Caed Primer PDF

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SOLUTION MANUAL
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
18EGDL15/25
I/II SEMESTER
Dr. LOKESH G. REDDY HEMANTH KUMAR P.
Professor & HoD Asst. Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mechanical Engg.
VEMANA IT Department of Mechanical Engineering
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Lines:
Table 1.1 shows various lines used in engineering drawing.
Table 1.1: Types of lines used in engineering drawing
Visible edges and surface boundaries (outlines) of objects are shown using continuous
thick lines. Dashed lines are used to show hidden edges of objects. These lines are of medium
thickness.
Chain dashed lines are used to indicate the axis of solids such as prisms, cones and
pyramids etc. these lines extend for a short distance beyond the outlines.
Dimensions of arrow head:
Arrow heads are used at the ends of the dimension lines as shown in Fig 1.1. The arrow
heads are pointed at the ends. The length L of arrow head is usually three times the width b. For
clarity, arrow heads are filled freehand.
Figure 1.1: Dimensions of arrow head
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Dimensioning:
Dimensioning is done to show the size of objects. There are two systems of dimensioning.
They are,
i. Aligned system and

ii. Unidirectional system.
I. Aligned system of dimensioning
Figure 1.2: Aligned System of Dimensioning
In this system of dimensioning, the dimensions are placed above the dimension lines so
that they may be read either from bottom or from the right hand side of drawing as shown in fig
1.2.
II. Unidirectional system of dimensioning
As the name indicates, in this system of dimensioning, all the dimensions are placed in
one direction only so that they may be read from the bottom of the drawing only. as shown in fig
1.3. It is very important to note that the non-horizontal dimension lines are interrupted in the
middle to facilitate insertion of dimensions.
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Figure 1.3: Unidirectional System of Dimensioning
Principles of dimensioning:
a. As far as possible, the dimensions should be placed outside the drawing.

b. They should be placed at least 8 mm from the outlines and also in between dimension
lines.
c. Dimensions should not be shown between dotted lines.
d. Dimension indicated in one view usually not repeated in other view/views excepting
where it is a must for the purpose of identification, clarity or both.
e. All dimensions should be shown in one unit only (e.g. mm).The unit need not be shown
for every dimension. It can be shown in a prominent place in the title block of drawing
sheet as “All dimensions are in mm”.
f. While dimensioning it is necessary to show the minimum necessary dimensions to
describe the object
3
Lettering:
Lettering is used to indicate dimension, notes, etc., on drawing. The commonly used
vertical capital and lower case letters, numbers; inclined capital and lower case letters and
numbers are shown in the figure 1.4. To greater extent, the neatness of the drawing depends on
the dimensioning and lettering used.
Figure 1.4: Types of Lettering
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ORTHOGARPHIC PROJECTIONS
If straight lines called projectors are drawn from various points on the contour of an
object to meet on a plane called plane of projection, the object is said to be projected. In
orthographic projection, the projectors which are parallel to each other run perpendicular to the
plane of projection.
Figure 1.5(a) Figure 1.5(b)
When the object shown in figure 1.5(a) is viewed by an observer in the direction shown,
from a theoretically infinite distance, the shadow of the front portion (shown shaded) of the
object falls on the plane of projection (vertical plane represented by VP). The resulting figure
obtained on the plane of projection will be the replica of the front face. Refer figure 1.5(b)
Figure 1.5(b) shows the length L, height H, and thickness T of the object and does not
show the width B. this dimension B is obtained on a plane called Horizontal plane (HP) which is
perpendicular to VP by viewing in the direction from top as shown in figure 1.5(c).
After obtaining the projection of an object on the horizontal plane, the horizontal plane is
rotated in the clockwise direction to bring it in plane with the vertical plane as shown in figure
1.5(d).
The view obtained on VP is called the front view (elevation) and that obtained on HP is
called the top view (plan).
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Figure 1.5(c) Figure 1.5(d)
Planes of projection:
The two planes VP and HP used for the purpose of orthographic projection are called
principal planes or reference planes. As seen, these planes are perpendicular to each other and
meet on a common line of intersection, the XY line. The view obtained on the vertical plane is
called the front view or elevation of the object. The view obtained on the horizontal plane is
called the top view or plan.
First angle projection
In the first angle projection, the object is placed in the first quadrant. i.e., the object is in
between the vertical plane and the observer. The front view is obtained on VP and is marked
above XY line and top view is obtained on HP. The horizontal plane is then rotated in the
clockwise direction to bring it in plane with VP. The top view is marked below XY. Refer figure
1.5(f)
Third angle projection
In third angle projection, the object to be projected is placed in third quadrant. i.e., the
object lies behind VP and below the horizontal plane. Here the VP which is assumed to be
transparent is in between the object and the observer. The front view is obtained on VP and top
view on HP. After obtaining the top view on HP, the HP is rotated in the clockwise direction to
bring it in plane with VP. The two views of the object in third angle projection are shown in
figure 1.5(h).
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Figure 1.5(e) Figure 1.5(f)
Figure 1.5(g) Figure 1.5(h)
7
Representation of first and third angle system:
The method of projection used in drawing is to be indicated on the drawing in the title
block of drawing sheet. Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S) has recommended to use the two
views of frustum of a cone placed with its axis horizontal as shown in figure below.
Figure 1.5(i) Figure 1.5(j)
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SOLID EDGE VERSION 19
Click on this option
Figure 1.6: Solid Edge startup window
COMPONENTS OF SOLID EDGE MAIN WINDOW:

TITLE BAR MENU BAR MAIN TOOL BAR RELATIONSHIPS TOOL BAR
RIBBON BAR
DRAWING TOOL BAR
DRAWING SHEET
DRAWING VIEW TOOLBAR
Figure 1.7: Solid Edge Main Window 9

TOOLBARS:
There are five common toolbars that you come across in solid edge. They are:
1. Main Toolbar: The Solid Edge Main toolbar shown in figure 1.9 is docked below the menu
bar in the horizontal position in the Solid Edge Window as shown in figure 1.8. It comprises of
(a) Standard Windows XP commands and (b) Additional Solid Edge Commands.
New Save Cut Paste Redo Grid Auto Dimension Zoom Pan Help
Open Print Copy Undo Activate Part Zoom area Fit Zoom Tool
Alignment indicator
Figure 1.8: Main Toolbar
Stands for New. When you click on this icon, a new drawing will be started.
Stands for Open. When you click on this icon, a dialog box will be displayed prompting
you to select the drawing file to be opened.
Stands for Save. When you click on this icon, a dialog box will be displayed prompting
you to save your drawing.
Stands for Print. When you click on this icon, a dialog box called Print dialog box will
be displayed prompting you to print your drawing.
Stands for Cut. When you click on this icon, the pre-selected objects will be removed and
copied to the clipboard to be pasted at any time later in the application.
Stands for Copy. When you click on this icon, the pre-selected objects will be copied to
the clipboard to be pasted at any time later in the application.
Stands for Paste. When you click on this icon, the objects previously cut or copied will
be pasted on to the drawing sheet.
Stands for Undo. When you click on this icon, it will restore all the objects in your
drawing to the original form that you had modified.
Stands for Redo. When you click on this icon, it will do the opposite of what Undo had
done.
Stands for Activate Part. This is used to activate selected part/s in draft quality view for
dimensioning all visible edges.
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Stands for Grid. When you click on this icon, you will see a grid on the entire drawing
sheet. This is used for precise counting and placement of drawing elements.
Stands for Alignment Indicator. Clicking this icon will switch ON/OFF the horizontal
and vertical relationship indicator. In ON position, we get vertical or horizontal indicator
line as dashed line from the element already present to the element being drawn or
modified. This new element will be aligned horizontally or vertically with the previous
element to which the indicator line points to. The OFF position will switch OFF this
feature.
Stands for Auto Dimension. Clicking this icon will switch ON/OFF the command. In
ON position the dimensions of the objects drawn will be displayed automatically as soon
as they are drawn.
Stands for Zoom Area. When you click on this icon, you will get a cross on the drawing
sheet prompting you to select two opposite corners of the zoom window that defines the
area to be zoomed.
Stands for Zoom. When you click on this icon, you will get a real-time zoom cursor by
which you can zoom in or out in real-time.
Stands for Fit. This is used to fit the drawing sheet, the drawing elements and the
background inside the view window.
Stands for Pan. This is used to move the view areas of the drawing.
Stands for Zoom Tool. This icon is used to Zoom in, zoom out, fit, and pan the areas in
the active drawing window.
Stands for Help. This displays the Help Dialog box.
2. Relationships Toolbar: The Relationships toolbar shown as in the figure 1.10 includes the
various geometric relationships to control the orientation of one drawing element in relation to
the other.
Parallel
Connect Horizontal/Vertical Lock Tangent Symmetric Relationship Handles
Concentric Collinear Perpendicular Rigid Set Equal Symmetry Axis
Figure 1.9: Relationships Toolbar
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Stands for Connect. This is used to connect a point of an element to other elements in
your drawing. When you click on this icon, you will be prompted to click on a key point
of the element and then click another element to which you wish to connect.
Stands for Concentric. This is used to make two non-concentric circles concentric. You
have to select first circle and the circle to which you need to make the first circle
concentric with.
Stands for Horizontal/Vertical. This is used to make an inclined line either vertical or
horizontal.
Stands for Collinear. This is used to make two lines to lie in a single straight line. You
have to click on the first line and the line you wish to make the first line collinear to.
Stands for Parallel. This is used to make two lines parallel to each other. You have to
click on the first line and the line you wish to make the first line parallel to.
Stands for Perpendicular. This is used to make two intersecting or non-intersecting

lines perpendicular to each other. You have to click on the first line and the line you wish
to make the first line perpendicular to.
Stands for Lock. This is used to lock an element or a dimension so that you cannot
modify it. This tool will be enabled when you click on “Maintain relationships” in Tools
menu.
Stands for Rigid Set. This is similar to the group function and is used to combine
elements so as to make the whole set behave as a single entity. This tool will be enabled
when you click on “Maintain relationships” in the Tools menu. You have to select the
entities that you wish to make “rigid”.
Stands for Tangent. This is used to make two elements tangential to each other. You
have to click on the first element and the element you wish to make the first element
tangential to.
Stands for Equal. This is used to make two elements equal to each other. You have to
click on the first element and the element you wish to make the first element equal to. It
can be element-line, circle, curve tec.
Stands for Symmetric. This is used to make two elements symmetric to each other. You
have to click on the first element which is the symmetric axis, then on the second element
and finally on the first element which you wish to make the second element symmetrical
to.
Stands for Symmetry Axis. This used to activate a symmetry axis.
Stands for Relationship Handles. This is used to toggle between the display of
relationships.
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3. Drawing Toolbar: The drawing toolbar shown as in the figure 1.11 includes the various
drawing as well as editing commands.
Measure Distance
Line Tangent Arc Rectangle Trim Pattern Show Edges Block
Curve Circle Fillet Offset Fill Edge Painter Move

Figure 1.10: Drawing Toolbar
Stands for Line. This icon is used to create line by two end points.
Stands for Curve. This icon is used to create smooth curves in your drawing. When you
click on this icon, you will be prompted to click on points that define your curve.
Stands for Tangent Arc. This icon is used to create a tangent arc or a perpendicular arc.
Stands for Circle. This icon is used to create circle.
Stands for Rectangle. This icon is used to create rectangle by taking input of three points.
Stands for Fillet. This icon is used to create a fillet between two drawing objects.
Stands for Trim. This icon is used to “Trim” the unwanted edges while creating your
drawing.
Stands for Offset. This icon is used to offset drawing objects by a defined distance.
Stands for Rectangle Pattern. This icon is used to create rectangular pattern of the
drawing objects selected.
Stands for Fill. This is used to fill a region enclosed by boundaries.
Stands for Measure Distance. This icon is used to measure the distance between two
points as desired in drawing.
Stands for Edge Painter. This is used to make the edges as hidden or visible according to
the requirement.
Stands for show Edges. This is used to show the hidden edges in the drawing.
Stands for Move. This is used to move the objects of the drawing from the current place
to the required place.
Stands for Block. This icon is used to create blocks by specifying an origin.
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4. Drawing Views Toolbar: The drawing view toolbar shown as in the figure 1.12 includes the
various drawing as well as editing commands.
Select Tool Smart Dimension Distance Between Leader Text
Figure 1.11: Drawing Views Toolbar
Stands for Select. This select tool is used to select the objects in your drawing.
Stands for Smart Dimension. This is used to place a dimension either on any single
drawing element or in-between any two drawing elements.
Stands for Distance Between. This is used to dimension the distance between two drawn
elements
Stands for Leader. This is used to create a leader line in between two elements in the
drawing
Stands for Text. This is used to create text elements in the drawing
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CHAPTER 2: PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
After studying the principles of projection, let us study the projection of points. The position of the
point may be described with respect to the three reference planes namely the vertical plane (VP),
the horizontal plane (HP) and the profile plane (left or right plane).
Point may be situated in space.
1. In any one of the four quadrants.

