m

Correction factors for turning traffic, Fr and Fl

% Turning Traffic Factor for right-turn, Fr Factor for left-turn, Fl
5 0.96 1.00
10 0.93 1.00
15 0.90 0.99
20 0.87 0.98
25 0.84 0.97
30 0.82 0.95
35 0.79 0.94
40 0.77 0.93
45 0.75 0.92
50 0.73 0.91
55 0.71 0.90
60 0.69 0.89
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(C) Average Stopped Delay per Vehicle

Average delay per vehicle, d on a particular intersection arm is given by the formula:

9  C (1   )2 x2 
d   
10  2(1  x ) 2qs (1  x ) 
where
C = cycle time (sec)
 = proportion of the cycle that is effectively green for the phase = g/C
qs = flow in pcu/sec
x = degree of saturation = q/S’

(D) Level of Service Criteria for Signalised Intersection

LEVEL OF SERVICE DELAY PER VEHICLE

A < 5.0 seconds
B 5.1 to 15.0 seconds
C 15.1 to 25.0 seconds
D 25.1 to 40.0 seconds
E 40.1 to 60.0 seconds
F > 60.0 seconds
Source: JKR ATJ 13/87