2. On any one of the planes.
3. At the intersection of the vertical and horizontal planes.
4. At the intersection of the horizontal plane and profile plane.
5. At the intersection of the vertical plane and profile plane.
1. Projection of points situated in the first quadrant:
Figure 2.1: Projection points in the 1st quadrant
Figure 2.1 shows a point A situated in the first quadrant at a distance of V from VP and H
from HP. It’s projection on VP seen in the direction of F is a’, called its front view. It’s projection
a on HP seen in the direction of T is called top view. After obtaining the projection of point HP,
the HP is rotated in the clockwise direction to bring it in plane with the vertical plane. The left end
view a” is obtained on the right profile plane.
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2. Projection of points lying in the second quadrant:
Figure 2.2: Projection points in the 2nd quadrant
Figure 2.2 shows a point D situated in the second quadrant at a distance of V behind VP
and H above HP. The projection of D when seen in the direction of F falls on VP at a distance of H
above XY. d’ is the front view of point D. The projection of D on HP when seen in the direction of
T falls on HP at a distance of V from VP. d represents the top view of D. After obtaining the
projection of D on HP, the HP is rotated in the clockwise direction to bring it in plane with the
vertical plane to get the top view d.
3. Projection of points located in the third quadrant:
Figure 2.3: Projection points in the 3rd quadrant
16
Figure 2.3 shows a point K located in the third quadrant at a distance of H below HP and V
behind VP. The projection of K on VP is the front view k’ and the projection of K on HP is the top
view k. The HP is rotated in clockwise direction to bring it in plane with the vertical plane.
4. Projection of points located in the fourth quadrant:
Figure 2.4: Projection points in the 4th quadrant
Figure 2.4 shows a point G located in the fourth quadrant at a distance of H below HP and
V in front of VP.
The projection of G when seen in the direction of F is obtained on VP at a distance of H

below XY and g’ represents the front view of point G. The projection of G when seen in the
direction of T falls on HP and g represents the top view of G.
After obtaining the projection of point on HP, the HP is rotated in the clockwise direction
to bring it in plane with the vertical plane.
17
1. Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient distance
between each other projectors. Name the Quadrants in which they lie.
A – 30 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP.
B – 35 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP.
C – 40 mm above HP and on VP.
D – 35 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
b c' A - I Quadrant
B - II Quadrant
a' b'
C - I as well as II Quadrant
40
40
D - IV Quadrant
35
30
c
X Y
30
35
35
d
a d'
E – 30 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP.
F – 35 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
G – On HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
H -- On HP and 30 mm behind of VP.
h
e
35
25
g' h'
X Y
30
30
30
35
f E - III Quadrant
g F - IV Quadrant
e' f' G - I as well as IV Quadrant
H - II as well as III Quadrant
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3. Draw and state the Quadrants in which the following points are located. Assume any distances.
A – Front view below XY line and top view above XY line.
B – Front and top views are below XY line.
C – Front and top views are above XY line.
D – Front view above XY line and top view below XY line.
a d'
c
c'
X Y
b'
A - III Quadrant
d B - IV Quadrant
a' b C - II Quadrant
D - I Quadran
4. A point 30 mm above XY line is the front view of two points A and B. The top view of A is 40
mm behind VP and the top view of B is 45 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the
points and state the Quadrants in which the points are situated.
a
a' b'
40
30
X Y
45
Point A lies in IInd Quadrant

Point B lies in Ist Quadrant
5. A point ‘A’ is 30 mm in front of VP & 40 mm above HP. Another point B is 20 mm behind VP

& 35 mm below HP. The horizontal distance between the points measured parallel to XY line
is 60 mm. Draw the three projections of the points. Join their front and top views.
19
X1
a' a''
b
40
45°
20
X Y
45°
30
35
a b' b''
60
Y1
6. Draw all the three views of a point P lying 60 mm below HP, 70 mm in front of VP and 40 mm
from the RPP. Also, state the Quadrant in which it lies.
X1
X Y
VP(HP)
45°
60
70
p'
p"
p
40
Y1
20
7. A point P is on HP and 35 mm in front of VP. Another point Q is on VP and below HP. The
line joining their front views makes an angle of 300 to XY line, while the line joining their top
views makes an angle of 450 with XY line. Find the distance of the point Q from HP.
p' q Y
X
30°
20,21
35
q'
45°
Ans: Point Q is 20.21 mm below HP

p
8. Two points R and S are on HP. The point R is 35 mm in front of VP, while S is 50 mm behind
VP. The line joining their top views makes an angle of 400 with XY. Find the horizontal
distance between the two projectors.
locus of point S s
50
40°
r' s'
X Y
35
r
101,3
Ans: Distance b/w two projectors is 101.3 mm
21
9. A point G is 25 mm below HP and situated in the third quadrant. Its shortest distance from the
XY line is 45 mm. Draw its projections and its distance from VP.
X1
37,42
HP
4 5°
X Y
VP
RPP
25
g''
g'
R
45
Ans: Point G is 37.42 mm
Y1 behind VP
10. A point S is in the first quadrant and equidistant of 50 mm from all the three principal planes.
Draw the projections of the point. Draw all the three views of the point.
X1
s' s''
50
VP RPP
X Y
HP
4 5°
50
s
50
Y1
22
11. Draw the projections of the point G, which is in first Quadrant such that it is equidistant from
HP, VP and PP. The point is 25 mm from RPP. Determine its distances from HP and VP.
X1
g' g''
RPP
X
VP 25 Y
HP
45°
25
g
25
Y1
Ans: The point is 25 mm from VP and HP
12. A point R is 25 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Another point S is on HP and 30 mm
behind VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to the line of intersection of
VP and HP is 50 mm. Find the distance between the top views of points R and S.
50
s
r'
30
25
X s' Y
20
r
1
,7
70
Ans: The distance between top

views of R & S is 70.71 mm
23
13. A point M is on HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Another point N is 20 mm below HP and 20

mm in front of VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to XY line is 50
mm. Find the distance between the front views of points M and N
50
X m' Y
20
30
53,8
5
n' n
m
Ans: The distance between front views of M & N is 53.85 mm
14. A point P is on HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Another point Q is on VP and 40 mm above HP.
The distance between their projectors parallel to XY line is 50 mm. Find the distance between
their front and top views of the points P and Q.
50
q'
4,03
6
40
p'
X q
Y
30
,31
58
p
Ans: The distance between front views of P & Q is 64.03 mm
The distance between top views of P & Q is 58.31 mm
24
15. A point P is 30 mm in front of VP, 40 mm above HP and 50 mm from RPP. Draw its
projections.
X1
50
p' p" Left side view
RPP
40
X VP Y
HP
45°
30
Y1
16. The point P is 45 mm above HP, 60 mm behind VP and 30 mm from RPP. Draw the three-
principle view of the point. Also, state the Quadrant in which it lies.
X1
p
p'
p"
60
30
45
RPP
45°
VP(HP)
X Y
Ans: The point P lies in II quadrant
Y1
25
17. Draw all the three views of a point P lying 60 mm below HP, 70 mm in front of VP and 40 mm
from the RPP. Also, state the Quadrant in which it lies.
X1
40
X Y
VP(HP)
RPP
60
70
p"
p'
Y1 Ans: The point P lies in IV quadrant

18. A point is 30 mm in front of VP 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front / behind / from LPP.
Draw its projections and name the side view.
X1
25
Right side view a'' a'
LPP
20
VP
X Y
HP
30
45°
Y1
26
19. A point is 40 mm behind VP, 15 mm above HP and 25 mm in front / behind / from LPP. Draw
its projections and name the side view.
X1
25
Left side view
40
b'
LPP b''
45°
VP(HP)
15
X Y
Y1
20. A point is 30 mm behind VP, 30 mm above HP and 25 mm in front / behind / from LPP. Draw
X1
25
c'' c' (c)
Left side view
LPP
30
45°
VP(HP)
X Y
Y1
27
21. A point lying on HP, 20 mm behind VP and 25 mm behind / in front / from RPP. Draw its
projections and name the side view.
X1
25
d Right side view
45°
RPP
20
HP d"
X Y
VP d'
Y1
22. A point is 35 mm below HP, 20 mm behind VP and 25 mm behind / in front / from RPP. Draw
X1
25
a Right side view

RPP
45°
20
HP
X Y
VP
35
a"
a'
Y1
28
23. A point lying on VP, 20 mm below HP and 30 mm behind / in front / from LPP. Draw its
X1
b
HP
X Y
VP
20
LPP
Left side view b" b'
45°
30
Y1
24. A point A is 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP. Another point B is 25 mm behind VP
and 40 mm below HP. Draw, their projections when the distances between their projectors
parallel to XY line is zero mm. Add the right side view only to point B.
X1
b
a'
25
45°
20
X Y
25
RPP
40
a
Right side view
b' b"
Y1
29
P – 20 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP.
Q – 30 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP.
R – 40 mm above HP and on VP.
S – 35 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
q r'
q'
p'
40
40
30
20
X r Y
30
35
35
s
p P - I Quadrant s'
Q - II Quadrant
R - I as well as II Quadrant
S - IV Quadrant
M – 30 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP.
N – 35 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
P – On HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
Q – On HP and 35 mm behind VP.
q
m
35
25
p' q'
X Y
30
30
30
35
n p
m'
n' M - III Quadrant
N - IV Quadrant
P - I as well as IV Quadrant
Q - II as well as III Quadran
30
27. State the Quadrants in which the following points are located. Assume any distances
A – Front view below XY line and top view above XY line.
B – Front and top views are below XY line.
C – Front and top views are above XY line.
D – Front view above XY line and top view below XY line.
a d'
c
c'
X Y
b'
d
a' b
A - III Quadrant
B - IV Quadrant
C - II Quadrant
D - I Quadran
28. A point 30 mm above XY line is the front view of three points P, Q and R. The top view of R is 40
mm Behind VP, the top view of Q is on XY line and top view of point P is 45 mm in front of VP.
Draw the projections of the points and state the quadrants in which the points are situated.
p' (q') (r')

40
30
X q
Y
P - I Quadrant
45
Q - I as well as II Quadrant
R - II Quadrant
p
31
29. A point ‘M’ is 30 mm in front of VP and 20 mm above HP. Another point N is 15 mm behind
VP and 25 mm below HP. The horizontal distance between the points parallel to XY line is 50
mm. Draw the projections of the points M and N and join their front and top views. Draw the
right side view for the point N only.
X1
50
m'
45°
20 n
15
X Y
25
30
n' n" RPP

m
Right side view
Y1
30. The common point 40 mm below XY line represents not only the front views of three points A, B
and C but also the top view of point C. The top view of point B is lies on XY line and top view of
point A lies 50 mm above it. Draw the projections of the points and add the right side view to the
point A only. Also, state in which quadrants the points lie.
X1
a
50
45°
X b Y
40
a"
a' b' c (c')
A - III Quadrant
B - III as well as IV Quadrant
C - IV Quadrant
Y1
32
31. A point A is on HP and 35 mm in front of VP. Another point B is on VP and below HP. The line
joining their front views makes an angle of 300 to XY line while the line joining their top views
makes an angle 450with XY line. Find the distance of the point B from HP.
a' b
X Y
30°
20,21
35
45° b'
Ans: Point B is 20.21 mm below HP
a
32. Two points P and Q are on HP. The point P is 30 mm behind VP, while Q is 50 mm in front of VP.
The line joining their top views makes an angle of 400 with XY. Find the horizontal distance
between their projectors parallel to XY line.
p
30
40°
q'
X Y
p'
50
q locus of point Q
95,34
Ans: Distance b/w two projectors is 95.34 mm
33
33. A point A is 40 mm in front of VP and situated in the fourth Quadrant. Its shortest distance from the
intersection of HP and VP is 45 mm. Draw its projections. Also, find its distance from HP.
X1
X Y
VP(HP)
20,62 R 45
a'
40
a"
45°
RPP
a
Ans: Point A is 20.62 mm below HP

Y1
34. A point A is 20 mm above HP and in the first Quadrant. Its shortest distance from the XY line is 40
mm. Draw the projections. Determine its distance from VP.
X1
40
R
a' a" Left side view

RPP
20
VP
X Y
HP
45 °
34,64
Ans: Distance of A from VP is 34.64 mm

Y1
34
between each projector and state the Quadrants in which they lie.
R – 25 mm below HP and in VP.
S – 40 mm above HP and in VP.
s'
q
40
p' q'
25
15
r
10
X Y
s
15
25
p
r' P - I Quadrant
Q - II Quadrant
R - III as well as IV Quadrant
S - I as well as II Quadrant
36. A point P is 25 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Another point Q is on HP and 30 mm

behind VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to the line of intersection of VP
and HP is 50 mm. Find the distance between the top views of points P and Q.
50
q
p'
30
25
X q' Y
20
p
1
,7
Ans: The distance between top

70
views of P & Q is 70.71 mm
35
37. A point A is on HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Another point B is 20 mm below HP and 20 mm in

front of VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to XY line is 50 mm. Find the
distance between the front views of the points A and B.
50
a'
X Y
20
30
53,8
5
b' b
a
Ans: The distance between front views of A & B is 53.85 mm
38. A point P is on HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Another point Q is on VP and 40 mm above HP. The
distance between their projectors parallel to XY line is 50 mm. find the distance between their front
and top views of the points P and Q.
50
q'
,03
64
40
p'
X q
Y
30
,31
58
p
Ans: The distance between front views of P & Q is 64.03 mm
The distancebetween top views of P & Q is 58.31 mm
36
39. Draw the projections of the point A lying 30 mm above HP and in first Quadrant if its shortest
distance from the line of intersection of HP and VP is 50 mm. Find the distance of the point from
VP.
X1
50
R
a' a"
30 RPP
VP
X Y
HP
45°
40
Y1
Ans: Distance of A from VP is 40 mm
40. Draw the projections of the following points on the same reference XY line and state the
Quadrants in which they lie.
E – 35 mm above HP and on VP.
F – 30 mm below HP and on VP.
G – On HP and 25 mm behind VP.
H – On HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
e
g
35
25
f g'
X Y
e' h'
30
30
f'
h
E - I as well as II Quadrant
F - III as well as IV Quadrant
G - II as well as III Quadrant
H - I as well as IV Quadrant
37
41. A point 20 mm below the reference XY line is the top view of three points P, Q and R. P is 20 mm
below HP, Q is 35 mm above HP. Draw the projections of the three points and state their positions
and Quadrants in which they are situated.
q'
35
r' Y
X
20
p (p') r q
P - IV Quadrant
Q - I Quadrant
R - I as well as IV Quadrant
42. A point is 30 mm in front of VP, 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front / behind / from LPP. Draw its
X1
25
Right side view a'' a'
LPP
20
VP
X Y
HP
30
45°
Y1
38
43. A point is 40 mm behind VP, 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front / behind / from LPP. Draw its
X1
30
Left side view
40
LPP b'' b'
20
45°
VP(HP)
X Y
Y1
44. A point is 30 mm behind VP, 30 mm above HP and 25 mm in front / behind / from RPP. Draw its
X1
25
c (c')
c"
Right side view
30
45°
VP(HP) RPP
X Y
Y1
39
45. A point lying on VP, 10 mm below HP and 30 mm behind / behind / from LPP. Draw its projections
and name the side view.
X1
X a
Y
10
4 5°
LPP a" a'
Right side view
30
Y1
46. A point lying on HP, 20 mm behind VP and 35 mm behind / behind / from RPP. Draw its projections
and name the side view.
X1
35
d Left side view
45°
20
VP(HP) RPP
X d" Y
d'
Y1
40
47. A point lying below HP, 15 mm behind VP and 25 mm behind / behind / from RPP. Draw its
X1
25
45°
20
HP
X Y
VP
35
Right side view
a" RPP
a'
Y1
48. A point P is 15 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP. Another point Q is 25 mm behind VP and
40 mm below HP. Draw their projections when the distance between their projectors parallel to XY
line is zero mm. add the right side view only to point Q.
X1
q
25
45°
p'
15
X Y
25
RPP
40
p
Right side view
q"
q'
Y1
41
between each projector. Also, state the Quadrant in which they lie.
R – 40 mm above HP and on VP
S – 35 below HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
q r'
p' q'
40
40
30
25
X r Y
30
35
35
s
p s'
P - I Quadrant
Q - II Quadrant
R - I as well as II Quadrant
S - IV Quadrant
between each projector. Also, state the Quadrant in which they lie.
A – 30 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP.
B – 35 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP
C – On HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
D – On HP and 35 mm behind VP.
d
a
35
25
X c' d' Y
30
30
30
35
a' b c
b'
A - III Quadrant
B - IV Quadrant
C - I as well as IV Quadrant
D - II as well as III Quadrant
42
CHAPTER 3: PROJECTIONS OF LINES
A Line is defined as the shortest distance between two points. In the following study, the
Projection of lines is restricted to lines located in the first quadrant only (first angle projection).
With reference to the planes of reference namely Horizontal Plane (HP) and Vertical Plane (VP),
the line may be located in any one of the following positions.
1. Line parallel to both HP and VP.

2. Line parallel to VP and inclined to HP.
3. Line parallel to HP and inclined to VP.
4. Line parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
5. Line parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP.
6. Line inclined to both HP and VP.
1. Line parallel to both HP and VP
Figure 2.1(a): Line parallel to both HP and VP
43
Example 2.1: A line Ab 80 mm long is parallel to both HP and VP. The end A is 25 mm
above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.
Figure 2.1(b): Projection of line parallel to both HP and VP
Figure 2.1(b) shows the projections of line AB 80 mm long which is parallel to both HP and VP
and at a distance of 25 mm from HP and 30 mm from VP. When seen in the direction of F, the
projection (shadow) of line AB falls on VP. a’b’ represents the front view at a distance of 25 mm
above XY.
When seen in the direction of T, the projection of AB falls on HP and ab represents the top view
of AB at a distance of 30 mm from VP.
Finally when seen in the direction of E, the line AB is seen as a point. a” (b”) represents the left
end view of AB. The invisible end B is shown in bracket.
44
2. Line parallel VP and inclined to HP
Figure 2.2(a): Line parallel to VP and inclined to HP
Example 2.2: Draw the projections of a line Ab 80 mm long when it is parallel to VP and
inclined at 400 to HP. The end A of the line is 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP.
Measure the distance of end B from HP.
Figure 2.2(b) shows a line AB 80 mm long inclined at 400 to HP and parallel to VP. When seen
in the direction of F, the projection of line AB falls on VP and a’b’ represents the front view of
line AB.
45
When seen in the direction of T, the projection of Ab falls on HP at a distance of 25 mm from

VP. Finally, when the line is viewed in the direction on E, the projection of line Ab falls on the
right profile plane (RPP). a”b” represents the left end view of AB.
Figure 2.2(b): Projection of line parallel to VP and inclined to HP
3. Line parallel to HP and inclined to VP
46
Example 2.3: A line AB 90 mm long is parallel to HP and inclined at 400 to VP. The end A
of line is 30 mm from both HP and VP. Draw the projections of the line and measure the
distance between the end projectors measured parallel to the line of intersection of HP and
VP.
Figure 2.3 shows a line AB parallel to HP and inclined at 400 to VP.
Figure 2.3: Projection of line Parallel to HP and inclined to VP
When the line Ab is viewed in the direction of F, the shadow of AB falls on VP at a distance of
30 mm above XY. a’b’ represents the front view of the Line.
When seen in the direction of T, the line is seen in its true length and the shadow of the line AB
falls on HP. ab represents the top view of AB.
The left profile view a”b” of the line is obtained on RPP (right profile plane) by viewing the line
in the direction of E.
Note: The length of line AB both in front and profile views is reduced in length due to its
inclination with VP. Whenever a line is parallel to HP and inclined to VP, the line is seen in
its true size only in the top view. The length of the line is reduced in its front and profile views
due to its inclination with VP.
47
4. Line parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP
Figure 2.4 shows a line EF parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
Figure 2.4(a): Line parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP
Example 2.4: A line EF 60 mm long is parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP. The nearest
end E of the line is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.
The projection of EF falls on VP when seen in the direction of F and e’f’ represents the
front view of EF. When seen in the direction of T, the line EF is seen as a point (e), f. the line
e”f” represents the left profile view or left end view of EF when viewed in the direction of E.
Note: When the line is parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP, the line is seen in its actual
size in the front and profile views and as point in the top view. The invisible end E of the line
EF is shown inside the bracket.
48
Figure 2.4(b): Projection of line parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP
5. Line parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP
Figure 2.5(a): Line parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP
49
Example 2.5: A line EF 60 mm long is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP. One end of
the line is 15 mm from both HP and VP. Draw its projections.
Figure 2.5(b): Projection of line parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP
Figure 2.5(b) shows the projection of line EF which is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP.
The end E of the line is equidistant from HP and VP and 15 mm from them.
When the line is viewed in the direction of F, the shadow of EF falls on VP. the line appears as a
point (e’)f’ in the front view.
When the line is viewed in the directions of E and T, the shadows of line AB falls on RPP and
HP respectively and hence e”f” and ef represents the left profile and top views respectively of
line EF.
Note: Since line is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP, it is seen in its true length in top
and profile views. Therefore, when the line is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP, the line
is seen in its true size in the top and profile (end) views and as a point in the front view.
50
6. Line inclined to both HP and VP
When a line is inclined to both HP and VP, the line is not seen in its true size in front, top or
profile views. The lengths of front and top views are reduced in proportion to the inclinations of
the line with HP and VP.
Figure 2.6: Projection of line inclined to both HP and VP
51
1. A line AB 80 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. It is

inclined at 300 to HP and 450 to VP. Draw the projections of the line and find apparent
lengths and apparent inclinations.
80
TL
b' b1'
,57
56
45°
a'
30°
20
VP
X Y
HP
30
a
45°
ANSWERS:
o o
55°
a=45 b=55
a'b'=56.57
69,
28
ab=69.28
TL
80
b2
b
2. A line AB 80 mm long is inclined to HP at 300 and inclined to VP at 450. Draw front and top
views of line and determine their lengths. Also, measure the perpendicular distance of end B
from both HP & VP.
80
TL
b' b1'
,57
56
45°
VP a'
30°
X Y
HP a
45°
ANSWERS:
5 5°
o o
a=45 b=55
a'b'=56.57
69,
28
ab=69.28
TL
80
b2
b
52
3. A line AB has its end A 20 mm above the HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The other end B is
60 mm above HP and 45 mm in front of VP. The distance between end projectors is 70 mm.
draw its true length and apparent inclinations.
70
1
82,0
b' b1'
TL
2
80,6
60
30°
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
ANSWERS:
30
o o
a=30 b=12
45
a
a'b'=82.01
12°
b2 a'b1'=82
71,59 b
4. A line AB has its end A 20 mm above the HP and 15 mm in front of VP. The other end B is
60 mm above the HP and 45 mm in front of VP. The distance between end projectors is 70
mm. draw its projections. Determine the apparent lengths and true inclinations.
70
b' b1'
2
80,6
60
28°
a'
20
VP Y
X
HP
15
a
ANSWERS:
o o
20°
45
q=28 f=20
a'b'=80.62
76,16 b2
b ab=76.16
53
5. The top view pq of a straight line is 70 mm and makes an angle of 600 with XY line. The end
Q is 10 mm in front of VP and 30 mm above HP. The difference between the distances of P
and Q above HP is 45 mm. draw the projections. Determine its true length and true
inclinations with HP and VP.
p' p1'
2
83,2
TL
45
q' 33°
30
VP
X Y
HP
10
q
60°
47°
ANSWERS:
o o
q=33 f=47
q'p1'=83
p p2
6. A line PQ 85 mm long has its end P 10 mm above the HP and 15 mm in front of VP. The top
view and front view of line PQ are 75 mm and 80 mm respectively. Draw its projections.
Also, determine the true and apparent inclinations of the line.
q' q1'
80
30°
28°
VP p'
10
X Y
HP
15
p
ANSWERS:
20°
o o
23°
a=30 b=12
75
a'b'=82.01
q q2 a'b1'=82
TL 8
5
54
7. A line has its end A 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. The end B is 55 mm above
HP and line is inclined at 300 to HP. The distance between the projectors is 50 mm. draw the
projections of the line. Determine the true length of the line and its inclination with VP.
b' b1'
90
TL
55
42°
30°
VP a'
10
X Y
HP 50
15
a
42 °
ANSWERS:
50 °
o o
a=42 b=50
TL
a'b1'=90
90
b2
b
8. The top view of a line 75 mm long measures 50 mm. The end P is 30 mm in front of VP and
15 mm above HP. The end Q is 15 mm in front of VP and above HP. Draw the projections of
the line and find its true inclinations with HP and VP.
q' q1'
75
TL
50 °
48 °
p'
15
VP
X Y
HP
15
q q2 ANSWERS:
30
o o
a=50 b=17
17°
p
12°
o o
50 q=48 f=12
TL 75
55
9. A line AB 60 mm long has one of its extremities 20 mm in front of VP and 15 mm above HP.
The line is inclined at 250 to HP and 400 to VP. Draw its top view and front views.
0
TL 6
b' b1'
6
45,9
33°
25°
a'
15
VP
X Y
HP
20
a ANSWERS:
o o
a=33 b=45
40°
4 5°
a'b'=46
ab=56
54,
38
b2
b
10. A line AB measuring 70 mm has its end A 15 mm in front of VP and 20 mm above HP and
the other end B is 60 mm in front of VP and 50 mm above HP. Draw the projections of the
line and find the inclinations of the line with both the reference planes of projections.
0
TL 7 b' b1'
34°
25°
50
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
15
a
ANSWERS:
o
4 0°
o
a=34 b=45
45°
60
o o
q=25 f=40
b2
b
56
11. The front view of a 90 mm long line which is inclined at 450 to the XY line, measures 65
mm. End A is 15 mm above the XY line and is in VP. Draw the projections of the line and
find its inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1'
90
TL
65
45°
78
°
a'
15
VP
X Y
HP a
44°
78°
ANSWERS:
o o
a=78 b=78
TL o o
90 q=45 f=44
b2
b
12. The distance between the end projectors through the end points of a line AB is 60 mm. the
end A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. The end B is 35 mm in front of VP.
The line AB appears 70 mm long in the front view. Complete the projections. Find the true
length of the line and its inclinations with HP and VP.
72,8
TL
b' b1'
70
30°
a'
VP
10
X 60
Y
HP
15
a
ANSWERS:
35
16°
TL=73
b2 o
TL 72
o
,8 b q=30 f=16
57
13. The distance between the end projectors through the end points of a line Ab is 40 mm. The
end A is 20 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. The end B is 45 mm in front of VP and
above HP. the line AB appears 50 mm long in top view. Complete the projections. Find the
true length of the line and its inclinations with HP and VP.
5,9 b' b1'

TL 5
27°
45
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP 40
15
a
ANSWERS:
32° TL=56
50 o o
q=27 f=32
55,9
b b2
14. The point B of a line AB is on the horizontal plane, the top view of the line makes an angle
of 300 with XY line, being 80 mm. the point A is on the vertical plane and 50 mm above the
horizontal plane. Draw the top and front views of the line and obtain the true length of the
line. Also find the inclinations of the line with two planes.
a1' a'
TL
94,3
4
50
32°
VP b'
X a Y
HP a2
25°
ANSWERS:
TL=94
o o
b
80 q=32 f=25
TL 9
4,34
58
15. Draw the projections of a straight line AB, 100 mm long, inclined at 450 to HP and 300 to
VP. The end A is in HP and the end B is in VP. Find the shortest distance between the
straight line AB and the line of intersection of planes of projection.
X1
b' b1' b"
SD
VP
45 °
a' a"
X Y
30 °
HP
45°
b
ANSWERS:
SD=41
a b2
Y1
16. A line AB 100 mm long is inclined to HP at 450 and inclined to VP at 300. The end A touches
both HP and VP. Determine their lengths. Also determine the perpendicular distance of end
B from both HP and VP.
b' b1'
Distance of B from HP
6
86 ,
55°
45°
VP a'
X Y
30°
HP a
ANSWERS: ab=71
Distance of B from VP
45°
o o
a=55 b=45 a'b'=87
70
,7 1 Distance of B from HP=71
Distance of B from VP=50
b2
TL
100 b
59
17. The top view of a 75 mm long line AB measures 65 mm, while the front view is 50 mm. Its
one end A is in the HP and 12 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of AB and determine
its inclinations with HP and the VP.
b' b1'
75
TL
50
48°
VP a'
X 30° Y
HP
12
a
48°
ANSWERS:
59°
o o
a=48 b=59
o o
q=30 f=48
TL
65
75
b2
b
18. A line AB 65 mm long has its end A 20 mm above the HP and 25 mm in front of VP. The
end B is 40 mm above the HP and 65 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of AB and
show its inclinations with the HP and the VP.
TL 65
18°
40
20
VP
X Y
HP
25
ANSWERS:
o
q=18
65
38°
o
f=38
TL
65
60
19. A straight line PQ 65 mm long is inclined at 450 to HP and 300 to VP. The point P is 70 mm
from both the reference planes and the point Q is towards the reference planes. Draw the
projections.
p'
45°
55°
70
q1'
q'
VP
X Y
HP
ANSWERS:
o
a=55
q q2
70
o
b=45
3 0°
p
45°
20. A point P is 40 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP another point Q is 20 mm above HP

and 50 mm in front of VP. The top view of line PQ is inclined at 300 to XY. Draw the
projections.
TL
p'
18°
40
q' q1'
20
VP
X Y
HP
20
p ANSWERS:
o
30°
a=18
50
o
b=30
TL q2 TL=63
q
61
21. The top view of a line PQ is 70 mm and front view is 60 mm long. The end Q is nearer to
both HP and VP than the end P and is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Draw the
projection of the line if the distance between projectors is 50 mm.
p' q2'
q
60
q1'
q'
15
VP Y
X 50
HP
20
q q1
ANSWERS:
70
o
q=25
o
f=39
f
p q2
22. A line AB 100 mm long measures 80 mm in front view and 70 mm in top view the midpoint
M of the line is 40 mm from both HP and VP. Draw its projections. Find its inclinations.
b' b1'
50 40
a
q
a2' b2'
40
a1' a'
VP
X Y
HP a1
a
40
ANSWERS:
o
b2 q=46
o o
a2 f f=37 a=63
b o
b=59
35
b
50
b1
62
41. A line PQ measures 80 mm in length. The point P is above HP and in front of VP by 10 mm

and 15 mm respectively. The distance between the end projectors is 50 mm. The line is inclined
to HP by 30O. Draw the projection of the line and specify its true inclination with HP.
80
q' q1'
TL
39°
p'
VP 30°
10
X Y
HP 50
15
ANSWERS:
p o
37°
a=39
44 °
o
b=44
o
f=37
q q2
42. The top view of a line PQ 75 mm long measures 50 mm and the front view measures 60 mm.
The end P is 30 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the line and
find its true inclinations with HP and VP. Find length of front view and distance between the end
projectors.
q' q1'
75
TL
60
p'
48°
60
30
D
VP
X Y
HP 50
15
p ANSWERS:
37°
o
q=48
o
f=37
50
D=22
q2
q
63
43. A straight line AB measuring 80 mm long has the end A in the HP and 25 mm in front of the
VP. Its midpoint M is 25 mm above HP and 40 mm in front of the VP. Draw the views of the
line and determine the inclination of the line with HP and VP and also find distance between end
projectors.
b' b1'
39°
m'
25
VP a1' a'
X Y
HP D
25
ANSWERS:
40
a2 a o
q=39
o
f=22
m 22° D=55
b b2
44. The end A of a line AB is in HP and 25 mm in front of VP. The end B is in VP and 50 mm
above HP. The distance between the end projectors when measured parallel to the line of
intersection of HP and VP is 65 mm, Draw the projections of the line AB and determine its true
length and true inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1'
TL
50
VP 65
36°
X a' Y
HP b b2
25
ANSWERS:
o
17°
a q=36
o
f=17
TL=86
64
45. A line has its end A 15 mm from HP and 10 mm from VP. The end B is 55 mm from HP and
the line is inclined at 30O to HP. The distance between the end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the
projection of the line. Determine the true length of the line and its inclination with VP.
TL b' b1'
55
39°
30°
a'
50
15
VP
X Y
HP a
10
ANSWERS:
37°
44 °
o o
q=30 f=37
o o
a=36 b=44
TL=80
b2
b
46. The end A of a line AB is in HP and 25 mm in front of VP. The end B is 10 mm in front of
VP and 50 mm above HP. The distance between the end projectors when measured parallel to
the line of intersection of HP and VP is 80 mm, Draw the projection of the line AB and
determine its true length and true inclination with HP and VP.
b b1'
TL
50
32 °
VP a'
X 80
Y
HP
10
b2
25
b ANSWERS:
o o
9°
a q=32 f=9
TL=96
65
47. A straight line PQ 80 mm long appears to a length of 50 mm and inclined at 30O to XY line
in its side view. Draw the projection when its end point P is 15 mm above HP and 60 mm in
front of VP. Point Q is nearer to VP than P.
X1
RPP
TL 80
q' q1' q"
22°
30°
p' 18° p"
15
VP
X Y
HP
45°
q q2 ANSWERS:
o o
q=18 f=33
60
o o
a=22 b=35
35 °
3 3°
Y1
48. The top view of a line AB 80 mm long measures 65 mm and the length of the front view is
50 mm. the end A is on HP and 15 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections.
80
TL
b' b1'
50
a
a' q
VP b2'
X Y
HP
15
a
b1
f
ANSWERS:
b o
q=36
65
o o
f=51 a=69
o
b=74
TL
80
b b2
66
49. Draw the projection of the line PQ and find its apparent lengths and true inclination with HP
when the line PQ has its end P 25 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. The distance
between the end projectors of the line when measured parallel to the line of intersection of the
HP and VP is 60 mm. The end Q is 50 mm above the HP and the line is inclined at 300 to the VP.
,06
TL 7 5 q' q1'
50
p' q2'
60
25
VP
X Y
HP
20
p ANSWERS:
q1
pq=70.77
30°
b o
a=23
p'q'=65 o
b=32
q q2
50. Find the true length and true inclination of a line Ab with HP having one of its ends 20 mm
in front of VP and 30 mm above the HP. The line is inclined at 400 to VP and left side view of
the line is 60 mm long and inclined at 600 to the x1y1 line. Draw all the three views of the line.
X1
60
b' b1' b"
60°
q
b2'
a' a"
30
VP
X Y
HP
20
4 5°
a b1 ANSWERS:
o
40°
q=22
TL=80.84
TL
b b2
Y1
67
CHAPTER 4: PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES
1. An equilateral triangular lamina of 25mm side lies with one of its edges on HP such that the
surface of the lamina is inclined to HP at 600. The edge on which it rests is inclined to VP at 600.
Draw its projections.
a' a'
b'(c') a' b'(c') c' VP Y
60°
X
b' HP
60°
c c
c
a a
25
b b b
2. An equilateral triangular lamina of 25mm side lies on one of its sides on HP. The lamina
makes 450 with HP and one of its medians is inclined at 400 to VP.
a' a'
b'(c') a' b'(c') c' VP Y

45 °
X b'
HP
4 0°
65°
c c
a
a a b
25
d
c d Locus of D
b b
21,65 15,31
68
3. An equilateral triangular lamina of 25mm sides rests on one of its corners on VP such that the
median passing through the corner on which it rests is inclined at 300 to HP and 450 to VP. Draw
its projections.
21,65 15,31
25 c' c' c'
d1' b' Locus of D d' d1'
b' d'
a' b' a'
a'
45°
VP
30°
X b c(a)
Y
45°
b b HP
c(a) c a
4. A triangular plane figure of sides 25mm is resting on HP with one of its corners, such that the
surface of the lamina makes an angle of 600 with HP. If the side opposite to the corner on which
the lamina rests makes an angle of 300 with VP, draw the top and front views in this position.
a'(c') c' a'
b' a'(c') b' VP Y

60°
X b'
HP
30°
c c c
b b
a
b
25 a a
69
5. A triangular plane lamina of sides 25mm is resting on HP with one of its corners touching it,
such that the side opposite to the corner on which it rests is 15mm above HP and makes an angle
of 300 with VP. Draw the top and front views in this position. Also determine the inclination of
the reference plane.
a'(c') c' a'
a'(c') b' VP Y
60°
b' b'
X
HP
30°
c c c
b b
a
b
25 a a
6. A 300-600 setsquare of 60mm longest side is kept such that the longest side is in HP, making
an angle of 300 with VP. The set square itself is inclined at 450 to HP. Draw the projections of the
setsquare.
a' a''
VP
45°
b'(c') a' b'(c') c'' b''

X Y
HP
30°
c c
30° c a
60
a a
60° b
b
b
70
7. An isosceles triangular plate of negligible thickness has base 25mm long and altitude 35mm.
It is so placed on HP such that in the front view it is seen as an equilateral triangle of 25mm sides
with the side that is parallel to VP is inclined at 450 to HP. Draw its top and front views. Also
determine the inclination of the plate with the reference plane.
35
c' 25
c' a'
c'
a'
25
b' a' b' VP Y
45°
X b'
HP
c(b) a c(b)
c b
52°
a a
8. A square lamina of 40mm side rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 300 to HP
and the side on which it rests makes 450 to VP. Draw its projections.
a'(d') c' d'
b'(c') a'(d') b'(c') a' VP

30°
X b'
Y
HP
4 5°
c d c d
c
q 40
d
b
b a b a
71
9. A square plate of 40mm sides rests on HP such that one of the diagonals is inclined at 300 to
HP and 450 to VP. Draw its projections.
a' a'
b'(d') d' b'
b'(d') c' VP
30°
X c' a' c'
Y
b HP
45°
d d
a
c d
c a
a
q
40
b
b b c Locus of A
O
56,57 48,99 b=55
10. A square lamina ABCD of 40mm side rests on corner C such that the diagonal AC appears
to be at 450 to VP. The two sides BC and CD containing the corner C make equal inclinations
with HP. The surface of the lamina makes 300 with HP. Draw its top and front views.
a' a'
b'(d') d'
b'
b'(d') VP Y
30°
X c' a' c' c'

45°
HP
d d
d a
c a c a
c
b
q
40
b b
72
11. The top view of a square lamina of side 30mm is a rectangle of sides 30mmX20mm with
longer side of the rectangle being parallel to both HP and VP. Draw the top and front views of
the square lamina. What is the inclination of the surface of the lamina with HP and VP?
X1
a'(d') a' d' a''(d'')

42 °
VP
48°
48 °
b'(c') a'(d') b'(c') b' c' b''(c'')
X Y
HP
45°
c d c d b c
q 30
30 a d
b a b a
20
Y1
12. A rectangular lamina of sides 20mmX30mm rests on HP on one of its longer edges. The
lamina is tilted about the edge on which it rests till its plane surface is inclined to HP at 450. The
edge on which it rests is inclined at 300 to VP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
a'(d') a' d'

b'(c') a'(d') b'(c') c' VP Y
45°
X b'
HP
30°
c d c d c
d
30
a b a a
b 20
73
13. A rectangular lamina of 35 mm x 20 mm rests on HP on one of its shorter edges. The lamina
is rotated about the edge on which it rests till it appears as a square in the top view. The edge on
which the lamina rests being parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections and find its
inclinations to HP and VP.
X1
a'(d') a' d' a''(d'')
3 5°
55°
5 5°
X VP b'(c') a'(d') b'(c') b' c' b''(c'')
Y
HP
45°
c d c d b c
20
b a b a a d
35
Y1
14. A rectangular lamina of 35 mm x 20 mm rests on HP on one of its shorter edges. The lamina
is rotated about the edge on which it rests till it appears as a square in the top view. The edge on
which the lamina rests is inclined 30° to VP. Draw its projections and find its inclination to HP.
b'(c') b' c'
a'(d') VP
55°
a'(d') b'(c') a' d'

X Y
HP
30°
c d c d c
b
20
d
q 20
b a b a
35 a
74
15. A rectangular lamina of sides 20 mm x 25 mm has an edge in HP and adjoining edge in VP,
is tilted such. That the front view appears as a rectangle of 20 mm x 15 mm. The edge, which is
in VP, is 30mm from the right profile plane. (a) Draw the top view. Front view and the left
profile view in this position. (b) Find its inclinations with the corresponding principal planes.
X1
25 15
RPP
LSV
c' c' d' c" d"
d'
20
20
X b' a' b' a' b" a" VP Y
c(b) d(a) c(b) HP
53°
45°
d(a)
30
Y1
16. The front view of a rectangular lamina of sides 30 mm x 20 mm is square of 20 mm sides.
Draw the projections and determine the inclinations of the surface of the lamina with HP and VP.
X1
q 20
20 RPP
c' d' LSV
c' d' c''(d'')
30
42°
b' a' b' a' b''(a") VP

X a Y
45°
c(b) d(a) b HP
c d
Y1
75
17. A mirror 30 mm x 40 mm is inclined to the wall such that its front view is a square of 30 mm
side. The Longer sides of the mirror appear perpendicular to both HP and VP. Find the
inclination of the mirror with the wall.
q 30
X1
30
c' d' RPP
c' d' c''(d'') LSV
41°
40
b''(a") VP
49°
b' a' b' a'
X a Y
c(b) d(a) b HP
45°
c d
Y1
18. A rectangular plate of negligible thickness of size 35 mm x 20 mm has one of its shorter
edges in VP with that edge inclined at 40° to HP. Draw the top view if its front view is a square
of side 20 mm.
35 q 20 d'
c' d' c' d' a'
c'
20
b' a' b' a' b'

40°
VP
X c(b) d(a) c(b) c d HP Y
55°
b a
d(a)
76
19. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its sides such that the
surface makes angle of 60° with HP. The edge on which it rests is inclined at 45° to VP. Draw its
projections.
a' a'
b'(e') b' e'
VP Y
60 °
c'(d') b'(e') a' c'(d') c' d'
X
HP
45°
e e
d d d
e
a
25
a c
c c a
b b b
20. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its corners such that the
plane surface makes an angle of 60° with HP. The two of the edges containing the corner on
which the lamia rests make equal inclinations with HP. When the edge opposite to this corner
make an angle of 45° with VP and nearer to the observer draw the top and front views of the
plane lamina in this position.
a'(e') a' e'
b'(d') b'
d'
c' c'
60°
b'(d') a'(e') c' VP Y

X
HP
45°
d
d d c
e
e
e
c c
a b
a
a
25
b b
77
21. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its Corners such that the
edge opposite to this corner is 20 mm above HP & makes an angle of 45° with VP. Draw the top
and front views of the plane lamina in this position. Determine the inclination of the lamina with
HP.
a'(e') e' a'

b'(d') d'
c' b'(d') a'(e') c' c' b' VP
31°
X
HP Y
45°
d d
e e e
c c d
a
a a
25
b b c
b
22. A pentagonal lamina of sides 25 mm is resting on one of its edges on HP with the corner
opposite to that edge touching VP. This edge is parallel to VP and the corner, which touches VP,
is at a height of 15 mm above HP. Draw the projections of the lamina and determines the
inclinations of the lamina with HP and VP and the distance at which the parallel edge lies from
VP.
a' a'
b'(e') e' b'
c'(d')
15
b'(e') a' c'(d') d' c' VP Y

2 3°
X a HP
e e e b
35,43
d d
a a d c
25
c
c
b b
78
23. A pentagonal lamina having edges 25 mm is placed on one of its corners on HP such that the
perpendicular bisector of the edge passing through the corner on which the lamina rests .is
inclined at 30° to HP and 45° VP. Draw the top and front views of the lamina.
a'(e') a' e'

b'(d') b' c' VP Y
30°
c' b'(d') a'(e') c' d'
X
HP
45°
55°
d d
e d O
e c b=55
c m c
m1
a e
a b Locus of M
m
25
b b m1
a
38,47 33,32
24. A pentagonal lamina of sides 25 mm is having a side both on HP and VP. The corner
opposite to the side on which it rests is 15 mm above HP. Draw the top and front views of the
lamina.
a' a'
b'(e') b' e'
15
X c'(d') b'(e') a' c'(d') c' d' VP Y

23°
c d HP
e e
d d
b e
a a
25
c a
c
b b
79
25. A pentagonal lamina of sides 25 mm is having side both on HP and VP. The surface of the
lamina is inclined at an angle of 60° with HP. Draw the top and front views of the lamina.
a'
a'
b'(e') b' e'
60°
c' VP Y
X c'(d') b'(e') a' c'(d') c
d'
d HP
e b e
d e
a
d
a a
25
c
c
b b
26. A regular pentagonal lamina of 25 mm side is resting on one of its corners on HP while the
side opposite to this corner touches VP. If the lamina makes an angle of 60° with HP and 30°
VP, Draw the projections of the lamina.
a'(e') e' a'
b'(d') d'
b'
60°
a'(e') c' c' VP Y

X c' b'(d') a
e HP
d d d b
e c
e
c c
a a
25
b b
80
27. A pentagonal lamina having edges 25 mm is placed on one of its corners on HP such that the
surface makes an angle 30° with HP and perpendicular bisector of the edge passing through the
corner on which the lamina rests appears to be inclined at 30° to VP. Draw the top and front
views of the lamina.
a'(e') a' e'

b'(d') b'
d'
30°
X
c' b'(d') a'(e') c' c' VP Y
HP
30°
d d d
e e
c
c m c e
m
a m
a b
25
b a
b
28. A regular pentagonal lamina of 25 mm side is resting on one of its sides on HP while the
corner opposite to this side touches VP. If the lamina makes an angle of 60° with HP and 30°
with VP, draw the projections of the lamina.
a' a'
e' b'
b'(e')
60°
c'(d') b'(e') a' c'(d') d' c' VP

X a Y
e b HP
e e
d d c
d
a
a
25
c
c
b b
81
29. A pentagonal lamina of edges 25 mm is resting on VP with one of its sides such that the
surface makes an angle of 60° with VP. The edge on which it rests is inclined at 45° to HP. Draw
its projections.
e'
e' e'
a'
d' d' d'
a' a'
25
b'
c' c'
c'
b' b'
45°
VP Y
X b(e) a c(d) e a
c(d) 60°
HP
b(e) b
d
a c
30. Pentagonal lamina having edges 25 mm is placed on one of its corners on VP such that the
surface makes an angle 300 with VP and perpendicular bisector of the edge passing through the
comer on which the lamina rests appears to be inclined at 300 to HP. Draw the top and front
views of the lamina.
d' d'
e' e' e'
25
d'
m' c' m' m'
c'
a' a' a'
c'
b' b'
30°
b' VP Y
X c b(d) a(e) c c b HP
30°
b(d) d
a(e) e a
82
31. A pentagonal lamina having edges 25 mm is placed on one of its corners on VP such that the
surface makes an angle 30° with VP and perpendicular bisector of the edge passing through the
corner on which the lamina rests is inclined at 45° to HP. Draw the top and front views of the
lamina.
38,47 33,32
e'
d' d'
m' Locus of M
25
e' e' d'

a'
m1' c'
c' m'
o
a' a' c' a=55
b'
b'
55°
b'
45°
VP Y
X c b(d) a(e) c c HP
30 °
b(d) d b
a(e) e a
32. A hexagonal lamina of 30mm sides rests on HP with one of its corners touching VP and
surface inclined at 45° to it. One of its edges is inclined to HP at 30°. Draw the front and top
views of the lamina in its final position.
e' f' f'

e' f'
e'
30
a'
o
a' d' a' a=32
d'
d'
b'
32°
c'
30°
c' b' c' b' VP Y

X
d d HP
45°
c
e(c) e
b
f(b) f
d e(c) f(b) a a
a
83
33. Draw the top and front views of a hexagonal lamina of 30mm sides having two of its edges
parallel to both vertical and horizontal planes and one of its edges is 10 mm from each of the
planes of projection. The surface of the lamina is inclined at an angle of 60° to the HP.
a'(f') a' f'
b'(e') b' e'
60°
c'(d') b'(e') a'(f') c'(d') c' d'
VP Y
10
X
e c HP
10
e d
d f d f b e
30
a f
a c
c a
b b
34. A regular hexagonal lamina of sides 30 mm is lying. in such a way that one of its sides
touches both the reference planes. If the lamina makes 60° with HP, draw the projections of the
lamina.
a'(f') a' f'
b'(e') b' e'
c'(d') b'(e') a'(f') c'(d') VP Y

60°
c' d'
X e c HP
e d
d f d f b e
a f
30
c
c a a
b b
84
35. A regular hexagonal lamina of side 30 mm is lying in such a way that one of its sides touches
both the reference planes. If the side opposite to the side on which it rests is 45 mm above HP.
Draw the projections of the lamina.
a'(f') a' f'
b'(e') b' e'
45
c'(d') c'
60°
b'(e') a'(f') c'(d') d' VP Y
X c d
e e HP
d f d f b e
a f
30
a c
c a
b b
36. A regular hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm is lying in such a way that one of its sides on HP
while the side opposite to the side on which it rests is on VP. If the lamina makes 60° to HP.
Draw the projections of the lamina.
a'(f') a' f'
b'(e') b' e'
c'(d') b'(e') a'(f') c'(d') c' d' VP Y

60°
X c d HP
e e b e
d f d f a f
30
c a c
a
b b
85
37. A regular hexagonal lamina of side 25 mm is lying in such a way that one of its corners on
HP while the corner opposite to the corner on which it rests is on VP. If the lamina makes 600 to
HP, Draw the projections of the lamina.
f' f'
a'(e') e' a'
b'(d') d'
b'
60°
c' b'(d') a'(e') f' c' c' VP Y
X HP
e f a
d e d e b
d
c
c f c f
25
b a b a
38. A hexagonal lamina of sides 30 mm has one of its corners in VP and its surface inclined at an
angle of 30° with VP. The diagonal passing through that corner which is in VP is inc1ined at 45°
to HP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
60 51,96
f'
Locus of A a'
e' f' e' f'
30
e'
a' d' b'
a' o
d' a=55 d'
c'
55°
b' VP Y
45°
c' c' b'

X
d e(c) f(b) a d d HP
30°
e c
e(c)
b
f(b) f
a a
86
39. A hexagonal lamina of sides 30 mm has one of its comers in VP and its surface inclined at an
angle of 30° with VP. The diagonal passing through that corner which is in VP appears to be
inclined at 45° to HP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
f'
a'
e' f' e' f'
e'
30
d' a' d' b'

a'
d'
c'
c' b'
45°
X c' b' VP Y
d e(c) f(b) a d d HP
30°
e(c) e c
b
f(b) f
a a
40. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 45° to
HP and the side on which it rests makes to 30° VP. Draw its projections.
a'(f') f' a'

b'(e') e'
b'
c'(d') c'(d') VP Y
45°
b'(e') a'(f') d' c'

X
HP
3 0°
e e e f
d f d f a
d b
25
a c a c
c
b b
87
41. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its corners on HP. The lamina makes 45°
to HP and the diagonal passing through the corner on which it rests is inclined at to 30° VP.
f' f'
a'(e') e'
a'
b'(d') b' d'
45°
c' b'(d') a'(e') f' c' c' VP Y
X
HP
30°
45°
d
d e d e
c e
c f c f
b Locus of F
f
25
a
b a b a o
b=45
50 35,36
42. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its corners on HP. The lamina makes 45°
to HP and the diagonal passing through the corner on which it rests appears to be inclined at 30°
to VP. Draw its projections.
f' f'
a'(e') a'
e'
b'(d') b'
d'
45°
c' b'(d') a'(e') f' c' c' VP Y

X
HP
30°
e d e
d d e
c
c f c f
b f
a
25
b a b a
88
43. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its sides on VP. The lamina makes 45° to
VP and the side on which it rests makes 45° to HP. Draw its projections.
e' e'
d' f' d' f' e' f'
25
a'
a' c' d'
c' a'
b'
b' b' c'
VP Y
45°
X d c HP
45°
d(c) e(b) f(a) d(c)
b
e(b) e
f(a) f a
44. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its sides on VP. The side opposite to the
side on which it rests is 30 mm in front of VP & the side on which it rests makes 45° to HP.
Draw its projections. Also, determine the inclination of the lamina with the reference plane.
e' e'
d' f' d' e' f'
f'
25
a'
a' c' a' d'
c'
b'
b' b' c'
45°
X VP Y
d(c) e(b) f(a) d(c) d c HP
44 °
b
30
e(b) e
f a
f(a)
89
45. A hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its corners on HP. The corner opposite to
the corner on which it rests is 35mm above HP and the diagonal passing through the corner on
which it rests is inclined at 30° to VP. Draw its projections. Find the inclination of the surface
with HP.
f' f'
a'(e') a' e'
35
b'(d') b' d'
45
c' b'(d') a'(e') f' c' c' VP
X
HP Y
30°
44°
d e d e c d
e
c f c f b
f
a
25
b a b a o
35,71
b=44
50
46. Draw the projections of a circular plate of negligible thickness of 50 mm diameter resting on
HP on a point A on the circumference, with its plane inclined at 45° to HP and the top view of
the diameter passing through the resting point makes 60° with VP.
a' a'
b'(h')
c'(g') b' h'
c'
d'(f') g'
d' f'
45°
e' d'(f') c'(g') b'(h') a' e' e' VP Y

X HP
60°
g g
f h f h f
e g
a e
O 50
e a d
h
d b d b c
c b a
c
90
47. A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter is standing with one of its points on the rim on HP and
the lamina inclined at 45° to HP. The diameter at right angles to the diameter, which is passing
through the point on which the lamina rests, is parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
a' a'
b'(h')
c'(g') c' b' h'
g'
d'(f')
d' f'
4 5°
e' d'(f') c'(g') b'(h') a' e' e' VP Y
X d e f HP
g g c
f g
f h h
b a h
a
O 50
e a
e
d b d b
c c
48. Circular lamina of 50 mm diameter rests on HP such that one of its diameters is inclined at
30° to VP and 45° to HP. Draw its top and front views in this position.
a' a'
b'(h') h'
c'(g') c' b' g'
d'(f') d' f'
45°
e' d'(f') c'(g') b'(h') a' e' e' VP Y

X
HP
30°
45°
g g f
h f h g
f e
e h
O 50
e a d
a
c a Locus of A
b b b
d d o
c c b=45
50 35,36
91
49. A circular lamina inclined VP appears in the front view as an ellipse of major axis 30 mm
and minor axis 15 mm. The Major- axis is parallel to both HP and VP. One end of the minor axis
is in both the HP and VP. Draw the projections of the lamina and determine the inclination of the
lamina with the VP.
15
d' d'
c'
O 30
c' a' c' a'

b' b' d'
b' a' VP Y
X c c HP
60°
b d
c d(b) a d(b)
a a
50. A circular lamina of 30mm diameter rests on VP such that one of its diameters is inclined at
30° to VP and 45° HP. Draw its top and front views in this position.
30 25,98
g' g'
f' h' f' h' h' a'
g' Locus of A
e' a' e' a'
f' b'
d' b' d' c' b' c'
c' e' d'
45°
VP
X e
f e d Y
e f(d) g(c) h(b) a HP
30°
f(d) g c
h a b
g(c)
h(b) a
92
1
1. A square prism 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the
base which is inclined to VP at 300. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis is inclined
to HP at 450.
b'[c'] b' c'

b'[c'] o' a'[d'] o'
o'
a'[d'] a' d'
60
b1'[c1'] b1'
c1'
o1' o1'
X VP b1'[c1'] o1' a1'[d1'] a1'[d1'] a1'
45°
d1'
Y
HP
30°
c[c1] d[d1] c1 d1 c d c1
d1
b1
q 35
o1 o
o[o1]
a1 c
b[b1] a[a1] b1 a1 b a
b d
2. A square prism 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of
the base such that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal
inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis of the prism is inclined to
HP at 400 and appears to be inclined to VP at 450.
c' c
c' b'[d'] a'

o' o' b'[d'] o' b
d
a' c1
c1' a
60
o1' b1
d1
b1'[d1'] o1'
40°
VP c1' b1'[d1']o1' a1' a1' a1

X HP Y
d[d1] d1 d
45°
d
c[c1] a[a1] c a
o[o1] a
c1 o1 a1 o o
q
35 c
d1 b
b[b1] b1 b a1
o1
c1
b1
2
3. A square prism 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners of
the base such that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal
HP at 400 and to VP at 300.
c' c
c' b'[d'] a' d

o' o' b'[d'] o' b
c1' a' c1
a
60
o1' d1 b1
b1'[d1'] o1'
VP
40°
c1' b1'[d1']o1' a1' a1' a1
X Y
HP
30°
41°
d[d1] d1 d d
a
o[o1] a[a1] o
c[c1] a
c1 o1 a1 c o d1
a1 c
q o b
35 b=41
b[b1] b1 b o1
c1
45,96
b1
4. A square prism 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of the
base. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis is inclined to HP at 450 and to VP at 300.
b'[c'] c b
b'[c'] o' a'[d']
o' o'
a'[d'] a
d
60
b1'[c1'] c1 b1
o1' o1'
a1'[d1']
X VP
a1
45°
b1'[c1'] o1' a1'[d1'] d1

Y
HP
45°
30°
c[c1] d[d1] c1 d1 c d
d
q 35
o1 o
o[o1] c
o a
d1
b[b1] a[a1] b1 a1 b a
c1 b
42,43
o o1
a1
b=45
b1
3
5. A pentagonal prism 25 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges
of the base which is inclined to VP at 300. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis is
inclined to HP at 400.
c' c
c' b'[d'] o' a'[e']
b'[d'] d b
o
o'
a'[e'] e a
c1' c1
60
d1 b1
b1'[d1'] o1
o1'
VP
40°
c1' b1'[d1'] o1' a1'[e1'] a1'[e1'] e1 a1
X Y
HP
e
30°
d[d1] d1 d d
e[e1] o a
e
e1
c[c1] c c
o b
o(o1) o1
a[a1] c1 a1 a e1
25
d1
b[b1] b1 b a1
o1
c1
b1
6. A pentagonal prism 25 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges
of the. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis is inclined to HP at 400 and to VP at 300.
c' c
c' b'[d'] o' a'[e']
b'[d'] d b
o' o'
a'[e'] e a
c1' c1
60
d1 b1
b1'[d1']
o1' o1'
a1'[e1']
X VP
b1'[d1']o1' a1'[e1']
4 0°
c1' e1 a1
Y
HP
41°
30°
d[d1] d1 d
e
e[e1] e d
e1
c[c1] c o o
o[o1] o1 a
a[a1] c1 c
a1 a
d1 e1
25
b
b[b1] b
b1
o o1 a1
45,96 b=41
c1
b1
4
7. A pentagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners
of the base such that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal
c'[d'] d' c'

c'[d'] o' b'[e'] a'
o' o'
b'[e'] e' b'
a'
a'
c1'[d1'] d1' c1'
60
o1' b1'[e1'] o1' b1'

e1'
4 0°
X VP c1'[d1'] o1'b1'[e1'] a1' a1' a1'
Y
HP
45°
e[e1] e1 e
d[d1] d1 d e
a
a[a1] a1
a d
25
o[o1] o1 o
o
c1 c
c[c1] e1 b
c
b[b1] b1 b
a1
d1
o1
b1
c1
8. A pentagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners
c'[d'] d' c'

c'[d'] o' b'[e'] a'
o' o'
b'[e'] e' b'
a'
a'
d1' c1'
c1'[d1']
60
o1' b1'[e1'] o1' b1'

e1'
40°
X VP c1'[d1'] o1'b1'[e1'] a1' a1' a1'

Y
HP
41°
e[e1] e1 e
30°
d[d1] d1 d e
a
a[a1] a1 d
a
25
o[o1] o1 o o
c1 c e1
c[c1] c b
b[b1] b1 b a1
45,96 o d1
b=41 o1
b1
c1
5
9. A hexagonal prism 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges.
Draw the projections of the prism when the axis is inclined to HP at 450 and appears to be
inclined to VP at 400.
c'[d'] d' c'
c'[d'] b'[e'] a'[f'] b'[e'] o' b'

e'
a'[f'] f' a'

c1'[d1'] d1' c1'
50
b1'[e1']
e1' o1' b1'
XVP
c1'[d1'] b1'[e1'] a1'[f1']
45°
a1'[f1'] f1' a1'
HP Y
40°
e f
e[e1] e1 e
d[d1] f[f1] d1 d o
f1 d f e1 a
f1
o
25
o1
o(o1) a[a1] c1 c c b
a1 d1 o1 a1
a
c[c1]
b[b1] b1 b c1 b1
10. A hexagonal prism 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges.
Draw the projections of the prism when the axis is inclined to HP at 45 0 to VP at 300.
c'[d'] d' c'
c'[d'] b'[e'] a'[f'] b'[e'] o' b'

e'
a'[f'] f' a'
c1'[d1'] d1' c1'
50
b1'[e1'] e1' o1' b1'

45°
XVP
c1'[d1'] b1'[e1'] a1'[f1'] a1'[f1'] f1' a1'
HP Y
41°
30°
e f
e[e1] e1 e
d[d1] f[f1] d1 d o a
f e1
f1 d
f1
o
25
o1
o(o1) a[a1] c1 c b
a1 a d1 o1 a1 c
c[c1]
o
b[b1] b1 b b=41 c1 b1
35,36
6
11. A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners
d' d'
c'[e'] e' c'
d' c'[e'] o' b'[f'] a' o'
b'[f'] f'
d1' b'
d1'
a' a'
c1'[e1'] e1'
50
c1'
o1'
b1'[f1'] f1' b1'
X VP
40°
d1' c1'[e1'] o1' b1'[f1'] a1' a1'
a1' Y
HP
45°
e[e1] f[f1] e1 f1 e f f
e a
d[d1] a[a1] d1 d
a1 a
o[o1] f1
d b
25
c1 e1 a1
c[c1] b[b1] b1 c b c
d1 b1
c1
12. A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners
d' d'
c'[e'] e' c'
d' c'[e'] o' b'[f'] a' o'
b'[f'] f' b'
d1'
d1' a' a'
c1'[e1'] e1' c1'
50
o1'
b1'[f1'] a1' f1' b1'
X VP
a1'
4 0°
d1' c1'[e1'] o1' b1'[f1'] a1'

Y
HP
41°
30°
e[e1] f[f1] e1 f1 e f f
e a
d[d1] a[a1] d1 d
o[o1] a1 a f1
d b
e1
25
c1 a1
c[c1] b[b1] b1 c b c
38,3 o
b=41 d1 b1
c1
7
13. A square prism 35 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length is suspended freely from one of its
corner. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45 0.
a' a'
b'[d'] d' b'

c' b'[d'] a' o1'
o1' c'
c'
G a1' a1'
60
G d1'
b1'
b1'[d1']
30
XVP
b1'[d1'] a1' c1' c1'
c1'
o'
Y
HP
d d1
45°
d[d1]
c1 d1
c[c1] a[a1] c a a1 a1
o[o1] o
o1
q
35 d c1 a
b[b1] b b1
b1
c
b
14. A pentagonal prism 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length is suspended freely from one of
its corner. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45 0.
a' a'
b'[e'] e' b'
o'
c'[d'] o' b'[e'] a'
c'[d'] d' c'
G
G a1'
60
a1'
e1' b1'
b1'[e1']
30
o1'
d1' c1'
X VP c1'[d1'] o1' b1'[e1'] a1' c1'[d1']
Y
HP
45°
e[e1] e e1 e1
d[d1] d a1
d1
a[a1] a o1 a1
o d1
25
o(o1) e
c1 b1
c[c1] c a c1
b[b1] b b1
d
b
c
8
15. A hexagonal prism 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length is suspended freely from one of
its corner. Draw the projections of the prism when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45 0.
a' a'
b'[f'] f' b'
o'
c'
c'[e'] e'
d' c'[e'] o' b'[f'] a'
d' a1'
G
d' a1' b1'
b1'[f1'] f1'
o1'
50
G e1' c1'
c1'[e1']
25
d1' d1'
X VP d1' c1'[e1'] o1' b1'[f1'] a1'
Y
HP
45°
e[e1] f[f1] e f e1 f1 f1
e1 a1
d[d1] a[a1] a
d d1 a1 f
o(o1)
a
b1
e d1
25
c[c1] b[b1] c b c1 b1 c1
d b
c
16. A square pyramid 35 mm sides of base and 65 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of
the base which is inclined to VP at 300. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is
inclined to HP at 450.
o'
o' o'
65
b'[c'] c' b'
o1' o1'
X VP
a'[d'] a'[d'] a'
45°
b'[c'] o1' d'

Y
HP c c
d d
30°
o
q 35
o1 o
o[o1] d
b a b a
c o1 a
b
9
17. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners
inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis of the pyramid is
inclined to HP at 400 and appears to be inclined to VP at 450.
o'
o' o'
c' c'
60
b'[d'] d'
b'
a'
40°
b'[d'] a' a'
X VP c'
Y
HP d d
45°
a c a
c o o
o[o1] o1
d
q
35 a
b b o1
c
b
18. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its corners
inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis of the pyramid is
inclined to HP at 400 and to VP at 300.
o'
o' o'
c' c'
60
d' b'
b'[d']
40°
a' a'
X VP c' b'[d'] a'
Y
HP d d
30°
41°
c a c a o
o[o1] o1
d
q
a
35
b b
45,96
o c
b=41
b
10
19. A square pyramid 35 mm sides of base and 65 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its edges of
the. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 450 and to VP at 300.
o'
o' o'
65
b'[c'] c' b'
o1'
o1'
X VP
b'[c'] o1' a'[d'] a'[d'] d'
45°
a' Y
HP
30°
45°
c d c d
o
d
q 35
o1 o
o[o1]
c
b a b a o1 a
o
45,96 b=45
b
20. A pentagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
edges of the base which is inclined to VP at 300. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the
axis is inclined to HP at 400.
o'
o' o'
c' c'
60
b'[d'] d' b'

o1'
a'[e']
VP
40°
c' b'[d'] o1' a'[e'] a'

X e' Y
HP
30°
d d o
e
e
c c e
o1 o
o[o1] a a
d
a
25
b b
c b
11
21. A pentagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
edges of the base. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 45 0 and
to VP at 300.
o'
o' o'
c' c'
60
d' b'
b'[d']
o1'
VP e'
40°
c' b'[d'] o1' a'[e'] a'[e'] a'
X Y
HP
41°
30°
d d
e e o
c
c o e
o1 d
o[o1] a
25
a
b b a
o c
45,96 b=41
b
22. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
corners of the base such that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make
equal inclinations with HP. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis of the pyramid is
o' o' o'
d' c'
c'[d']
50
o1'
b'[e'] e'
b'
X VP
4 0°
c'[d'] o1' b'[e'] a' a' a'

Y
HP
45°
e e
d d
a a o o
25
o1 e
o[o1]
c
c d a
b b o1
b
c
12
23. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
o' o' o'
c'[d'] d' c'

50
o1'
b'[e']
e' b'
VP
4 0°
c'[d'] o1' b'[e'] a' a' a'
X Y
HP
41°
e e
30°
d d
a a o e o
25
o[o1] o1
c
c a
d
b b o1
38,3 o
b=41 b
c
24. A hexagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
edges of the base which is inclined to VP at 300. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the
axis is inclined to HP at 450.
o' o' o'
c'[d'] d'
c'
50
e' b'
b'[e'] o1'
o1'
45°
X VP c'[d'] o1' b'[e'] a'[f'] a'[f'] f' a'

Y
HP
30°
e e
o
d f d
f e f
o
25
o'[o1'] o1 a
a c a o1
c d
b
b b c
13
edges of the base. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 45 0 and
to VP at 300.
o' o' o'
c'[d'] d' c'

50
e' o1' b'

b'[e']
o1'
X VP
a'[f']
45°
c'[d'] b'[e'] o1' a'[f'] f' a'
Y
HP
30°
45°
e e
d f d
f o
o1 e
o
25
f
o'[o1']
a c a
c a
d o1
b b o
35,36 b=45 c b
26. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
o' o' o'

d'
d'
e' c'
50
c'[e'] o1'
o1' f'
b'
VP b'[f'] a'
40°
d' c'[e'] o1' b'[f'] a' a'

X Y
HP
45°
e f e f
o
f
d a d a e a
o
o[o1] o1
o1
25
d b
c b c b
c
14
o' o' o'
d' d'
e' c'
c'[e']
50
o1'
o1'
f'
b'[f'] b'
XVP
40°
d' c'[e'] o1' b'[f'] a' a' a'
Y
HP
41°
30°
e f e f
d a d a
o f
o[o1] o1 o
e
a
25
c b c b
o o1
b=41 d
b
38,3
c
28. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length is suspended freely from a corner
of its base. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at
450.
a' a'
o'
b'[d'] d' o1' b'

G
60
c'
G c'
o' o'
15
X VP
c' b'[d'] a'
Y
HP d d
45°
a o a o1 d
c c c
o[o1]
q o1
35 a
b b
b
o
15
29. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length is suspended freely from a
corner of its base. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to
VP at 450.
a' a'
o' b'[e'] e' o1' b'
o1'
G c'[d'] d'
c'
50
o'
G o'
12,5
X VP c'[d'] o1' b'[e'] a' Y
45°
HP
e e e
d d
d
a o a o1 c
25
o1 a
o[o1]
c b
c
b b o
30. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length is suspended freely from a
corner of its base. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to
VP at 450.
a' a'
b'[f'] f' b'
o'
o1' o1'
G
c'[e'] e' c'
d'
50
o'
o' d'
G
12,5
X VP d' c'[e'] o1' b'[f'] a'

Y
HP
45°
e f f e
e
f d
d o d
o[o1] a a o1
o1
a c
25
c c
b b b
o
16
31. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant
edges. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 450.
o'
c' c'
60
b'[d'] d' o1' b'

o1'
X VP c' b'[d'] o1' o' a' o'

a' a'
Y
45°
HP d d
o
c a a c d
o
o[o1] o1
c
q
35
a
b b
b
edges. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 45 0.
o'
c' c'
60
b'[d'] d' o1' b'

o1'
X VP c' b'[d'] o1' o' a'

a' a' o'
Y
HP d
45°
d
50°
c a a c
o
o[o1] o1 d
c
q
35
b b
55,47 a
b
17
triangular faces. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP
at 450.
o'
c' d'
b'[c']
60
o1' o1'
X VP b'[c'] o1' a'[d'] a'[d'] o' b' a' o'

Y
HP
45°
c d d c
o
q 35
o c
o1
o[o1]
d
b a a b o1
b
a
triangular faces. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 450.
o'
b'[c'] d' a'

60
o1' o1'
b'
X VP
b'[c'] o1' a'[d'] a'[d'] o' c' o'
Y
HP
45°
47°
c d c d
q 35
o o
o1
o[o1]
b a b a d
57,6 c
o
b=47 o1
a
b
18
35. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant
o'
c'[d'] d' c'

50
o1' o1'
e' b'
b'[e']
XVP c'[d'] o1' b'[e'] a' a' o' a' o'

Y
HP
45°
e e
d o
d
a a o
25
o[o1] o1 e
c d
c o1
b c
b a
b
o'
c'[d'] d' c'

50
o1' o1'
e' b'
b'[e']
X VP c'[d'] o1' b'[e'] a' a' o' a' o' Y

HP
45°
50°
e e
d
d
a a
25
o[o1] o1 o
c
c
b b e d
46,01
o c
b=50 a
b
19
at 450.
o'
c' a'
b'[d'] e' b'

50
o1'
o1'
VP c' b'[d'] o1' a'[e'] a'[e'] o' d' c' o'
X HP Y
45°
d d
e e
c c o o
o[o1] o1
a a
d
25
b b
e c
o1
b
a
triangular faces. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 45 0.
o'
c' a'
b'[d'] e'
50
b'
o1'
o1'
VP c' b'[d'] o1' a'[e'] a'[e'] o' d' c' o'
X Y
HP
45°
48°
d d
e e
c c o
o
o[o1] o1
a a
d
25
b b
c
47,28 e
o o1
b=48
a b
20
39. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant
o'
d' d'
c'[e'] e'
c'
50
o1'
o1'
b'[f'] f'
a' b'
X VP
d' c'[e'] o1' b'[f'] a' a' o' o'
Y
HP
45°
e f f e
o
e
d a a d o f d
o[o1] o1
o1
25
c b b c a c
b
o'
d' d'
c'[e'] e'
c'
o1'
50
o1'
b'[f'] f' b'
X VP c'[e'] o1' b'[f']

d' a' a' o' a' o'
Y
HP
45°
52°
e f f e
o
d a a d e
o
o[o1] o1
f
d
25
o1
c b b c c
a
o b
b=52
21
at 450.
o'
c'[d'] d' c'
50
b'[e'] e' o1'

b'
o1'
o1'
X VP c'[d'] b'[e'] a'[f'] a'[f'] o' f' o'
a' Y
HP e
45°
e
d f f d
o
o
25
o[o1] o1
a a e
c c d
b b f o1
c
a b
triangular faces. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 450.
o'
c'[d'] d' c'
50
b'[e'] e' o1' b'

o1'
o1'
VP c'[d'] b'[e'] a'[f'] a'[f'] o' f' a' o'
X Y
HP e e
45°
50°
d f f d
o o
25
o[o1] o1
a a
c c e d
b b f
45,88 o1 c
o
b=50 b
a
22
43. A cube of 40 mm sides rests on HP on an edge which is inclined to VP at 300. Draw the
projections when the lateral square face containing the edge on which it rests make an angle of
500 to HP.
b'[c'] c' b'
b'[c'] o' o' o'

a'[d']
a'[d'] d' a'
b1'[c1'] c1' b1'
40
o1'
o1'
X VP a1'[d1']
50°
b1'[c1'] o1' a1'[d1'] d1' a1'
Y
HP c1 c [d1]
c[c1] d[d1]
30°
d
d
40
[d1] a
o[o1] o1 o o
c
b[b1] a[a1] b1 b [a1] a

[a1]
c1 o1 b
b1
44. A tetrahedron of 55 mm sides rests on one of its corners such that an edge containing that corner
is inclined to HP at 500 and VP at 300. Draw its projections.
b'[c'] c' b'

o'
o'
o'
55
o1' o1'
VP
50°
b'[c'] o1' a' a' a'

X Y
HP 51°
30°
c c
o
a a o
55
o[o1] o1
c
a
b b o1
o
35,35 b=51
b
23
45. A cone of 50 mm base diameter and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its generators.
Draw its projections when the axis is inclined to VP at 30 0.
o'
e' e'
f' d'
60 d'[f']
c'[g'] o1' g'
o1' c'
b'[h'] h'
b'
X VP e' d'[f'] c'[g'] o1' b'[h'] a' a' o' a' o'
Y
HP
30°
33°
g g
f h
O 50 h f
o
a a o1 e o g
e
o[o1]
f
b b d h
d e
c c o a o1
b=33 d
b c
46. A tetrahedron of sides 40 mm is resting on one of its sides on HP. This side is parallel to VP and
40 mm away from it. It is tilted about resting side such that the base containing this edge is
inclined at 300 to HP.
o' o' o'

40
a' a'
o1'
X VP
a' o1' b'[c'] o1' b'[c'] c' b'
Y
HP
40
c c
o
c
b
a o o1
40
o[o1] a o1
b b a
24
47. A hexahedron of 30 mm sides is resting on one of its corners on HP such that one of its solid
diagonals is perpendicular to VP. Draw the projections of the solid.
a' a'
b'[d'] b' d'

c' b'[d'] a' c'
c' a1'
a1'
30
b1' d1'
b1'[d1']
X VP c1' b1'[d1'] a1' c1' c1'
Y
HP b b1 a1
d[d1]
c b1 a d1
c[c1] a[a1] c1 a
a1
o[o1]
c1
b d
30
b[b1] d d1
c
48. A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 50 mm is resting on HP on one of its base
corner such that the top most edge is at a distance of 60 mm above HP. Draw its projections,
when its top view of the axis is inclined at 450 to VP. Also, determine the inclination of the
longer edge of the prism to HP which contains the resting corner.
c'[d'] d1' c1'

c'[d'] o' b'[e'] a'
o' o'
b'[e'] e1' b1'
c1'[d1'] d' c'
60
a' a1'
50
o
q=35 o1' o1' b'
b1'[e1'] e'
X VP
a1' a'
35
c1'[d1']o1' b1'[e1'] a1' Y

HP e
45°
e[e1] e1'
d[d1] d d1'
e1'
a[a1] a a1' a1'
25
o(o1) o1 o d1' o
c c1'
c[c1] e
c1' b1'
b[b1] b b1'
a
d o1
c b
25
49. A square pyramid of base 30 mm and height 45 mm is suspended by a thread tied to one of the
corners of its base. It is then tilted such that the axis makes an angle of 45 0 with respect to the
VP. Considering the apex of the solid to be nearer to the observer, draw the projections of the
solid.
c' c'
o'
b'[d'] b' o1' d'

G
45
a'
G o' a'
o'
X VP c' b'[d'] o1' a'
Y
HP d d
45°
b
a
c a c
a o
o[o1] o1 o1
c
q
d
30
b b
o
50. A cone of base dia. 40 mm and axis length 50 mm is resting on a point on the circumference of
its base such that its apex is at 40 mm above the HP and its top view of the axis is inclined at 60 0
to VP. Draw the top and front views of the solid. Also, determine the inclinations of the axis
when the base is nearer to the observer.
o'
o' o'
e'
e'
d'[f'] f' d'
50
c'[g']o1'
40
c'
g' o1'
b'[h'] h' b'
26°
X VP e'd'[f'] c'[g'] o1' b'[h'] a' a' a'

Y
HP
60°
O
40 g g
f h h f o
e a a o1 e o
o[o1]
d g
d b b h f
c c
a o1 e
b d
c
1. A sphere of diameter 50 mm rests centrally on top of a cube of sides 50 mm. Draw the isometric
projections of the combination of solids.
O 50
SP O 50
ISO 25
ISO50
50
3
4 2
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
1
4 3
q 50
1 2
2. A hemisphere of 40 mm diameter is supported co-axially on the vertex of a cone of base

diameter 60 mm and axis length 50 mm. The flat circular face of the hemisphere is facing upside.
Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids.
ISO 20
ISO 50
50
VP Y
X
HP
30°
30°
O 40
O 60
1
3. Draw the isometric projection of a rectangular prism of 60 x 80 x 20 mm thick surmounting a
tetrahedron of sides 45 mm such that the axis of the solids are collinear and at least one of the
edges of both solids are parallel to VP.
ISO 36.74
ISO 20
ISO
30°
30°
4 5 0
ISO 6
45
ISO
36,74
8 0
45
4. Following figure shows the top view of a cylinder, which is centrally mounted on a frustum of a
pentagonal pyramid of 60 mm height. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of
solids.
100
50
20
30°
30°
O 40
2
5. Following figure shows the top view of a combination of solids consisting a cut sphere and
frustum of a cone and a square pyramid. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of
solids.
10
30
R
40
30
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
q 70
q 90
6. The frustum of a square pyramid of sides 40 mm and height 60 mm rests on the centre of the top
of a square block of side 60 mm and height 20 mm. the base edges of the pyramid are parallel to
the top edges of the square block. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solids.
3
7. A square pyramid of base side 40 mm and height 70 mm rests symmetrically on a cube of edge
50 mm, which itself is placed on a cylinder of diameter 80 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the
isometric projections of the solids, if the axis of the three solids are in common line.
8. A regular pentagonal prism of base edge 30 mm and axis 60 mm is mounted over a cylindrical
block of 80 mm diameter and 25 mm thick. Draw the isometric projections of the combined of
solids.
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
y - 48,54
O 80
30
x- 46,17
4
9. A sphere of diameter 30 mm rests on the frustum of a hexagonal pyramid base 30 mm, top face
18 mm side and height 50 mm, such that their axis coincide. Draw the isometric projections of
the combined of solids.
10. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base
with a side of base perpendicular to VP. Draw its isometric projections.
ISO60
60
VP
30°
30°
X Y
HP
30
5
11. Draw isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of side of base 40 mm and height 60 mm with a
right circular cone of base 40 mm as diameter and altitude 50 mm, resting on its top such that the
axis of both the solids are collinear.
12. A cone of base diameter 30 mm and height 40 mm rests centrally over a cube of side 50 mm.
Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solids.
40
ISO40
ISO50
50
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
q 50
O 30
6
13. A cone of base diameter 40 mm and height 50 mm rests centrally over a frustum of a pentagonal
pyramid of base side 45 mm and top side 35 mm and height 55 mm. Draw the isometric
projections of the combination of solids.
14. A sphere of diameter 45 mm rests centrally over a frustum of cone of base diameter 60 mm, top
diameter 40 mm and height 60 mm. Draw its isometric projections.
O4
O 45
5 ISO45
60
ISO60
VP Y
X
HP
30°
30°
O 60
O 40
7
15. A hemisphere of diameter 50 mm is centrally resting on top of a square prism of base side 60
mm and height 30 mm such that the curved surface of hemisphere is touching the top face of the
prism. Draw its isometric projections.
R2
5
30
VP Y
X
HP
30°
30°
q 60
16. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids formed by a frustum of cone and co-
axial frustum of pentagonal pyramid. The lower frustum of cone is of 80 mm base diameter, 60
mm top diameter and height 25 mm. the upper frustum of pyramid is of 30 mm side of base, 20
mm side of top face and height 40 mm.
40
25
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
30
20
O 60
O 80
8
17. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and height 40 mm is placed centrally on the top face of a square
slab side of 80 mm and height 20 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
ISO
80
40
ISO20
20
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
q 80
O 50
18. A rectangular pyramid of base 40 mm x 25 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on a

cylindrical slab of diameter 100 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
50
ISO50
30
VP Y
X
HP
30°
30°
O 80
25
40
9
19. A rectangular pyramid of base 40 mm x 25 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on a
rectangular slab of sides 100 mm x 60 mm and thickness 20 mm. Draw the isometric projection
of the combination.
50
30
30°
30°
VP
X Y
HP
60
25
40
100
20. A square prism base side 40 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on a cylindrical slab of
diameter 100 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
10
21. A square prism of base side 40 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on a rectangular slab of
sides 100 mm x 60 mm and thickness 20 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
50
20
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
60
q 40
100
22. A frustum of cone of base side diameter 50 mm, top diameter 25 mm and height 50 mm is placed
centrally on a cylindrical slab of diameter 100 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric
projection of the combination.
11
centrally on a square slab of side 80 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric projection of
the combination.
ISO50
50
ISO30
30
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
q 80
O 25
O 50
centrally on the top face of a cylinder diameter 60 mm and height 60 mm. Draw the isometric
50
ISO50
ISO60
60
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
O 60
O 50
O 25
12
25. A hemisphere of diameter 50 mm is resting on its curved surface centrally on the top face of
frustum of a rectangular pyramid base 80 mm x 60 mm and top face 60 mm x 40 mm, height 55
mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
R2
5
55
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
40
60
60
80
26. A hemisphere of diameter 70 mm is placed on the ground on its curved surface. A cone base
diameter 70 mm and height 70 mm is placed centrally on it. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
13
27. Following figure shows the front and side views of solid. Draw the isometric projection of the
solid.
60 30 30
30
60
30°
30°
solid.
60 30 30
O 30
60
30°
30°
14
solid.
O3
5
70
ISO ISO
40
q 70 30 40
ISO70
30°
30°
ISO
30
30. Following figure shows the front and top views of solid. Draw the isometric projection of the
solid.
30
20
15
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
q 20
q 35
O 70
15
31. Following figure shows the front and top views of solid. Draw the isometric projection of the
solid.
30
20
15
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
q 70
O 50
q 30
solid.
15
ISO ISO
45
60
ISO60
15
60
ISO
25
60 15
45
ISO15
30°
ISO
25
16
33. A sphere of diameter 60 mm is placed centrally on the top face of a square prism side 60 mm
height 70 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
34. A sphere of diameter 60 mm is placed centrally on the top face of a hexagonal prism side 35 mm
height 50 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
60
SP O
O 60
ISO30
ISO50
50
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
35
17
35. A pentagonal pyramid base 25 mm and height 65 mm is placed on a rectangular slab 100 mm x
60 mm and 20 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
65
20
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
60
25
100
36. A cone of base diameter 45 mm and height 65 mm is placed centrally on the top face of a
pentagonal prism side 45 mm and height 35 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
ISO65
65
35
VP
X Y
30°
30°
HP
O 45
35
18
37. A sphere of diameter 40 mm is placed centrally on the flat face of a hemisphere diameter 60 mm.
Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
0
O4
ISO20
ISO30
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
O 60
O 40
38. A cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on frustum of a square
pyramid base side 100 mm top face side 60 mm and height 20 mm. Draw the isometric
ISO50
50
20
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
O 60
100
60
19
39. A frustum of a square pyramid base side 40 mm top face side 20 mm and height 40 mm is placed
centrally on frustum of a cone base diameter 60 mm and height 20 mm. Draw the isometric
40
20
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
q 20
q 40
O 60
O 80
40. A triangular pyramid base side 40 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on a square slab side
80 mm and 20 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
ISO50
50
20
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
q 80
40
20
41. A cube of side 25 mm is resting centrally on a rectangular slab 100 mm x 40 mm and 30 mm
thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
ISO
25 ISO
40 100
ISO
ISO25
ISO30
q 25
30°
30°
30
VP
X Y
HP
q 25
40
100
42. Two rectangular plates are placed centrally with dimensions (LxBxH) 100x60x20 mm &
100x40x20 mm such that longer edges are parallel. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
20
20
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
40
60
100
21
43. A cube of side 25 mm is resting centrally on a hexagonal prism base side 40 mm and height 50
mm, such that one of the base sides of the cube is parallel to one of the sides of the top face of
the prism. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
ISO
q 40
q 40
ISO40
50
ISO50
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
q 40
40
44. A triangular prism base side 30 mm and length 70 mm is resting on its rectangular face on top of
a square slab side 70 mm and 25 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
30
25
70 70
30°
30°
22
45. A square prism of base side 30 mm and length 70 mm is resting on its rectangular face on top of
a square slab side 70 mm and 25 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
q 30
30
25
70 70
30°
30°
46. Three rectangular slabs (LxBxH) 100x60x20 mm, 100x40x20 mm and 100x20x20 mm are
placed one above the other in the ascending order of their width-B, such that their longer axis are
co-planar. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
20
20
20
100 20
40
60
30°
30°
23
47. Three cubes of sides 60 mm, 40 mm and 20 mm are placed centrally one above the other in the
ascending order of their side. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
48. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and height 60 mm is placed centrally on an equilateral triangular
prism of side 100 mm and 20 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
50
20
VP
X Y
HP
30°
30°
0
O5
100
24
49. A square prism of base side 40 mm and length 70 mm has a full depth co-axial square hole side
20 mm, such that edges of both the squares are parallel. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
ISO
ISO 40
20
ISO70
70
VP
30°
30°
X Y
HP
q 20
q 40
50. A rectangular slab 100 mm x 80 mm and height 30 mm has a full depth co-axial square hole side
40 mm, such that one of the sides of the square is parallel to one of the sides of the rectangle.
Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
25

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Table 1.1 shows various lines used in engineering drawing.

Table 1.1: Types of lines used in engineering drawing

Dimensions of arrow head:

Figure 1.1: Dimensions of arrow head

i. Aligned system and

I. Aligned system of dimensioning

Figure 1.2: Aligned System of Dimensioning

II. Unidirectional system of dimensioning

Figure 1.3: Unidirectional System of Dimensioning

a. As far as possible, the dimensions should be placed outside the drawing.

Figure 1.4: Types of Lettering

Figure 1.5(a) Figure 1.5(b)

Figure 1.5(c) Figure 1.5(d)

First angle projection

Third angle projection

Figure 1.5(e) Figure 1.5(f)

Figure 1.5(g) Figure 1.5(h)

Representation of first and third angle system:

Figure 1.5(i) Figure 1.5(j)

SOLID EDGE VERSION 19

Click on this option

Figure 1.6: Solid Edge startup window

COMPONENTS OF SOLID EDGE MAIN WINDOW:

DRAWING TOOL BAR

DRAWING VIEW TOOLBAR

Figure 1.7: Solid Edge Main Window 9

Figure 1.8: Main Toolbar

Stands for Help. This displays the Help Dialog box.

Concentric Collinear Perpendicular Rigid Set Equal Symmetry Axis

Figure 1.9: Relationships Toolbar

Stands for Perpendicular. This is used to make two intersecting or non-intersecting

Stands for Symmetry Axis. This used to activate a symmetry axis.

Curve Circle Fillet Offset Fill Edge Painter Move

Stands for Circle. This icon is used to create circle.

Stands for Fill. This is used to fill a region enclosed by boundaries.

Select Tool Smart Dimension Distance Between Leader Text

Figure 1.11: Drawing Views Toolbar

CHAPTER 2: PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

Point may be situated in space.

1. In any one of the four quadrants.

1. Projection of points situated in the first quadrant:

Figure 2.1: Projection points in the 1st quadrant

2. Projection of points lying in the second quadrant:

Figure 2.2: Projection points in the 2nd quadrant

3. Projection of points located in the third quadrant:

Figure 2.3: Projection points in the 3rd quadrant

4. Projection of points located in the fourth quadrant:

Figure 2.4: Projection points in the 4th quadrant

The projection of G when seen in the direction of F is obtained on VP at a distance of H

Point A lies in IInd Quadrant

5. A point ‘A’ is 30 mm in front of VP & 40 mm above HP. Another point B is 20 mm behind VP

Ans: Point Q is 20.21 mm below HP

Ans: Distance b/w two projectors is 101.3 mm

Ans: The distance between top

13. A point M is on HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Another point N is 20 mm below HP and 20

The distance between top views of P & Q is 58.31 mm